Kodzero yokunangana navapomeri mukutonga kwapamutemo ishongwe huru yeruramisiro yakavapo kwamazana amakore, ichiumba gadziriro dzemitemo yavose nokupesvedzera muitiro woutsotsi munyika yose. Iyi maruramiro anovimbisa kuti vanhu vanopomerwa mhaka vane mukana une revo wokunangana naavo vanopupurira mukurwisana navo, kudenha ufakazi hunopiwa, uye kubatira zvapupu zvinoparirwa nezvinodzivirira. Inobatira sedziviriro yakakomba pazvitendero zvisina kururama, kumanikidzwa kureurura, uye ufakazi hwakavanzika. Rwendo rwenhau rweichino rudyi ichi (5) kubva kumiitiro yokuedza kweMiddle Agestical English kuity kuith reconsticess ness japrigions dzinopfuurira kudzikamisa kuronda kwezvokwadi nedziviriro yezvokwadi. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera midziro mikuru yenhau, zvinoitika zvapamutemo, zviitiko zvapanguva inopoteredza, uye denho dzapamhene .

Mavambo Enhau Ekodzero

Mavambo ekodzero yokunangana nezvapupu anogona kurondwa kusvikira kugadziriro dzemitemo dzakare, asi mutsara wawo wakananga wakabva muEngland yeMiddle Ages. Chiratidzo chapakuvamba cheEngland chisati chavapo, ruramisiro yapakuvamba yakatsamira pazvimiro zvemiitiro zvounyanzvi zvakadai sokuedza kupfurikidza nomuedzo, kutonga kupfurikidza nokurwa, uye nhevedzano iyi haina kubatanidza uchapupu hupenyu, kurege hako bonderano. Rudzi haruna kuvapo nemhaka yokuti mupomeri haana kuva nebanza rokupanikira vapomeri mupfungwa ipi neipi ine revo.

Chinjo yakavamba neAscence yeClarendon (1116) uye kukura kwegadziriro yedare redare redare redare mupasi raHenry II. Vajeri pakuvamba vakanga vari zvapupu zvakagovera mashoko akavakirwa pazivo yomunzvimbomo. Nokufamba kwenguva, vatongi vakawana dare rainzwa zvapupu mudare. Zvisinei, vaipomerwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vaitarisana navapomendi vasina zita ravo uye ufakazi hwakavanzika, zvikurukuru mumiedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika nedzokupandukira. [FL:] [5] Chiratidzo chenyika, nepo chisina kududza zvakajeka, chakaisa nheyo kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti munhu asingafaniri kuva anopomerwa mhaka. . . .

Muzana ramakore rechi14 nerechi15, Paramende yakagadza mitemo (mutoo, 1352, 1367,) yaida zvapupu mukupandukira hurumende nemhosva dzemhosva kuti zviitwe. Bva, muitiro wacho wakaramba uchipesana. Mutemo wavose zvishoma nezvishoma wakabatanidza pfungwa yokuti mupomeri wacho akanga ane kodzero yokuvapo uye kunzwa uchapupu hwapamhene navo. Pakasvika kupera kwezana ramakore rechi15, Sir John Fortescue, mubasa rake Raudibus Legame Angliae, akarumbidza muitiro weChirungu wokutonga mhaka yapachena nezvapupu zvakanzverwa nokuvapo kweva. Nguva iyi yakaratidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma asi kutsika kumuenzaniso wevanenge vari kutongwa nhasi.

Kufambira Mberi Kubva Munhau Yepamutemo

Mazana Ezana Echigumi Nechitanhatu Nechigumi Nezvitanhatu: Kubva Mune Register Proceedings kusvikira kuParamita

Mazana amakore 16 ne17 akapupurira chinjo dzinokatyamadza mumuitiro woutsotsi weEngland. Kutongwa kwaSir Walter Raleigh kwakakurumbira muna 1603 kwakava nguva yechinjo. Raleigh akawanirwa mhaka yokupandukira hurumende zvikurukuru pahwaro hwokureurura kwakanyorwa nomutengi asina kutongooneka mudare. Ralehigh akaraira arairazve maruramiro okunangana nomupomeri wake, Ishe Cobam, asi dare rakaramba chikumbiro chake. Iyi mhaka yakafumura kusaruramisira kwoufakazi hwakavanzika uye yanyandura murangariro wavose mudariro yekodzero dzerwisano. Mutsinhisi wemitemo, kubatanidza Sir Edward Coke, akataura kuti mupoki abvumirwe kutarisana nezvapupu kuti aidze kutendeka.

Kushandisa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende yaStuart yeStar Chamber neHigh Commission − majangaridhi ayo aishanda pasina majaji uye kazhinji kazhinji akatsamira pazvinorayirwa nokuda kwokugadziridzwa. Pashure peHondo yeChivili cheMitengi neKudzorerwa, Paramende yakabvisa Star Chamber muna 1641. Paramende yakabvisa dare reStar muna 1600, mutemo wavose wakanga wasimbisa zvakasimba nheyo yokuti uchapupu hunofanira kupiwa nomuromo uye mudare rapamhene, hunodzorwa kuchinjirwa nemhoshoro kana kuti zano. Chiteko chaTrevo cha 169669 chakasimbisa vazhinji veizvi zvinodzivirira, kuchida zvapupu zviviri kuchiito chimwe chete uye kubvumira makopi anopomerwa kuti ave nekodzero yokupa mhaka uye kugoverwa nendaza yezvapupu.

America Inotongwa Nenyika Dzisiri Dzokutongwa uye Kukura Kwevairwisana naClaus

Tsika dzemitemo dzeEngland dzakaenda kunyika dzeAmerica, uko maruramiro erwisano aiwanzobatanidzwa mumitemo yehurumende inodzorwa nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) yakavimbisa kuti “upenyu hwomunhu ari wose kana kuti ruoko kana kuti zita kana kuti chinhu hazvisati zvichizotorwa ... asi... pasina kubvumirwa kunzwiwa, chisonewa.[1] Nenzira yakafanana, Pennsylvania Frame of Government (1682) uye New York Charter of Liberties (1683) yakabatanidza nheyo dzebon.

Chinoitika chokumwe chehurumende yokuBritain negadziriro yedare rezvekodzero dzeBritain zvakakarakadzwa muna 17891 uye kushandiswa kwe “zvapupu zviri kunze kwenyika” zvakaparira zvichemo zvakatungamirira kuChinjo. Chiziviso cheHumo chakaronga kurambwa kwokutongwa nedare redare remhosva sechishuvo, asi kuramba kurwisana kwakanga kuriwo itiro hanya. Pashure pokuzvimirira, Bill of Rights, yakakarakadzwa muna 17899 uye yakabvumirwa muna 1791, kubatanidza Six Standard Amendment, iyo inotaura zvakajeka, kuti: “Mumhosva dzose dzoutsotsi, mukutonga kwapari wemhaka dzichafarikanya maruramiro... kutarisana nezvapupu zvinorwisana naye.” Iyi murairo yakavawo chinhu chikuru chenhau yeAmerica, ichi chinoratidzira chisarudzo chavaVavambi vehurumende kudzivisa miedzo yechivanze uye zvitendero zvisina kururama izvo vakanga vawana mukutonga kweBritain kweBritain.

Zviitiko Zvinokosha Zvepamutemo

Bhuku rekuEngland rinonzi Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu (1689)

Kunyange zvazvo ichiitira hanya zvikurukuru masimba ehurumende youmambo neParamende, Chikamu 10 chaitsigira nenzira isina kunanga kodzero yokutarisana navapomeri. Chikamu 10 chakashora “kuda mari yokubhadhara yakawandisa yavanhu vanoitwa mumhaka dzoutsotsi... uye zvipikirwa zvose zvefaindi nokurasikirwa kwavanhu vakati vasati vatenderwa.” Zvakanyanya, Bill of Rights yakasimbisa kodzero yevanhu yokukumbira mambo uye kurambidza“ zvirango zvisiri zvenguva dzose.” Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinowanzonongedzera ku1699 Bill serutivi rwesangano rakafara kumiitiro yokutonga kwakarurama, kubatanidza muitiro wokubvumira vaipomerwa kutarisana nezvapupu.

Penjero Yechitanhatu Yemitemo yeUnited States (1791)

Singth Amendment ivimbiso yakajeka zvikurusa yekodzero yokunangana neZvapupu munyika yeEngland inotaurirana. Inopa kuti: “Mukupomera mhaka kwose kwoutsotsi, mupomerwi achafarikanya maruramiro ... kutarisana nezvapupu zvinorwisana naye.” Iyi ndima inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende, uye kupfurikidza neGavhuramisire re1448 reBaccommentation’s Rected Claus, yakaiswa kushandisa kurwisana nemitemo (no [[FLT: 0]] Pointer v. Texas[FL:1], 380.U. 400). Dare rapamusoro rakadudzira kupesana naClaus kugovera dziviriro kutatu kwakatanhamara: [FL:], kurudyi, kuvapo kwomuviri kusvikira kudivirira mberi, uye kudivitio kudition [3] kudition [4]

Kuzivikanwa Kwenyika Dzose

Kodzero yokunangana navapomeri haisati iri yoga kuUnited States. Inozivikanwa mumiitiro yemitemo mizhinji, kubatanidza iyo yeUnited Kingdom, Canada, Australia, uye nyika dzeEurope. International paChibvumirano cheNyika yose paChivilini naPolitical Rights (ICCPR)[FL:1], Artic 14(e), Chikamu (3), chinovimbisa “kunzvera, kana kuti kunzvera, zvapupu zvinorwisana naye uye kuwana zvapupu zvinonzverwa nenzvero zvapupu pamigariro mimwe cheteyo.” [[FLT:] Eupan Convention on Human Rights (ECH) [FLD] [FLD] [F:3], Chikamu [3], Chikamu (3), nenzira yakafanana chinogoveranwa chorudyi kana kuti zvinzverwe izvi zvavanhu munyika yose. Kuedza kuratidzira kurura mamiriro ezvinhu echokwadi, zvisinei kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa pamutemo, zvichiri kupfurikidza nomutemo mukuru, zvinototototototototo dzinoda kupfurikidza kupfurira mberi, zvinotongedzerwa kupfurikidza kuto.

Revo Yazvino Uno

Nhasi, kodzero yokutarisana navapomeri inoramba iri rutivi runokosha rwegadziriro dzemitemo yamatsotsi munyika yose. Inobvumira mabasa akawanda: kutora dare kucherekedza mufambiro wezvapupu, kuratidzira kusawirirana netsananguro kupfurikidza nokuongorora kwemuchinjikwa, uye kudzivisa chipupuriro chenhema kana kuti chinotsausa. Kururama kunotsigirawo mano omukwirirwi okutora rutivi nenzira ine revo mukuzvidzivirira kwake amene. Pasina bonderano, kuedzwa kunova zviitiko zvokubvunzurudza umo mupomeri wacho ichinhu chokunzvera chisiri chinhu chokunzvera panzvimbo pokuva mutsigiriki anoshingaira.

MuUnited States, Bhaspitance Claus yave iri nhau yedzidziso huru yeDare Gurusa. Pashure pa [[FLT: 0]] Crawford, matare anofanira kusiyanisa pakati pa “paripo” na“ asingamiriri” remo. Kutaura kwokurangarira. Kurevesa kwokurangarira. (kwakadai sokubvunzurudza kwamapurisa, affidavits, uye pamberi pokuedza.) mamiriro ezvinhu achangobva kunyorwa. (muto mukuru wemaganhu: [2], zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi zvakagadzirirwa nokuda kwamadonzo enguva dzose) hazvisati zvichiputsa mukana kana zvikawira mukati me. Uku kupokanidza uye mamiriro ezvinhu akashatiswa. [5], kubatanidza [FT]] [5]

Kururama kune revo dzinoshandawo nokuda kwomutemo woufakazi wazvino uno. Mitemo yokuteerera mumiganhu yemitemo yavose yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa vatongi kuvimba nokusaongororwa namashoko asina kuongororwa. Chinodikanwa cherwisano chinogovera rutivi rwakawedzerwa rwedziviriro, kuvimbisa kuti zvapupu zvinowanika nokuda kwokuongorora. Mumitemo yehurumende, nepo kodzero dzetsika dzerwisano dzingasava dzakajeka, mupomerwi kazhinji kazhinji ane maruramiro okubvunza zvapupu kupfurikidza nomutongi kana kuti zvakananga, uye kudenha ufakazi hunotangwa nedare.

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa

Kudzikamisa Zvinofadza

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu haana kusinokukwana. Matare anofanira kuienzanisa mukurwisana nedzimwe fariro dzinogombedzera, zvakadai sezvapupu zvinodzivirira dziviriro (vana, vanyajambwa vedenho yevatano, vanhu vane urema hwendangariro), vanochengeta chengeteko yorudzi, uye kuvimbisa chengeteko yezvapupu zvinotya kutsiva. Dare gurusa rakatsigira kushandiswa kwapupu hwakavandika kupfurikidza neterevhizheni yakavharwa kana kuti vhidhiyo inoiswa mutepfeko, inogovera mukana une revo rekuti yapa. [[FLT:] U. Dare gurusa. rinosimudzira kuchengetwa kwemhizha yapachena.

Kutaura Kusina Kutsarukana Nokuzvinyima

Marudzi akasiyana nemitemo yerunyerekupe, zvakadai semheto dzinofa, mashoko omufaro, uye mashoko anopesana nefariro(* kungabvumira kutanga kwemashoko euchapupu pasina bvunzo kana mutendi asingawaniki. Zvisinei, post [[FLT]], matare anoda kuti varovereri varatidze kusavapo kwechapupu uye kuti mukwirirwi akava nebanza rapamberi mberi rokuyambuka - kana kuti mutengi akarasa rudyi nechakaipa. [[FLT:]] [FFLT]]]] [FLT]] [FLT: [FLT] 3]] anodzivisa kuti mukwiriri anodzivisa uchapupu asingapupurirwi pamusoro pokubvuma kwechapupuri.

Kuchengeteka Kwenyika Yose Nouchapupu Hwakasiyana - siyana

Munhau dzinobatanidza ugandanga, ugandanga, kana kuti dzimwe nhau dzinotapura, hurumende pane dzimwe nguva dzinotsvaka kuvimba noufakazi hwakarongwa husingagoni kuziviswa zvizere kumukwidziridzi. Ikoku kunoparira kusawirirana kwakananga nerwisano yacho chaiko. Nyika zhinji dzakashandisa miitiro chaiyo kana kuti kuvhara miitiro yezvokutsigira (imo., United Kingdom’s Justice and Security Act 2013, Immignation and Refugee Protection Act yeCanada kukurukura iyoyi. Zvisinei, masangano ekodzero dzavanhu akatsoropodza miitiro yakadaro seinoderedza kodzero yokutonga zvakanaka. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakataura kuti nepo zvinodavirira zvourudzi zvichiri pamutemo, zvinopomerwa zvinofanira kupiwa mashoko zvakakwana kuti zvive zvinobatsira; kushandiswa kwoufakazi hwepachivande pasina kuputsa chibvumirano 6 Cer.

Kuzivikanwa Kwenguva Yavanopedza Kudzidza uye Kusazivikanwa Nezvavanotenda

Ruzivo rwemazuva ano rune zvinetso zvitsva. Kuwedzera kwemakombiyuta uye kutyisidzira kuri kuita kuti zvapupu zvisingazivikanwi zvitaure zviri pachena kuti mashoko akanyorwa ndeechokwadi kana kuti zvinokanganiswa nemashoko.

mhedziso

Kodzero yokunangana navapomeri ine mavambo makuru enhau, kubva kumakore epakati peEngland kusvikira kumutemo wamarudzi ose wazvino uno. Rwendo rwayo runoratidzira kuzvipira kwenzanga kurusarura, kuonwa, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzevanhu. Nepo kodzero yakanatswa uye pane dzimwe nguva yakaganhurirwa nezvinonetsa zvinopesana, inoramba iri dziviriro inokosha pakupwiswa uye ufakazi hwakavanzika hwakavanzika. Sezvo gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka_jeka tyisidziro itsva, ruzivo rutsva, uye zvimiro zvitsva zvenheyo zvekurukurirano zvichapfuurira sechiratidzo cheruramisiro. Dare, vapi navarapi vanofanira kupfuurira kuwirirana neiyi maruramiro echokwadi nezvimwe zvinhu zvapamutemo, nguva dzose dzichiyeuka kuti donzo rinokosha romuedzo rinopfuurira kusvika pazvokwadi kupfurikidza nomuitiro unoremekedza chiremera nerongedzero yomupomenderwo.