Gadziriro Yepamutemo Inotsigira Kutungamirira: Nhungamiro Yomutauro Mutete

Masangano anotungamirira anobatira sembiru dzinokosha dzehurumende dzazvino uno, achibatanidza mukaha pakati pemirairo yemitemo yakafara nezvinoshanda zvokusimbisa mitemo yakaoma mumaindasitiri akasiyana - siyana. Kuvambira padziviriro yemhoteredzo kusvikira kumisika yezvemari, kubva kukotsekano yezvokudya kusvikira kukurukurirano nekurukurirano, aya masangano anoumba anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva muUnited States. Kunzwisisa gadziriro yapamutemo inodzora aya masangano ane simba kunokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo zvakafanana. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera gadziriro yapamutemo yapamutemo yakapfava iri seri kwemasangano anodzosera, inotsanangura mumutauro wakajeka nzira yaanowana nayo chiremera chavo, kuparira nayo mitemo, kuteererwa, uye inoramba ichizvidavirira kumatare avose.

Chii Chiri Kurayira uye Nei Chiripo?

Mutemo unodzora unobatanidza mitemo nenheyo dzapamutemo zvinodzora utarisiri nomurairo wamasangano ehurumende (zvose zviri zviviri ehurumende nehurumende). Kazhinji kazhinji, masangano ehurumende anosikwa kudzivirira fariro yavose panzvimbo pokureverera maruramiro avanhu. Aya masangano aripo nemhaka yokuti ubati ushe hwazvino uno hwazova hwakaoma zvikuru uye hwakananga kuti masangano omutemo avane basa rose rokuita nokuchengeta.

Zvirokwazvo, nemhaka yokuti Congress haigoni kumanikidza ndokuisa mutemo uri wose wainoita, inofanira kutsamira pamasangano kuti ashandise, achengetedze, uye neimwe nzira adzore mitemo yakasiana - siana yehurumende iyo Congress yakaita.

Marudzi Egadziriro Dzehurumende

Mamwe masangano anokosha zvikuru akadai seDhipatimendi Reruramisiro neDhipatimendi Rekudzivirira. Masangano aya anoshanda achidzorwa zvakananga napurezidhendi uye vatungamiriri vawo vachishanda vachifara naPrezidhendi.

Mimwe mienzaniso inosanganisira masangano anozvimirira akadai seFederal Trade Commission, Secureties and Exchange Commission, uye Environmental Protection Agency, ose ari oga pasina kudzorwa zvakananga naPrezidhendi. Masangano eependero ane masangano anowanzova nemazita akawanda anovhundutswa uye anodzivirira anobviswa, akagadzirirwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vapfuurire vari muhurumende dzakasiyana - siyana.

Nheyo yeBumbiro reMitemo: Kupiwa Simba

Masangano anogoverwa simba neCongress (kana kuti muchinoitika chesangano rehurumende, chibvumirano chehurumende), kuti aite mutoro wokuita maruramiro akati kubva kuCongress. Uku kupiwa kwechiremera kunomirira chimwe chezvinokosha zvikurusa(uye pane dzimwe nguva kunomutsa nharo(svudziso dzomutemo wokutonga.)

Nzira Iyo Dare Rinopa Nayo Chiremera Kupfurikidza Nomutemo Wokubhejera

Mitemo inotangwa kupfurikidza nemirau yayo imene yakagadzirwa, iyo inogadza mitemo mitsva, uye mukuita kudaro, inogadzira masangano akasiyana - siyana kuti adudzire, ashandise, uye ashandise mitemo mitsva iyoyo. Iyi mitemo yakagadzirwa nemitoo mitsva, inonziwo mutemo unogonesa, inobatira sechata yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwesangano rimwe nerimwe, ichirondedzera basa raro, gadziriro, uye masimba.

Masangano anopiwa chiremera chokuita mutemo wokutonga kupfurikidza nemitemo yakaitwa neCongress. Ndiyo inopa masimba ose uye chaiwo kumasangano eFederal akasiana - siana kupfurikidza nokugonesa mutemo pamwe chete nemitemo yavose nokuda kwokutarisirwa kwavo kwakarurama nekwakarongwa. Somuenzaniso, apo Congress yakapa Dare reDesel Air Act, yakaparira Nhungamiro yeNzvimbo yeNzvimbo ndokuipa chiremera chakananga chokugadza mipimo yechimiro chemhepo, kudzora kubudisa mhepo, uye kuwirirana kunomanikidzirwa.

Dzidziso Yokusabvumirana Nedzidziso Neganhuriro Dzayo

Inheyo iri mumutemo webumbiro remitemo inotaura kuti bazu remitemo rehurumende yeU.S. (Conrever) harigoni kugovera chiremera charo chomutemo kubazu guru (Purezidhendi namasangano ehurumende). Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa sedzidziso isingatenderwi, inobva muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinogovera masimba ose omutemo muCongress.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinonyora mashoko dzinotaura kuti masangano ehurumende haawirirani nemitemo, zvikurukuru nemhaka yemibatanidzwa isingabvumiki yehurumende yesimba rokuita mutemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuzviisa pasi kwomutemo wazvino uno mumutemo wokutarisira kunotora masangano ebumbiro remitemo, uye kuri madikanwa mupfungwa inoshanda neinofambira mberi. Matare akatsigira zviremera kwenguva refu sezvo Congress ichipa zvinotaura kuti zvitungamirire masangano, kunyange zvazvo nharo pamusoro pemipimo yakafanira yenhume dzichipfuurira mumitezo yepamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika.

Purezidhendi anogona bedzi kuzadza mikaha yokudzora nokushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kana chiremera chemitemo cheCongress chapedza basa racho mukuita mitemo.Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti masangano anoshanda mukati memiganhu inogadzwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa nepo achichengeta kuchinjika kunodikanwa kupindura mibvunzo yakaoma yezvounyanzvi nemitemo.

Administrate Procedura Act: The Foundation of Agency Operations

Mukupindura kwokukurumidza kuumbwa kwemasangano matsva anozvimirira okutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri (ona kurukurirano iri pasi apa), Congress yakaita kuti pave neAdministrative Procedure Act (APA) muna 1946.

APA mutemo wokugadzirisa wakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti ufanane uye usingavanzi mumasangano ehurumende. Act igadziriro yokudzora yakakwana, mirau, uye kugadza mitemo mumashoko ose. APA ndiyo manyuko makuru emutemo wesangano rehurumende, nepo kutarisirwa uye kudzorwa kwemasangano ehurumende zvichidzorwa nezviito zvehurumende zvakafanana.

Gadziriro Huru Nezvinangwa

Nemhaka yokuti United States Constitution haiisi miganhu pairi chiremera chokuongorora chemasangano okutonga, Congress yakagadza APA kuti itange miitiro yomutemo wokutarisira yakarurama kuti iwirirane nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvegadziriro yakafanira. APA inoshanda mabasa akawanda anokosha: inovimbisa kujeka kwemibato yehurumende, inopa mikana yokutora rutivi, inogadza mipimo yokuongorora, uye inodzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga mukubata namasangano ehurumende.

Miitiro yeAgency inotorwa mumanyuko mana echiremera: APA, mitemo yakagadzirwa nemhuka, mitemo yesangano, uye muitiro wesangano wamasanga. Mitemo inogona kuita bedzi mukati mechiremera chayo chinogoverwa nenzira yourongwa, uye inofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zveAPA. Iyi gadziriro ine mabharani akawanda inovimbisa kuti masangano anoramba ane mhaka apo anoramba achichinjika kuti aite mabasa awo emitemo.

Mabasa Okutarisira Ehurumende

Pamwero wenyika, shanduro yokutanga yeModel State Administrative Procedure Act yakaziviswa ndokubudiswa muna 1946 neUnifonso Law Commission (ULC), umo shanduro yeFederal Administrative Procedure Act yakanyorwa. Inobatanidza nheyo dzinokosha nemhiko dzakakwana bedzi kutsigira mativi anokosha, naizvozvo i "muenzaniso", uye kwete "chimiro", chiito. Hurumende dzakagamuchira zvimiro zvadzo zvigaro zvemiitiro yokutarisira, kuumba gadziriro dzakafanana nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende apo inowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo namagamuchidzanwa.

Mutemo unodzora uripo mugadziriro dzose dzehurumende 50 dzakaparadzana uye unoshanda zvakafanana kuparadigm yehurumende inosiana mukushandisa kwayo mashoko, masangano nezvivako zvesangano, uye kuisa mitemo. Kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri mitemo yehurumende nehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobata nenhau dzinodzorwa, sezvo maindasitiri akawanda anotarisana nemirairo pamwero mizhinji yehurumende.

Muitiro Wokugadza Rudzi: Nzira Iyo Nhungamiro Dzinoumba Nayo Mitemo

Kugadza mitemo muitiro unoshandiswa namasangano ehurumende mukuita, kuvandudza, kana kuti kudzosera.Congress inopa chiremera chokugadza mitemo kumasangano ehurumende kuti ashandise mirau yemitemo. Uyu muitiro unoshandura mirau yakafara kuva zvinodikanwa zvakajeka, zvinomanikidzirwa zvinodzora chinhu chiri chose kuvambira kukotsekano yebasa kusvikira kumipimo yemhoteredzo.

Chii Chiri Mitemo Nemirau?

Mitemo inodzora pamwero wehurumende inowanzonzi mitemo. Mitemo inoziviswa kushandisa, kududzira, kana kuti kunyora mutemo kana kuti muitiro. Mashoko "mitemo" ane revo imwe cheteyo mumashoko akapoteredza omutemo wehurumende uye anoshandiswa nenzira imwe. Mitemo yeHurumende, inorehwawo kutevedzana semirau, inotendwa namasangano uye inorangarirwa kuva chiremera chikuru chepamutemo.

Mutemo unouya muchimiro chemirau, mirau, mirairo, uye zvisarudzo. Mitemo inopiwa kuichi chiremera ine simba netapuro zvomutemo uye inogona kuva netapuro huru nokuda kwokuitwa kwemiitiro. Apo inogamuchirwa nenzira yakafanira, mirau yemitemo ine tapuro imwe cheteyo yapamutemo inobatira seyakataurwa nemitemo neCongress, ichiita muitiro wokushandisa simba rehurumende kutsoropodza.

Kugadza mitemo kwamasanga: Muitiro weChicherechedzo- uye-Comment

Udzame hweAPA husingawanzoshandisiwi nokuda kwemitemo yakarongwa pamwe chete nezvinodikanwa zvokuita mitemo isina kurongwa, umo mirau mizhinjisa yesangano inopiwa. Kuisa mitemo kwamasanga, kunozivikanwawo sokuita zviziviso uye kuisa mitemo, kunomirira mutoo wakarovedzeka zvikurusa umo masangano anoita mirau.

Kutonga kunodzorwa zvikurukuru nemipimo yakarongwa muAdministrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. chitauro 551 et seq.). Muitiro unotevera nhevedzano yakarongeka yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokujeka nokutora rutivi kwavose:

Danho 1: Cherechedza Kutonga Kwakashuviwa

Kakawanda, sangano rinofanira kupa ziviso yavose yomutemo unokarakadzwa usati washanda (5 U.S.C. ISAYA 553(b). Nzvero inoitwa kupfurikidza nokubudisa mutemo unokarakadzwa muFederal Register. Sangano rinopa chiziviso chePro Presad Rumbiso rwePlan), inobudiswa muFederal Register, kurondedzera nokukumbira tsinhiro dzavose pachiito chinokarakadzwa. Pakubatanidzwa mukuita mitemo, sangano rinofanira kugovera ziviso muFederal Register yemitemo inokarakadzwa uye rizivise chiremera chepamutemo icho mutevedzero inokarakadzwa.

Chiziviso chacho chinofanira kusanganisira mashoko emutemo unokarakadzwa, kutsanangurwa kwechinangwa chawo uye hwaro hwepamutemo, uye mashoko pamusoro pokuti vanhu vanogona kupa sei uye rini tsinhiro.

Danho 2: Nguva Yokupindura Pachena

Pashure pokunge mutemo unokarakadzwa wabudiswa, vanhu vanopiwa banza rokupa tsinhiro pamusoro pomutemo unokarakadzwa (5.S.C. 76 553 (c). Sangano racho ringarangarira tsinhiro dzacho mutemo wokupedzisira usati wabudiswa ndokuita. Iyi nhambo yetsinhiro inowanzotora mazuva 30 kusvikira ku 60, kunyange zvazvo masangano angagovera nhambo refu nokuda kwemitemo yakaoma zvikuru kana kuti inokosha.

Mukati menhambo ino, munhu upi noupi anogona kupa tsinhiro(vatendi, mabhizimisi, mapoka okuzvikweretesa, hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye vamwe vapinyi vemari. Tsinhiro dzingabatanidza mashoko ounyanzvi, kunzvera kwemari, nharo dzapamutemo, kana kuti zvinoitika zvomunhu oga. Masangano anogamuchira zviuru kana kuti kunyange mazana ezviuru zvetsinhiro pamusoro pemitemo mikuru, uye anofanira kuhwirudzura nokurangarira tsinhiro dzose duku dzakagamuchirwa.

Danho 3: Kuziviswa Kwokupedzisira Kwokutonga

Somuenzaniso, muAPA yomubatanidzwa nedudziro dzokutonga dzeAPA, masangano anokarakadza kupinda mubasa rokuita mutemo anofanira kupa ziviso yokuita mutemo kunokarakadzwa asati agamuchira mutemo wokupedzisira. Mutemo wokupedzisira unofanira kutevera kukura kune mufungo kwomutemo unokarakadzwa uye unofanira kuratidzira kurangarira kwamasangano tsinhiro dzose dzakagamuchirwa ndokuhwirudzurwa.

Pakubudisa mutemo wokupedzisira, masangano anofanira kubatanidza mashoko anotsanangura hwaro nechinangwa chomutemo wacho, achipindura tsinhiro dzinokosha nokutsanangura chikonzero nei sangano racho rakagamuchirwa kana kuti kuramba chinjo dzakakarakadzwa. Mitemo yose inofanira kubudiswa. Kana mitemo yechigarire inobva kumasangano yangooneka muFederal Register, inoshanda. Mutemo wokupedzisira unowanzova unobudirira mazuva 30 pashure pokubudiswa, uchipa mapoka nguva inodzorwa yokugadzirira kuzviisa pasi.

Muitiro wose unowanzotaurwa sechiziviso & kutsinhira kana kuti kuisa mitemo isina kurongwa.

Kutonga Kwomuitiro: Kunzwa Kwokutonga

Kugadza mitemo kunoitika apo mitemo inodikanwa kupfurikidza nomutemo kuti iitwe pachinyorwa pashure pomukana wekutongwa kwesangano; uyu muitiro unoitwa kashoma zvikuru kupfuura kuisa mitemo kwamasanga. Apo Congress inoda kugadza mitemo yakarongwa mumutemo wesangano unoita, muitiro unova wakarongwa zvikuru kwazvo uye nguva.

Somukuita mutemo kwamasanga, muitiro wakarongwa wokuita mitemo unovamba nechinyorwa chomutemo unokarakadzwa muFederal Register, nerondedzero youkuru hwomutemo noudzame hwenguva neichaitwa uye apo nhau dzichaitwa. Panzvimbo penhambo yetsinhiro, muitiro wokuita mitemo yakarongwa unoraira kuti kutonga kuitwe kuti pave norudzi rwokutonga here kuti mutemo wacho unofanira kupiwa.

Mukutonga kwakadaro, Mutongi woMutemo anotungamirira kana kuti mumwe mumiriri anotungamirira ane masimba makuru kupfavisa nhau, kubatanidza kubudisa vaputi, kutonga panhau dzakajeka uye kuraira mapoka kuedza kupedza nharo dzipi nedzipi kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chakafanana. Zvibvumirano kunhau yacho zvine kodzero yokupa ufakazi hunotaurwa kana kuti hwedare kuti vatsigire nhau yavo kana kuti kupupurirazve noufakazi hwokupa uchapupu hwezve. Nemhaka yokuti kugadza mutemo ndiko kunobva pamutemo kunobva kukupa mari, Dare risingawanzokudikanwi, uye masangano anokudzivisa apo kunobvira.

Zvimwe Zviito Zvokutonga

Mushumo uyu unogovera kupetwa kwapamutemo kwenzira idzo masangano angabatanidza nadzo mitemo yetsika, inobatanidza kuita mitemo, zvisina kurongwa (mazita nesangano kana kuti 2016) kuisa mitemo yakavhengana, kuronga mitemo, kuronga mitemo kwakananga, uye kukurukurirana. Mutoo mumwe nomumwe unobatira madonzo nemigariro zvakasiyana.

Kuisa mitemo yakavhengana kunomirira wedzero kumiitiro yokugadza mitemo yamagamuchidzanwa iyo inobvumira masangano kubvunza vanhu vanofarira namapoka efariro panhambo dzokukura kwegadziriro yokuita mitemo. Mukukurukurirana, sangano rinoronga dare ravachengeti vemitemo kuti ritange chikarakadzo chebvumirano pamberi pokubudisa chiziviso chokuronga mitemo kunokarakadzwa. Iyi mitoo inobatira pamwe inogona kuderedza chishoro neripi, kunyange zvazvo ichishanda zvakanakisisa apo chiverengero chefariro dzinotapurwa chinodzokanwa chinoitwa uye mapoka anodisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Kugadza mitemo kwakananga kwokupedzisira kunobvumira masangano kubudisa mitemo inongoerekana yashanda kutoti tsinhiro dzakakomba dzinokosha dzichigamuchirwa. Iyi gadziriro yakadzokororwa inoshanda zvakanaka nokuda kwomuitiro, mitemo isingawirirani umo sangano racho rinokarira chishoro chiduku kana kuti kwete.

Zvinogoverwa Kucherekedza-Na-Comment

Hadzisi dzose dzvumo dzemiitiro dzinoitwa namasangano ehurumende dzinoda kuti hurumende ipinde mukuita mitemo isina kurongwa. Mitemo pamusoro pesangano resangano, muitiro kana kuti muitiro haifaniri kutevera ziviso negadziriro dzetsinhiro dzeAPA. Izvozvi zvingangogamuchirwa neziviso kuvanhu.

Mukuwedzera, mushumo unosimbisa mhesano dzakawanda kuzvinodikanwa zveAPA zvechisaririra, kubatanidza "chisakiso chakanaka" mupimo, uye mitemo pamusoro pesangano inoreva mirau yemiitiro, mirau inodudzira, uye mitemo yemiitiro yesangano. "Chisakiso chakanaka" chinobvumira masangano kupfuudza ziviso uye kunonoka apo kungava kusingabvumiki, kusiri madikanwa, kana kuti kunopesana nefariro yavose, somuenzaniso, mumigariro yakakomba kana kuti apo anoita gadziridzo duku.

Kwokuwana Mitemo Yehurumende: Bhibheri Renyika NeCFR

Mitemo inobudiswa mumanyuko maviri apamutemo: Federal Register uye Mutemo Wemitemo YamaFederal.

Chinyorwa Chamabharani: Kugadzikiswa Kwezuva Nezuva

Federal Register (FR) chinyorwa chezuva nezuva chapamutemo chemitemo, mitemo inokarakadzwa, uye zviziviso zvamasangano eFederal namasangano, pamwe chete nemirayiro yavakuru vakuru uye mamwe magwaro apurezidhendi. FR inovandudzwa zuva nezuva uye inobudiswa Muvhuro kusvikira kuChishanu, kunze kwemazororo eFederal. Federal Register inobatira semagazini yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, ichigovera chinyorwa chokuronga nguva chomubato wose.

Muitiro wokuita sangano rinodzora uchibva pakuzivisa kwokutanga kwefariro yesangano kusvikira kukudzokororwa kwomutemo wokupedzisira unonyorwa mugadziriro yechinyorwa cheFederal Register. Zvinhu zviviri zvikuru zvegadziriro ino iFederal Register neCodent of Federal Regional Region. Vanzveri vanogona kuronda jira rose roupenyu remiraudzo kupfurikidza nokutevera kufambira mberi kwayo kupfurikidza nezviziviso zveFederal Register.

Mutemo Wemitemo Yehurumende: Wakarongwa Nenhau

Mitemo yeFederal Register (CFR) ibvumirano yemitemo yavose neyechigarire inobudiswa muFederal Register nedhipatimendi ravakuru namasangano eHurumende yeFederal. Inokamurwa kuva mazita 50 anomirira nzvimbo dzakafara kumitemo yeFederal. Musoro mumwe nomumwe unokamurwa kuva zvitsauko, izvo kazhinji kazhinji zvine zita resangano rinobudisa. Chitsauko chimwe nechimwe chinosimudzirwa mumativi anofukidza nzvimbo dzakananga.

Vhoriyamu imwe neimwe yeCFR inovandudzwa kamwe chete gore rimwe nerimwe rekarenda uye inobudiswa pahwaro huna. CFR inogovera mubatanidzwa unorongwa wemirau inoshanda zvino, ichikuita kuti kuve nyore kuwana mirau yose pamusoro wakati. Somuenzaniso, Umutwe 21 unofukidza zvokudya nemirimo, Umutwe 26 unofukidza mari iri mukati, uye Thit 40 inofukidza dziviriro yemhoteredzo.

Mabhuku ezvemitemo ehurumende anowanika paIndaneti kuti ashandiswe pachena achishandisa mawebsite ehurumende, achiita kuti mashoko anobatsira asvike kuvanhu.

Kusarura Vatungamiriri: Kugadzirisa Kunoita Makakatanwa Kwemasangano

Nepo kugadza mitemo kuchiparira mitemo yavose inoshanda kumapoka akafara avanhu kana kuti masangano, chibvumirano chinobatanidza kushandisa mitemo nemirau kumativi akati mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Kugadzira mitemo i "muitiro wakanaka wokuumba, kudzorera, kana kuti kudzosera mutemo," uye chibvumirano chimiro chokupedzisira chesangano kunze kwokuumba mitemo.

Basa Remasangano Ezvehondo

Mukuita iyi "mirairo," sangano rinoshanda sesangano requasi-judicial, quasi-legislative. Masangano ehurumende anoita basa rakafanana neromutemo pakuronga mitemo nemirau. Masangano anoita basa rokutonga pakutonga uye pakubudisa mitemo uye zvisarudzo panhau dzakati.

Masangano akawanda akazvimirira anoshanda seshanduro duku dzehurumende yemubatanidzwa, ine chiremera ku "legisalate" (kupfurikidza nokuita mitemo; ona Federal Register neCode of Federal Regation), "kupfurikidza nokutonga kwehurumende), uye ku "Kushandisa" nharidzano dzokutungamirira (kupfurikidza navashandi vamasangano). Uku kuiswa kwamasimba musangano rimwe kunomutsa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, iyo APA arongedzero kupfurikidza nedziviriro dzemitezo yetsika nehwirudzuro yokutonga.

Vatongi Vomutemo Vanodzora Nezviito Zvokunzwa

Mumabasa aro okutsiva, masangano kazhinji kazhinji ane mutumbi wawo umene wokutonga, unozivikanwa seMutongi woMutemo Administrative, uyo ari rutivi rwesangano rawo rinowirirana, asi anofanira kuva akazvimirira pavakuru vakuru vamasangano vanobatanidzwa muzviito zvakati. Vatongi Vomutemo (ALJ) vanobatira savaiti vechisarudzo chenhau mubvumirano dzepamutemo, vachiitisa matare anofanana nokutongwa kwedare.

ALJs vane zvinodzivirira zvikuru kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuzvimirira kwavo, kubatanidza dziviriro dzebasa rehurumende pakubviswa uye kuongororwa kwebasa kunoitiswa neHofisi yeMabasa panzvimbo pokushandisa kwavo sangano. Iyi dziviriro dzinova nechokwadi chokuti ALJs anogona kuita zvisarudzo zvokusasarura zvakavakirwa paufakazi nomutemo, kunyange apo zvisarudzo izvozvo zvingava zvisina kunaka kuvashandi vanotarisira.

Zvokutongwa kwedare kunobatanidza zvikurukuru dziviriro dzemitemo dzakawanda senhau dzakatevedzerwa: maruramiro okupa ufakazi, zvapupu zveamburera, zvinomirirwa nezano, uye kugamuchira chisarudzo chakanyorwa chinotsanangura hwaro hwemuuyo. Zvisinei, matare okutarisira kazhinji kazhinji haasati ari epamutemo zvikuru kupfuura kutonga kwedare, ane mitemo inochinjika zvikuru youfakazi nemuitiro.

Zvikamu Zvekutongwa

Kurayira kunoitwa nenzira dzakawanda zvichienderana nesangano uye nenyaya inobatanidzwa.

• [[FLT: 0] Kutevedzerwa: Apo sangano rinodavira kuti vatsigiri vapunza vapunza mirau, kungatanga chiito chokuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe, kuchitungamirira kukutongwa uko mupunzi anogona kukwikwidza mhaka.
• Rinopa nokubvumidza zvisarudzo: Masangano mazhinji anoisa zvikumbiro zverezinesi, mvumo, kana kuti zvimwe zvibvumikiso, kusarudza kana vakwidzani vachisvitsa zvinodikanwa zvemitemo nenhungamiro.
• [[FT:0] Tsarudzo dzeBenefit: Misangano inotungamirira zvikumbiro zvinobetsera zvebetsero, zvakadai setsumo dzekuremara kweSocial Security kana kuti betsero dzavarwi.
• Kuronga:[ Mamwe masangano, zvikurukuru ayo anotungamirira, anoita zvirongwa zvokuisa zviitiko kuti zviise mwero iyo masangano anodzorwa angaraira.

Miitiro yakananga inosiana zvichitsamira pakuti bvumirano yacho ndeyetsika here (inoita kuti pave nokutongwa kwenhau) kana kuti zvisina kurongwa, uye pazvinodikanwa zvesangano rinoita kuti mutemo nemirau zvishande.

Simba Rinomanikidza: Kutsigira Kunoita Zvinhu Kunovimbisa Kushandira Pamwe

Kuumba mitemo hakunei nokushanda. Masangano anotungamirira ane mhatsa yezvishandiso kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana nemitemo nemirau yaanopa. Aya masimba okuchengeta anofanira kushandiswa mukati memiganhu yechiremera chemitemo nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kuongorora Nokuongorora

Somuenzaniso, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inoongorora nzvimbo dzekushandira kuti dzisave nenjodzi, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inoongorora zvivako zvinogadzira zvokudya uye zvinogadzira zvinodhaka, uye Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inoongorora nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa kuchengetedza mhoteredzo.

Kunzvera uku kungava kwomuitiro uye kwakarongwa, kana kuti kungatangwa nenyunyuto, tsaona, kana kuti kusarudza kusina kurongwa. Kudzivirirwa kweGaramende reChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari kunoshanda kunzvero dzokutonga, kunyange zvazvo matare akaziva kuti maindasitiri anodzora angave akaderedza kariro dzakavanzika. Mapurogiramu akawanda okunzvera anoshanda mukuwirirana nezvinodikanwa kana kuti gadziriro dzakavakirwa pabvumirano.

Vapoteri vanoitisawo nzvero apo vanofungidzira kuputswa. Uku kunzvera kungabatanidza zvikumbiro zvechinyorwa, bvunzurudzo, zviputswa nokuda kwouchapupu kana kuti zvinyorwa, uye dzimwe nzira dzokunzvera. Vane ruzivo vanofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo mukati menzvero, kubatanidza dziviriro dzeFindmer paudzori hwokuzvidzora.

Kupiwa Mutongo Wavagari Vemo Nezvakaisvonaka

Rimwe ramaturusi anozivikanwa zvikurusa chirango chemari yavagari vemo. Apo masangano anowana kuputswa, anogona kuyera faindi dzinovambira pamazana kusvikira kumamirioni amadhora, kuchitsamira paukombi hwokuputswa, kuvadziko inoparirwa, uye gadziriro dzechirango.

Zvitsama zvechibharo zvinoiswa nemitemo, namasangano ane uchenjeri mukati mezvikamu zvemitemo. Mitemo mizhinji inogovera nokuda kwezvirango pazuva rimwe kana kuti pagore, izvo zvinogona kuunganidza zvitsama zvikuru nokuda kwokuputsa kunopfuurira kana kuti kudzokororwa. Masangano anowanzobudisa miitiro yezvirango inotsanangura kuti anoverenga sei faindi, achirangarira zvinhu zvakadai sokuvadziko yomupunza, nhau yokuteerera, mano okubhadhara, uye nhamburiko dzokupedza kuputsa.

Kukumbira Karasi Nokuzvinyima

Maindasitiri anoda marezenisi kana kuti mvumo yokushandisa, kutyisidzira kwokubviswa kwerezinesi kana kuti kubviswa kwejeri kunomirira chishandiso chine simba chokuita kuti zvinhu zvive nesimba.Masangano anogona kumisa marezenisi kwechinguvana kana kuti kuabvisa zvachose nokuda kwokuputsa zvinhu kwakakomba kana kuti kunodzokororwa.

Asati abvisa kana kuti kumisa raisensi, masangano anofanira zvikurukuru kugovera ziviso nebanza nokuda kwokutongwa, kunowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvakafanira. Ukuru hwechirango irworwu hunoreva kunzvera izvi nenzira yokungwarira kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinotsigirwa noufakazi uye zvinowirirana nemipimo yomutemo.

Mirayiro Yakaregeredzwa Nezvibvumirano Zvokugara

Nhau dzakawanda dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nokutaurirana panzvimbo pokuvimbisana.Profeta navaipomerwa kuputsa vangapinda mumirayiro yokubvumirana kana kuti zvibvumirano zvinopedza zviito zvokutarisira.Izvi zvibvumirano zvinoda chaizvoizvo muputsi kubhadhara zvirango, kuputsa kwakarurama, kushandisa gadziriro dzokuteerera, uye pane dzimwe nguva kuita zvirongwa zvemhoteredzo yokuwedzera kana kuti nzanga.

Kugara kunopa betsero kumativi ose ari maviri: masangano anowana kubvumirana nezvirango pasina nguva nendyiko zvokupa mhaka, nepo vapunzi vachidzivisa mutengo wokusava nechokwadi nezvinobvira zvenhau dzinopokanidzwa.

Vapomeri Vokutonga

Masangano anogona kunongedzera nhau kuBato Rokuroverera mhaka nokuda kwokurovererwa kwemhosva apo kupunzika kunobatanidza mufambiro wamaune, kubiridzira, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi.

Kudzikamiswa kwemhosva kwakachengeterwa kuputsa kwakakomba uye kunobatira sechidziviso chine simba.

Kuhwirudzura Kworutongeso: Matare Senzvero Pasimba Romubatanidzwa

Aya masimba makuru anowanzova anodzorwa nemitemo muchisiko (mirau nemirau zvinoshanda kuboka ravanhu kana kuti masangano) kana kuti kuisa pamutemo muchisiko (mirairo, zvipikirwa nezvisarudzo zvinobatanidza vanhu vakati kana kuti masangano). Masimba anopiwa anodzorwawo nehwirudzuro yedare nedudziro. Kunzvera kwemitemo kunobatira senzvero inodenha pasimba resangano, kuvimbisa kuti masangano ashande mukati mechiremera chawo chapamutemo ndokutevera miitiro yakafanira.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura

Dare rinoita kuti pave negadziriro yokutanga yokuongorora nyaya, richirayira kuti matare aise parutivi zviito zvesangano zvinonzi:

• Arbitria, achinja, kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechisarudzo: Uyu mupimo unoshanda kuzvisarudzo zvemiitiro yesangano zvizhinjisa uye unoda masangano kunzvera mashoko anokosha, kurangarira mativi anokosha echinetso, uye kugovera tsananguro ine mufungo nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo.
• Matare anohwirudzura denho dzebumbiro remitemo kumibato yesangano, kunyange zvazvo masangano asingagamuchiri kuregeredza chaiko pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.
• Kunyanyisa kwechiremera chemitemo, chiremera, kana kuti ganhuriro: Dare rinovimbisa masangano kuita mukati memiganhu yechiremera chawo chomutemo.
• Pasina kuchengetwa kwomuitiro unodikanwa nomutemo: Matare anosimbisa kuti masangano akatevera miitiro inodikanwa, yakadai sokuitwa kweziviso uye kurongwa kwemitemo.
• Haisi kutsigirwa noufakazi chaihwoihwo: Muzvinoitika zvakarongwa, zviwanwa zveidi zvesangano zvinofanira kutsigirwa noufakazi chaihwoihwo huri muchinyorwa.

Kushanduka Kwedzidziso Dzokupesana

Kwamakumi amakore, matare akashandisa dzidziso dzokuzviisa pasi dzakasiana - siana pakuhwirudzura tsananguro dzesangano dzemirau nemirau. Chinokosha zvikurusa chakanga chiri cheChevron Penence, icho chaida kuti matare ateerere tsananguro dzine mufungo dzemifungo isina kujeka.

MuLoper Bright, Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti Chevron Penence ipfuure nhungamiro dzakarongwa muAdministrative Procediture Act. Kupfuurira mberi, matare haafaniri kupa kuzviisa pasi kwokusangwarira kududzirwa kwapamutemo kwamasangano okutonga, asi panzvimbo pezvo anofanira ku "dudzira nenzira yokuzvidira mutemo uye kuita kuti kuda kweDare kuve pasi pemiganhu yebumbiro remitemo."

Iyi chinjo inokosha inoreva kuti matare zvino achashandisa rutongeso rwokuzvimirira apo anohwirudzura revo dzamasangano emirau, panzvimbo pokunongedzera kumasangano apo mirau inojeka. Nepo unyanzvi hwamasangano noruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvichiramba zviri madikanwa, matare achaita zvisarudzo zvawo amene pamusoro perevo yomutemo. Ichi chinjo ingatungamirira kudenho dzinobudirira zvikuru kumirairo inodzora nedudziro, kudzongonyedza nomutoo unobvira kusangano.

Rutivi Rwokuhwirudzura

Apo matare anonzvera mitemo yesangano kana kuti zvimwe zviito, kuzviisa pasi kunopiwa kutoti kwakaita kupfuura chiremera chinogoverwa nenzira yakafanira neCongress. Matare anowanzohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga(mapepa, tsinhiro, fundo, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinorangarirwa nesangano pakuita chisarudzo charo. Matare haaiti nhau itsva kana kuti kurangarira ufakazi kunze kwechinyorwa chokudzora.

Nzira yokupedzisira yekwirira mukurwisana nomutemo wokutonga kutsvaka mushonga wedare rehurumende. Kana dare rikawana kuti chiito chesangano hachishandi chose chose kana kuti nenzira yokuzvidzora, chinofanira kubvisa mutemo sechisiri pamutemo. Kana kuti, matare angadzosera mhaka yacho kusangano kuti arangarirezve mativi api naapi echinetso chapamutemo chomutemo, uko kunopa sangano banza rokurapa nokushandisazve mutemo unoshandiswa nenzira yapamutemo.

Cherekedza kuti nepo matare angahwirudzura zvisarudzo zvesangano nokuda kwewirirano nemiitiro yeAPA, matare angasaisa zvinodikanwa zvemitemo zvokuwedzera pakugadzira mitemo yesangano pane izvo zvakarongwa neAPA. Kurangarira kweiyi ganhuriro kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano ane miitiro yakajeka uye inobvumikiswa. Itiro hanya ndeyokuti kana masangano achifanira kukarira miitiro yokuwedzera inogadzwa nematare, masangano angakombamira kuchengeta rudzi rwakawanda rwokutonga nemiitiro yakakwirira, achiita kuti muitiro wokuita mitemo uve usina kushanda zvakanaka.

Kumira Nokurarama Nguva Yakafanira

Haasati ari munhu ari wose anogona kudenha zviito zvesangano mudare. Vapoteri vanofanira kuva "ikamira" --a danda rakaringanira mugakava rokuunza sutukero. Ikoku kunowanzoda kuratidza kuti chiito chesangano chinoparira kana kuti chichaparira kuvadziko yekongiri yekongiri inosanosarirwa nechiito chakadenhwa uye sezvingabvira kudzorerwa nechisarudzo chedare chakanaka.

Nguva yakakombawo. Zvinetso kumira mitemo zvinofanira kuunzwa zvikurukuru mukati menhambo yenguva yakati pashure pokunge mutemo wabudiswa, kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 60. Zvinetso zvakakurumidza zvikuru kupiwa (sangano risati raita chiito chokupedzisira) kana kuti kunyanyononoka (pashure pokunge nguva yapfuura) zvichabviswa. izvi zvinodikanwa zvinovimbisa kuti zvinetso zvapamutemo zvinounzwa nokukurumidza, zvichigovera vimbiso nokuda kwamasangano namapati anodzorwa.

Kuona Zviri Nani uye Kubatanidzwa Kwavose

Mitemo yakawanda yepamutemo inoshanda pamwe chete kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti masangano anoramba akavhurika uye achibatsira vanhu.

Kugamuchira Rusununguko Rwemashoko

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inopa vanhu kodzero yokukumbira kusvika kumarekodhi esangano rehurumende. Kutoti zvinyorwa zvikasapinda mukusazvidira chaikoiko kwekuchengeteka kwenyika (zvakadai semashoko okuchengetedza akarongwa, zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi, kana kuti mashoko okuvandika akavanzika), masangano anofanira kuzvizivisa paanenge akumbirwa. FOIA anobatira sechishandiso chine simba nokuda kwavatori venhau, vaongorori, mapoka ezvinatso, uye vagari vemo kuti vatarise mibato yehurumende uye kuti masangano azviite kuti azvidavirirwe.

Profeta dzinofanira kupindura zvikumbiro zveFOIA mukati memisiano yemitemo uye dzingada mari ine mufungo yokutsvaka nokukopa zvinyorwa. Apo masangano anoramba zvikumbiro, vakumbiri vanogona kukumbira muudzori uye pakupedzisira kutsvaka hwirudzuro yedare. FOIA yave iri chishandiso mukufumura kusazvibata kwehurumende, kuzivisa kurukurirano yavose, uye kuvimbisa kujeka mumiitiro yokudzokorodza.

Misangano Yakazaruka uye Kuwanwa Kwavose

Hurumende muSunshine Act inoda kuti masangano ehurumende akawanda aitise misangano yawo pachena, nekashoma kanoita zvinhu zvinotapura zvakadai sezvisarudzo zvevashandi kana kuti kuongorora kunopfuurira. Chinodikanwa ichi chinovimbisa kuti vanhu vanogona kucherechedza kuongorora kwesangano uye miitiro yokuita zvisarudzo.

Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe kurukurirano dzingaitika mumarusando akavharwa apo kuhesvurwa kunenge kuchishandiswa, masangano anofanira kuzivisa pachena zvikonzero zvokugumisa misangano uye kugovera mashoko akawanda seanobvira pamusoro pekurukurirano dzakavanzika.

Mitemo.gov Nekubatanidzwa Kwemagetsi

Hurumende yehurumende yakaitawo mitemo.gov, nzvimbo yeWeb site yezvinyorwa zvokuisa mitemo zvemasangano, kubatanidza mitemo inokarakadzwa nemagwaro etsinhiro dzavose. Iyi website yapakati yakachinja kutora rutivi kwavose mukugadza zviremera, ichiita kuti kuve nyore kuti munhu upi noupi ane mukana wokuwana mirau yakarongwa, arave magwaro anotsigira, uye ape tsinhiro pakombiyuta.

Mitemo.gov inogovera shopu inosechwa yokuita mitemo inotevedzerwa, inobvumira vanoshandisa kunyora mitemo kubva pachikarakadzo kusvikira kumugumo. Nzvimbo yacho inoratidzira tsinhiro dzose dzavose dzinopiwa, ichisimudzira kuoneka nokubvumira vatsinhiri kuona izvo vamwe vakataura. Iyi gadziriro yemagetsi yakawedzera zvikuru kutora rutivi mukugadzirwa kwemitemo, nemimwe mitemo mikuru inogamuchira mazana ezviuru zvetsinhiro.

Michina Inozvidavirira Kunze Kwematare

Nepo kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kuchigovera nzvero inokosha pasimba resangano, mamwe masangano anozvidavirira anoitawo mabasa anokosha mukuvimbisa kuti masangano anoshanda nenzira ine mufungo uye mukati mechiremera chawo.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Matare eCongress ane nyaya dzinopupurirwa nevakuru vakuru vemasangano pavanopupurira mabasa avo, mitemo yavo, uye kushandisa zvinhu zvavanoshandisa.

Misangano isingafadzi ingaita kuti Dare risade kuronga mari yarinogona kushandisa pakushandisa mari yaro.

Congress Review Act inogovera chirongwa chokuputsa mitemo yesangano yapamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chokusatendera. Kana dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress dzichipfuudza chisarudzo chakadaro uye Purezidhendi achichiratidzira (kana kuti Congress inokurira vhato), mutemo wacho unoparadzwa uye sangano racho harigoni kubudisa mutemo wakafanana zvikuru pasina kubvumira kutsva kwemitemo.

Kudzora KwaPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi anogadza vakuru vemasangano (anozviisa pasi pekusimbiswa kweDare nokuda kwenzvimbo dzakawanda) uye anogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakawanda vesangano rinotonga pahurongwa.

Mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru inotungamirira masangano anofanira kuita mabasa awo. Somuenzaniso, maodha vakuru avanoda masangano kuti aite kuongororwa kwemitemo mikuru, arangarire kutevera mitemo yokudzosera, uye hwirudzura mitemo iripo kuti igadzirise zvinhu zvingangovapo. Office of Management and Bactage (OMB), zvikurukuru Office of Information and Regural Affairs (OIRA), anoongorora mitemo yesangano resangano risati rabudiswa, achivimbisa kuti zvinhu zvinokosha uye mitemo inoshanda.

Masangano anozvimirira ane pesvedzero huru kubva mukudzora kwapurezidhendi, navakuru vamasangano vanobatira zvisakiso zvakatsiga uye vanobviswa bedzi nokuda kwechisakiso.

Kutarisira Kwomunzveri

Masangano mazhinjisa ehurumende ane INSpector General (IG) (panoshandira anozvimirira ane mutoro wokuitisa kuongorora nokuongorora mabasa esangano. IGs anonzvera unyengeri, tsvina, kushatiswa, uye kusashandiswa zvakanaka mumasangano, anobudisa mishumo yavose pamusoro pezvakawanwa. iyi mishumo inowanzotungamirira kukuchinja, zviito zvokuranga, kana kuti kuroverera matsotsi.

Ukama uhwu huviri hunoshuma hunobatsira kuti zviwanwa zveIG zvive nechokwadi chokuti zvinowana ngwariro kunyange apo zvinoratidzira zvisina kunaka pamusoro poutungamiriri hwesangano.IG inoshuma mashoko anokosha kuCongress, zvinobudisa nhau, uye vanhu pamusoro pokuitwa kwesangano uye zvinetso.

Kuongorora Hofisi Inozvidavirira yeHurumende

Hurumende yeRecouncial Accounting Office (GAO), congress yeferefeya, inoita fundo nokuongorora mapurogiramu esangano nemabasa. GAO mishumo inoyera kana masangano ari kuita mabasa awo nenzira inobudirira, achiwirirana nemitemo, uye anoshandisa mari nenzira yakakodzera. Mishumo iyi inozivisa kutarisirwa kwesangano uye inowanzorumbidza kugadziridzwa kwemibato kana kuti chinjo kumiitiro yemiitiro.

Mutemo Wehurumende: Magadziriro Anowirirana

Kunyange zvazvo nhungamiro iyi yanyanya kutaura nezvomutemo wehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unoshanda panheyo dzakafanana uye unotapura mativi akawanda oupenyu hwezuva nezuva.masangano ehurumende anodzora nharaunda dzakadai sokutengesa zvinhu zvebasa, inishuwarenzi, midziyo inodzivirira mhoteredzo, uye mabasa omunzanga.

Mabasa Okutarisira Ehurumende

Mitezo mizhinjisa yakagamuchira miitiro yokutarisira yakaratidzwa paAPA yomubatanidzwa kana kuti Model State Administrative Procediture Act. Iyi mitemo inogadza miitiro yokuita utongi hwesangano rehurumende nemhiko, kunyange zvazvo zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvichisiana munyika nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzine zvinodikanwa zvikuru kupfuura APA yomubatanidzwa, zvakadai sokuda tendero yemitemo yemitemo kana kuti kugovera kuhwirudzurwa kukurusa kwedare.

Somuenzaniso, nyika zhinjisa dzine mitemo yedzorero inofanira kurangarirwa pakunzvera nhau yemirayiridzo. Kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvegadziriro yehurumende yakafanira chiito chinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobata nenhau dzehurumende.

Kuwana Mitemo yeHurumende

Mitemo yehurumende inobudiswa zvikurukuru mumitemo yehurumende, iyo yakarongwa zvakafanana nemitemo yeFederal. Nyika zhinji dzinobudisawo zvinyorwa zvebasa rakafanana neFederal Register, ichipa ziviso yemirau inokarakadzwa uye yokupedzisira. Zvirevo zvinoita kuti mitemo yazvo iwanike paIndaneti nenzvimbo dzehurumende dzepamutemo, kunyange zvazvo kunaka nokuwanikwa kwezviwanikwa izvi zvichisiyana.

Mitemo yeWisconsin inonzi mirau. Mitemo inowanzosarudza shoko rimwe, asi "chirevo" uye "ruramo" pane dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa nenzira imwe chete. Uku kusiana kwamazita kunogona kuparira nyongano, kuchikuita kuve kunokosha kunzwisisa mashoko akananga anoshandiswa munyika imwe neimwe.

Mutemo Womunzvimbomo Unodzora

Mitemo yeruwa, guta, taundi, uye misha inotenderwa nemirau yehurumende nebumbiro remitemo uye inogona kurangarirwa kuva rudzi rwomutemo wokudzora. Samaruwa 50, mabhii namanisiparati anoshanda namadhipatimendi akafanana namasangano. Masangano omunzvimbomo angadzora kuvaka, mitemo yokuvaka, utano nekotsekano, mabhizimisi, uye dzimwe nhau dzakawanda dzinotapura nzanga dzomunzvimbomo.

Mamwe masangano ehurumende omunzvimbomo ane mitemo yemitemo nechiremera chokuvimbisana – somuenzaniso, Milwaukee ane kondirakiti yebasa rehurumende nokuda kwekakavadzano dzebasa.

Matambudziko Achiripo uye Kukakavadzana Mumutemo Unodzora

Kukakavadzana kunoverengeka kunopfuurira kuumba nhungamiro yomunguva yemberi yokudzora kunoitwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika, ezvemari, uye enzanga.

Kukura Kwevane Simba Romubatanidzwa

Nharo pamusoro pokuti Kokorodzano dzinogona kugovera chiremera chikuru sei kumasangano, uye kuti masangano anogona sei kutsanangura zvakafara murairo wawo wemitemo, anogona kuramba ari musimboti kumutemo wokutonga. Bazu rinotonga rehurumende yeU.S. rinewo basa. Inokumbirwa kusarudza apo masangano anotonga anodarika miganhu yawo uye zviito zvawo zvinoda tendero yemitemo.

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi Dare Gurusa rakaratidza panikiro dzakawedzerwa kukutaura kwakafara kwechiremera chamasangano, zvikurukuru apo masangano anotaura simba rokupindura mibvunzo mikuru pasina mvumo yakajeka yesangano. Iyi "bvunzo yemibvunzo" inoda mvumo yakajeka yemitemo yezviito zvemasangano zvoukoshi hukuru hwemari nezvamatongerwe enyika, ichigona kuganhurira kuchinjika kwesangano kuti ripedze zvinetso zviri kumuka.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kuti Uite Zvinhu uye Ubudirire

Kufunganya pamusoro pemitoro inodzorwa pamabhizimisi uye upfumi kwakatungamirira kunhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzokugadziridza gadziriro yokutungamirira. Nhamburiko idzi dzinobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvokukamuranisa ndyiko nebetsero dzemirau, kuhwirudzura mirau iripo nokuda kwokubvisa kana kuti kugadziridza kugona kuitwa. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti chinjo dzakadaro dzinoderedza ndyiko dzisiri madikanwa uye dzinosimudzira kukura kwemari, nepo vatsoropodzi vachinetseka kuti dzingakanganisa utano hunokosha, chengeteko, uye dziviriro dzemhoteredzo.

Kuchinja uku kunobvumira masangano kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu anochinja uye kudzikamisa zvinhu zvaachada kuchiita kuti aenderane nemamiriro ezvinhu anenge achichinja uye zvinhu zvitsva zvinoiswa pakutanga, asi kunogonawo kuita kuti pave nokusava nechokwadi nokuda kwemapati anodzorwa uye kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokudzikamiswa kwemitemo.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nehurumende Yazvino Uno

Chinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nokukurumidza inopa zvose zviri zviviri mikana nedenho dzomutemo wokudzora. Zvikuva zvemadhigineti zvakawedzera kutora rutivi mukuita zviremera uye kunatsiridza kusvika kwamashoko anodzokororwa. Zvisinei, masangano anotamburirawo kudzora ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakadai souchenjeri hwokugadzira, kunyengera, uye ruzivo rwemichina yezvinhu zvipenyu achishandisa zvikamu zvemitemo zvingave zvisina kukarira zvinoitika izvi.

Mibvunzo pamusoro pokushandisa mitemo iripo kuruzivo rutsva, kana mitoo mitsva yokudzora ichidikanwa, uye nzira yokudzikamisa nayo kutangwa kwezvinhu zvitsva nedziviriro yefariro dzavanhu icharamba ichidenha masangano nematare mumakore ari kuuya.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokuzvimirira KweAgency

Kuwedzera kwezvibvumirano zvezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatapura mutemo wokutonga, namasangano padzimwe nguva achizova nzvimbo dzerwisano dzezvikamu. Chinjo mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzinogona kutungamirira kuchinjo dzinoshamisa mumuitiro wokutungamirira, kuchiparira kusadavira nokubvumirana. Nharo pamusoro pemwero yakafanira yokuzvimirira kwesangano mukudzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kana masangano achifanira kuva anodavidza zvikuru kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kana kuti vanodzivirirwa zvikuru mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, dzinoramba dzisina kupedzwa.

Mabhuku Anoshanda: Chikonzero Nei Mutemo Unodzora Uchinetsa

Kunzwisisa mutemo wehurumende kunokosha chaizvo kune vanotarisira zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana munzanga.

Nokuda Kwemabhizimisi Nemasangano

Mabhizimisi anofanira kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvemitemo zvinoshanda kumabasa awo ndokugara aziviswa pamusoro pechinjo dzinokarakadzwa. Kutora rutivi mumuitiro wokuita mutemo kunobvumira mabhizimisi kugovera muuyo pamirau ichaatapura, sezvinogona kupesvedzera mitemo yokupedzisira kuva inoshanda zvikuru kana kuti isingaremi. Kubatanidzwa nemirau hakungagumiri muchirango chinokosha ($3,53,7) kana kuti kunyange mutongo woutsotsi.

Kunzwisisa mutemo wehurumende kunogonawo kubatsira mabhizimisi kuziva kodzero dzawo pakubata nemasangano.Masangano anogona kudenha zviito zvesangano zvaanodavira kuti hazvibvumirwi nomutemo, kukumbira mashoko kupfurikidza neFOIA, uye kutora rutivi mukutonga pakutarisana nezviito zvokutarisira. Zano remitemo ragara richishandiswa mumutemo wehurumende rinogona kubatsira mabhizimisi kuronga zvinodiwa uye kuzvimiririra mukubata nemasangano.

Nokuda Kwamapoka Avanhu Vari Voga uye Vafundisi

Kunzwisisa kuti masangano anobatsira sei vagari vemo kuita basa rinobudirira mukutungamirira, kungava nokupa tsinhiro pamitemo inokarakadzwa, kukumbira mashoko, kana kuti kutsigira mitemo yakasimba zvikuru kana yakasiyana.

Mapoka okutungamirira anoita mabasa anokosha mumutemo wokutarisira, achimiririra zvinodiwa nevanhu mukuronga kutonga, kuongorora vanotarisira, kuunza zvinetso zvepamutemo kumabasa esangano asina kukwana kana kuti asiri epamutemo, uye kudzidzisa vanhu pamusoro penhau dzokudzora. Kudzivirira kunokosha kuzhinji kuripo nemhaka yokuti mapoka anotungamirira aikurudzira masangano kuita kana kuti kupikisa kukundikana kwesangano mudare.

Nokuda Kwenyanzvi Dzepamutemo

Mutemo unodzora unomirira nzvimbo huru yemuitiro wapamutemo. Magweta anorayira vatengi pamusoro pokuteerera mutemo, anovamirira mukutonga uye kutongwa kwedare, kudenha kana kuti kudzivirira mitemo yesangano mudare, uye vabatsiri vatengi kutora rutivi mumiitiro yokutonga. Kunzwisisa mutemo wehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwamagweta anoshanda munharaunda dzakadai somutemo wemhoteredzo, tarisiro yezveutano, mirau yemari, kukurukurirana kwemibatanidzwa yemari, simba, basa, uye mamwe akawanda.

Magweta ehurumende anoshanda nokuda kwamasangano anofanira kunzwisisa mutemo wehurumende kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti masangano awo anoita nenzira yapamutemo uye anogona kudzivirira zviito zvawo mudare.Izvi zvinobatanidza kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana nemiitiro yeAPA, kutanga tsananguro dzapamutemo dzemirau, uye kuvaka manyoro okutarisira akasimba kuti atsigire zvisarudzo zvesangano.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pomutemo wokutarisira namasangano anotungamirira, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanika:

Zviwanikwa zveHurumende

• [[FT:0] Mitemo.gov: Chivako chikuru chokuwana nokutsinhira pamirau inokarakadzwa yehurumende
• Register: Chinyorwa chezuva nezuva chapamutemo chemabasa esangano rehurumende, chinowanika pa FEDALRegister.gov
• Dare reMitemo yeFederal: Mubatanidzwa wakarongwa wemirau yehurumende, unowanika kupfurikidza neHurumende Office Yokubudisa
• USA.gov: Nhungamiro yakakwana kumasangano ehurumende nemabasa awo
• Musangano woUtarisiri weUnited States:[ sangano rakasununguka iro rinofunda miitiro yokutarisira uye rinorumbidza vandudziko

Zviwanikwa Zvedzidzo Nezvemutemo

• [[[Nto:0] Cornell Legin Information Institute: Inogovera kusvika kwapachena kuAPA, mirau, uye zvitsaru zvinotsanangura pa Law.Cornell.edu[
• Maraibhurari ezvikoro zvemitemo: Zvikoro zvemitemo zvakawanda zvinochengeta nhungamiro dzokunzvera paIndaneti pamutemo wehurumende
• [ Mashoko epepa namabhuku: Mabhuku anopa ngwariro pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende anogovera kunzvera kwakadzikama kwedzidziso dzapamutemo nemiitiro
• Mawebsite okuchengetera zvinhu: Mawebsite esangano rimwe nerimwe anopa mashoko pamusoro pemishoni yawo, mirau, mibato yokuchengeta, uye mikana yokutora rutivi kwavose

Kuramba Uchiri Muduku

Mutemo unodzora unochinja nguva dzose kupfurikidza nemirau mitsva, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye chinjo dzemitemo.

• Zviziviso zvemitemo inokarakadzwa uye yokupedzisira munharaunda dzefariro
• Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinoongorora zviito zvesangano, zvikurukuru zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa pamusoro penhau dzemitemo yokutonga
• Kutongwa kwedare uye mutemo zvinochinja masangano
• Manyuko enhau epamutemo nezvinyorwa chaizvo zvine chokuita nezviitiko zvemiitiro
• Mapepanhau epaindaneti, matsamba, uye nhau dzepasocial network

mhedziso

Gadziriro yemitemo iri seri kwamasangano anotungamirira inomirira gadziriro yakaoma asi inokosha nokuda kwehurumende yazvino uno. Masangano eFederal igadziriro dzesangano dzinotangwa neCongress kuti aite mutemo negadziriro. Mitemo inogovera mitemo ine udzame nenhungamiro zvinodikanwa kuti ijekese uye iite mirau yakafanira. Kupfurikidza nenhume dzechiremera kubva kuCongress, masangano anoshandisa masimba okuisa simba rehurumende kupfurikidza nokuumba namasimba edare kupfurikidza nokuisa murairo, zvose nepo zvichiramba zviri pasi pezvimiro zvakawanda zvokutarisira nokuzvidavirira.

Administrative Procedia Act nemirau yakafanana zvinogadza miitiro yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuoneka, kutora rutivi kwavose, uye kururama muzvirongwa zvesangano. Kuhwirudzura dare kunopa nzvero yokungwarira pasimba resangano, kuvimbisa kuti masangano ashande muchiremera chawo chemitemo ndokutevera miitiro inodikanwa. Congressqualional utarisiri, udzori hwapurezidhendi, kunzvera kukuru, uye kunzvera pachena kupfurikidza neFOIA uye mamwe mabasa okuoneka.

Kunzwisisa gadziriro yapamutemo iyi kunobetsera kujekesa kushanda kunoita masangano anotungamirira, nzira yaanoita nayo ndokushandisa chiremera chawo, uye nzira iyo vatarisiri vakasiana - siana vanogona kutora nayo rutivi mumiitiro yokudzora uye kupesvedzera.

Sezvo denho dzinotungamirira dzinochinja nechinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, fambiro mberi dzemari, uye fambiro mberi dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinochinja, mutemo wehurumende uchapfuurira kuwirirana. zvinoitika zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakadai sokuputswa kwomutemo weChevron revince zvinoratidzira kuti mativi makuru omutemo wehurumende anoramba aripo kuti aongororezve nokuchinja. Kuramba uchiziva pamusoro peizvi zvinoitika uye kunzwisisa nheyo huru dzomutemo wokudzora zvicharamba zvichikosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotapurwa kana kuti anofarira udzore utongi.

Mugariro wokutungamirira unobata anodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwazvino uno, kubva kuchengeteka kwezvokudya zvatinodya kusvikira kurucheno rwemhepo yatinofema, kubva kuchengeteko yemari yedu yokuwanira mari kusvikira kukururama kwenzvimbo dzedu dzokushandira. Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora masangano anodzora, nepo yakaoma, pakupedzisira, inobatira kuva nechokwadi chokuti iri simba guru rehurumende rinoshandiswa nenzira yapamutemo, nenzira inooneswa pachena, uye inoshumwa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nzira iyo iyi tsika inoshanda nayo, vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi zviri nani mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende ndokuita kuti hurumende yavo izvirevore kukutonga kwomutemo.