Kutanga: Kunzwisisa Kuti Mabhiri Anova Sei Mutemo

Muitiro wemitemo imavambo okudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuchinja pfungwa dzemitemo kuva mitemo inochengetwa. Nepo rwendo ruchibva kupfungwa iri nyore kuenda kumutemo unotenderwa rungava rwakareba uye rwakaoma, kufunda mabhiri anobudirira kuzivisa zvirongwa, zvinetso, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uko kunoumba mutemo wechiratidzo. Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vatori vehurumende, vachinzvera nhau dzenyika dzinopa zvidzidzo zvinoshanda muchivako chapamutemo, kugadzira mutemo kwavose, uye kugadzira mutemo. Nyaya ino yakudzwa inonzvera zvikwereti zvina zvikuru muUnited States History, ichibvisa chikamu chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvavo zvokupinda nokunyora nheyo dzavo dzinoramba dzichiva nezvazvinodavirira nhasi.

Nzvero imwe neimwe inoratidzira matanho chaiwo omuitiro wemitemo: kunyora nokusuma, kuhwirudzura kwedare, gakava rouriri nokuvhota, uye (kana kupfuudzwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri) kupfurikidza nokunzvera aya matanho mumashoko akapoteredza, tinoona kuti rondedzero inoshanda sei muhoro dzeCongress.

Mutsetse Wakakodzera

Pamberi pokupinda muzvisarudzo, inobetsera kuronga nzira chaiyoiyo inoteverwa nechikwereti. Nepo kamuri rimwe nerimwe rine mitemo yaro rimene, gadziriro yavose inowirirana:

  • Kuisa & Sponsorship: Muiti wemitemo kana kuti boka ravaiti vemitemo vanonyora mutengi, kazhinji kazhinji nenyuko inobva kunyanzvi, mapoka ezvibharo, kana kuti masangano ebazu makuru. Mari yacho inopinzwa nenzira yakarongwa muImba kana kuti Dare.
  • [[FOL:0] Committee Referral:[[FL:1] Mutungamiriri anonongedzera mutongo kumatare rimwe kana kuti akawanda ane chiremera pamusoro penhau yawo. Matare anova nokutongwa, kutsiviwa, uye vhoti kana angashuma mutero wacho mukamuri rakazara.
  • Kurangarira: Kana kuchishumwa, mutengo unopfuurira kuuriri nokuda kwekurukurirano, kumwe kugadziridzwa, uye vhoti yokupedzisira. Mitemo yekurukurirano inosiana pakati pemakamuri(*) Imba inoshandisa muitiro weMitemo wakarongeka weDare, nepo Dare kazhinji kazhinji richibvumidza kurukurirano yakatambanudzwa namonicbuster.
  • Dare reSabata: Mutemo ipapo unoenda kune imwe kamuri, umo muitiro unodzokororwa. Misiyano pakati peImba neDare inopedzwa mudare remusangano, pashure payo makamuri ose ari maviri anosarudza shanduro yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwokupedzisira.
  • Predésitive Action: Mutemo unoenda kupurezidhendi, uyo anogona kusaina mumutemo, kuuita, kana kuti kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina kusaina pashure pamazuva gumi (kana Congress iri muchirongwa).

Iri paipi, nepo rinoratidzika kuva rakajeka, rinoumbwa nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, dzvinyiriro yavose, uye kuwanda kukuru kwomutemo unokwikwidza. Chikamu chiduku bedzi chemabhiri akapinzwa chinombova mutemo, zvichiita kuti nhau dzebudiriro dzive dzinorayiridza zvikuru.

Fundo Yenhau 1: Murato Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa 1964

Zvichida mutemo wemhuri unochinja zvikurusa wezana ramakore rechi 20, Civil Rights Act ya1944 inorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi.

Mararamiro Avo uye Kunyora

Prezidhendi John F. Kennedy akatanga kukarakadza mutezo wekodzero dzavagari vemo muna June 1963, pashure penhimbe inokura yesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo reBirmingham uye simba rinokura resangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Pashure pokuurawa kwaKennedy muna November 1963, Purezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson akaita chibvumirano chenzvimbo yake yokutanga. Johnson, mutemi wemitemo wemakore ake seKentenarity Mority Leadern, akashanda naAttney General Robert F. Kennedy nemubatanidzwa wevaration yekodzero dzevanhu kuti vagadzirise mutauro. Mutesi weGwaraume yakaitwa nenzira yakarongwa muImba yeEmanuel Cel Celleer (D-NY) uye muDare raSantare Mike Mandfield (D-MT).

Kuongorora kweDare uye Kugadziridzwa Kwaro

Gwaro racho raienda kuDare reHouse Judicary, uko Chairman Celler akaitarisira nounyanzvi kusvikira kumazuva 13 okupa. Dare rakawedzera gadziriro yakasimba yebasa yokusarura vanhu kuti vashande (Tit VII) ndokusimbisa chikamu chepokugara chavose. Kurutivi rweDare, mutongo wacho waitumirwa kuDare reJudicary asi gare gare wakapfuudzwa kupfurikidza nechirongwa cheProcebral .Johnson naMansfield vakatama kuti vaiise zvakananga pakarenda yedare redare rairwisana. Iyi nzira yakaratidzira kuda kudzora mitemo yeProcedcuture apo yaikosha kufambisira mutero.

Nharo Dzezvirunganwa Nefilibuster

MuDare, mutongo wacho wakatarisana ne 75 wemazuva anenge masere unotungamirira naSenator Richard Russell (D-GA) uye boka reDemocrates yokumaodzanyemba. Panguva iyoyo, mubati wehove aingogona kupedzwa bedzi nevhoti yezvitatu. Uku kwaiva kuvhota kwaMajon nevakuru vakuru vedare vakadai seMajority Wip Hubert Humphrey vakashanda nesimba kuunganidza vhoti dziri madikanwa. PaJune 10, 1964, Dare raivhotera 71-29 kuti ripedze kuvhura, kuputsa chikwata chaVaneringi. Iyi yakanga iri nguva inoumba nguva yokutanga chiratiso yakanga yambovakwa nekodzero dzevagari vemo. Vhengi yokupedzisira papepa racho yakanga yatonge yatopfuudza shanduro 21962.

Kunyorerana Simba Kwomusangano Nokuva Mutungamiriri Wehurumende

Nemhaka yokuti shanduro dzeImba neDare dzakasiyana zvishoma (pamifungo mizhinji pamusoro pounyanzvi hwokuchengeta) dare remusangano rakasangana kwamavhiki matatu kuti riyananise. Mutongo wokupedzisira wakatenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri musi waJuly 2, 1964. Madekwana iwayo, Purezidhendi Johnson akasaina Civil Rights Act mumutemo, achiti zvakakurumbira, “Takunda.” Chikamu chacho chakaumba nzanga yeAmerica zvikuru ndokuva mutevedzeri wemitemo yekodzero dzavanhu yomunguva yemberi.

Zvidzidzo Mumuitiro Wekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

  • Nhau dzoutungamiriri:[[FLT: 1] Johnson musengwa womutemo nounyanzvi zvakanga zvichikosha mukukurira mhinganidzo dzesangano.
  • Pession inogona kumisa girafiki: March paWashington uye kutsutsumwa munyika yose kwakaparira mhoteredzo umo kusaita chinhu kwakanga kusingabviri mune zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • FARIBUsters dzinogona kukundwa nebatira pamwe yebipartisan: Chirevo chaida vhoti dzinobva kumativi ose ari maviri, chinoratidzira kuti kunyange nhau dzinokamuranisa zvikuru dzinogona kupedzwa apo fariro yenyika inojeka.

Fundo Yenhau 2: Chiratidzo Chokutarisira Chinotapurika (2010)

Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA), inozivikanwa navose saObamacare, yakaratidzira kuparadzwa kukuru zvikurusa kwegadziriro yezvoutano yeU.S. chifo chaMedicare naMedicaid.

Kurwisa Nechiito cheDare

Purezidhendi Barack Obama akaita kuti tarisiro yezvoutano igadzirise chipikirwa chenhimbe chapakati. Pashure pesarudzo yake muna 2008, mutarisiri wake akashanda nezvigaro zvedare guru Max Baucus (D-MT) paMari, Mutungamiriri Ted Kennedy (D-MA) paUtano, Edzero, Basar and Penssions (HELP), uye Mumiririri Henry Waxman (D-CA) paEnergy and Commerce. House paS (H.R. 3962) rakapinda mumatare matatu asati asvika uriri. Dare reSa olonjanja (H.R. 3590, pakuvamba mutero wedzimba wakaitwazve semotokari yeACCOM)

Gakava reFloor ne “Cornhusker Kickback”

Imba yacho yakapfuudza shanduro yayo muna November 2009 nevhoti ya220 295, ine 39 Democrates vachishora. Dare reSamende rakabatana neveRepublicans yose. Panguva ino, rakasangana nenharo yevhiki nevhiki muna December 2009. Kuwana mavhoti 60 aidiwa kukurira filitera, Mutungamiriri weMajoni Harry Reid akakurukura migove chaiyo, kubatanidza “Cornshuker Kickbackck" yeNebraska, iyo yakazobviswa pamusangano wokupedzisira. Dare reSangano rakapfuudza mutero 60-439 musi waDecember 24, 2009.

Kugadzirisa Zvinhu

Pashure porufu rwaSenator Kennedy uye kutsiva kwake neRepublican, Democrates akarasikirwa nevoruzhinji vavo vanodzivirira. Kuyananisa shanduro dzeImba neDare, Imba yakapfuudza bhii reDare risina kuchinja (kufamba kwainoda simba rezvamatongerwe enyika raishandiswa namaoko ane simba rakaenzana netwiting) uye ipapo makamuri ose ari maviri akashandisa bhajeti rebhajeti kuti apfuure chitsama chegadziridzo (Chitendero chezve utano nedzidzo Reconciliation Act muna 2010). Iyi nzira yokufambisa mashoko yakabvumira chinjo kuti itenderwe nevoruzhinji. Purezidhendi Obama akasaina chibvumirano chikuru chemari yaMarch 23, 2010, uye chibvumirano chekuyananisa vhiki gare gare.

Zvatinodzidza Mune Zvakaitika

  • Kugadzira zvinhu kwechinjo kunokosha: Kushandiswa kweyananiso kwakaitiranwa nharo asi kwakabvumira mutongo kupfuvura pasinei zvapo nokurasikirwa nesimba guru.
  • Nhaka dzinoda bvumirano: “The“ Louisiana Purchase” uye mamwe mabhizimisi ehurumende aisimbisa rudzi rwechibvumirano chemitemo.
  • Mabhiri anopinza anokwezva chishoro chikuru: Kuoma kunzwisisa kweACA kwakakuita chipfuro chenhamburiko dzokuzvidzora dzinopfuurira makore gare gare, kuchisimbisa kudikanwa kwekurukurirano yakajeka nemubatanidzwa unogara.

Fundo Yenhau 3: VaAmerica Vane Urema Muitiro (1990)

VaAmerica Vane Rubaz Act (ADA) yakanga iri fambiro mberi mukodzero dzourema, ichirambidza rusaruro mumabasa, pokugara, zvokufambisa, uye kurukurirano nekombiyuta.

Mavambo Nokuedza

ADA yakabva panhamburiko dzapakuvamba, kubatanidza Fair House Act ye 1988 neDzidzo yaAll Handicawid Children Act. Mumiririri Tom Harkin (D-IA) uye Mumiririri Tony Coelho (D-CA), zvose zviri zviviri zvine batano dzomunhu oga nenhau dzeurema, zvakashanda neNational Council on Disability uye masangano akadai seADAPT kunyora pamutemo. Mutauro wacho wakasanogadzirirwa kudzikamisa dziviriro dzakasimba nemipimo yokugara ine mufungo.

Gadziriro yeDare Netsigiro yeBipartisa

Gwaro racho raipiwa madare akawanda, kusanganisira Dare reBasa reBasa neRevolutions, House Education and Labor Committee, uye House Judiciary Committee. Mitemo yaibudisa uchapupu hune simba kubva kuvanhu vakaremara, kubatanidza vana uye vagara nebasa, hwakaita kuti nhau yacho ive yorudzi. Senator Orrin Hatch (R-UT) uye Mumiririri Newt Gingrich (R-GA) akava vatsigiri vapakuvamba, zvichiratidza simba razvingaitwa nabhiparti.

Majeri Nokusaina

Dare rakapfuudza ADA pana September 7, 1989, kupfurikidza nevhoti ya76-8. Imba yakatevera musi waMay 22, 1990, nevhoti ya 403 29-20. dare romusangano rakapedza misiyano miduku, uye dare rokupedzisira rapfuura makamuri ose ari maviri nenhau huru zvikuru. Purezidhendi George H. W. Bush akasaina ADA mumutemo pana July 26, 1990, paSouth Lawn of the White House, yakapoteredzwa navaregi. Mutsinhiro dzake, akazivisa kuti, “Mukurega rusvingo runonyadzisa rwekuparadza ruchidzika pakupedzisira ruchidzika.”

Zvatinodzidza Mune VaADA

  • Nyaya dzomunhu oga dzinochinja mavhoti: Testimonia dzinobva kuvanhu vakaremara dzakavaka tsitsi uye chishoro chakaderedzwa.
  • Bipartarishishi inowanika: ADA yakafarikanya tsigiro yakabva kuvose vari vaviri vaiti vemitemo vakasununguka navane mwero vakairangarira senhau yeruramisiro huru.
  • Masangano ezveuranda anogona kutsigira simba: Mapoka akafanana neDisability Rights Education and Defense Fund akashanda kwamakore kudzidzisa vagadziri vemitemo navose.

Fundo Yenhau 4: Kuderedzwa Kwomuitiro Womweya Wakachena wa 1990

Mutemo wemhoteredzo unowanzoshorwa zvikuru neindasitiri, asi Sangano Remitemo reNhenga yeNhenga yeMusika ra1990 rinoratidzira kuti kubvumirana kwesayenzi, utungamiriri hwapurezidhendi, uye kurudziro dzezvemari zvinogona sei kukurira kudzivisa kwakadaro.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akaita Mugariro Wacho Nenhamburiko Yesangano

Ceaner Air Act yapakuvamba yakapfuudzwa muna 1970 ndokugadziridzwa muna 1977. Pakasvika 1980, mvura ine acid yakanga yava nhau huru yemhoteredzo nezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru muNorthern East neCanada. Purezidhendi George H. Bush, pasinei zvapo nemirangariro yebhizimisi yebato rake, akaita mhepo yakachena nzvimbo yokutanga munhimbe yake ya 1988. Iye akakarakadza pepa ramashoko akazara muna 1989 rakanyorwa naEPA Pretator William Reilly uye kit Houses.

Dare Nokugadzira Zvinhu Zvikuru

Chipepa cheSamende (H. 3030) chakatungamirirwa naVamiririri John Dingell (D-MI) naHenry Waxman, uyo akanga ane rwisano refu pamusoro pemipimo yemipimo yemotokari. Dare reSameter raitungamirirwa naMajority George Mitchell (D-ME). Kutangazve kukuru kwakanga kuri kushandiswa kwamaturusi akavakirwa pamusika, zvakadai sechinonyungudutswa chesulfur dioxide. Ichi chiteshi chainzi [“chinjowe nescreaces syn systrátics], chakatsigirwa nenyanzvi dzemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yai, zvakabetsera kukunda Hurumende. Dare rakapfuudza chibvumirano cha 8911 paApril 3, 1990. Imba yemusha yakapfuudza shanduro yaro 401101 paMay 23, 1990.

Dare Romusangano Nokupfuura Kwokupedzisira

Dare romusangano rakatora mwedzi yakawanda kuyananisa misiyano, zvikurukuru pamusoro pemipimo yokubudisa motokari nerudungwe rwokuchengeta. Kubudirira kwakaitika apo mukuru wavashandi vaBush, John Sununu, akabvuma kupurogiramu yemotokari ine hasha zvikuru. Gwaro rokupedzisira rakatenderwa namavhoti enzwi mumakamuri ose ari maviri pana October 27, 1990. Purezidhendi Bush akarisaina pana November 15, 1990.

Kuchinja kwa1990 kwakatungamirira kukuderera kukuru kwezvinobudiswa nesulfur dioxide (zvinonyanyova zvipfuro mberi kwerudungwe) ndokubatira somuenzaniso wekurukurirano dzemiitiro yemamiriro okunze apashure. Nokuda kwoudzame hwakawanda, ona kupeta kwa [[FLT: 0] EPA kwekugadziridza kwe 1990 mamiriro ezvinhu.

Zvidzidzo Mumitemo Yokudzora Kuitwa Kwemhepo Yakachena

  • Mitoo yeMarcreet inogona kuwana tendero yebipartisan: mvumo dzinodavikanwa dzakafadza kusunungura vachengeti vemapepa vasingaiti jasipo apo vanenge vachiwana nharidzano dzemhoteredzo.
  • [ Musengwa weProfetities unoita simba: Kubatanidzwa kwaBash kwakapa chifukidziro chemari yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Ufakazi hwesayenzi hunofanira kukurukurwa zvakajeka: Chinoitika chemvura yeasidhi chakasakanyorwa nenzvero, kuchiita kuti kuramba kuve kusingabviri.

Kuparidzira Zvidzidzo Zvinobva Mumabhiri Anobudirira

Apo bhiri rimwe nerimwe rakanga rine migariro yakasiyana, shinda dzinoverengeka dzinozivikanwa navose dzinobuda.

Kuvaka Mabira Kunoitika Mhiri Kwemitsetse

Chibvumirano chiri chose chinobudirira muiyi nhau chakafarikanya tsigiro yakabva kuvose vari vaviri uye kumapoka ezvisarudzo akasiyana- siyana. Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu chaida maRepublicans neDermocrates yokumaodzanyemba ine mwero. ADA yakakwezva vacherekedzi vanokoshesa chiremera chomunhu oga. Clean Air Act yakawana purofitis kupfurikidza nokupfava. Kuvaka denga rakafara / kwete ruzhinji rwezviwirira-pfuuni zvenguva yemberi.

Basa Rokubatanidzwa Pachena

Vaiti vemitemo vanopindura vanhu vanowanzonzi vadaro, vangava nokuramba, kunyora tsamba, kana kuti kupupurira kwounyanzvi.Vadzidzi vanodzidzisa kuti mitemo inowanzotevera kukurudzira kwakakurumbira kunogona kupa simba vagari vemo veramangwana.

Kubudirira uye Utungamiriri

Zvose zviri zviviri kushandiswa kwemari yokuyananisa neChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheVamiriri cheDare reDare reDare reDare reVatongi zvinoratidza kuti unyanzvi hwokushandisa mishonga hahuna kusvibiswa(kwakakosha. Vatungamiriri vanonzwisisa mitemo yacho(uye nguva yokuiposha) vanokosha. Muitiro wedare remusangano, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji uri seri kwemapirakiti, ndiko uko kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakaoma kunoitwa.

Kugadziridzwa uye Kugadziridzwa

Hapana mutengo unobva mudare usina kuchinja. Kugadziridzwa kunogona kusimbisa mutengo (sezvine musoro VII muMutemo weChivil Rights) kana kuti mavhoti anokosha akachengeteka (sezvinenge zvibvumirano zvechidhindo muACA). Kuda kukurukura nokugamuchira shanduro dzisina kukwana chiratidzo chokugadzira mitemo inobudirira. Kunzvera kune udzame pamusoro penzira matare anoumba zvikwereti, shanyira Conforn.gov conmentation anotungamirira basa remitemo [

Mugumisiro: Kuwedzera Kunoita Kuongorora Nyaya

Kudzidza kuti zvikwereti zvinova sei mutemo hachisi chinhu chedzidzo. Zvidzidzo zvinobva muAffordcable Care Act, Civil Rights Act, American ane chibvumirano cheUrema, uye Clean Air Act zvinopa purani inoshanda nokuda kwevatsigiri, vaiti vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vakavimbisana. Mhaka imwe neimwe inoratidza kuti muitiro wemitemo unogona kudzorwa nenzira inobudirira kunyange pamamiriro ezvinhu akarefu.

Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa iyi mienzaniso kuratidza kuti hurumende haisati iri muchina usingachinjiki asi muitiro mupenyu unogamuchira kutora rutivi rumuziviso. Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pomuitiro wemitemo namabhiri enhau, National Archive Center for Legislative Archives [ inopa manyuko makuru, uye muitiro wewisclegist wewistiki peji [ unogovera nhano [“bybroppection recustom. kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi nhau, tinozvishongedzera timene kuti tishande nomutoo unobudirira zvikuru mumuitiro wedemo wedemocracy.