Mitemo Yebumbiro reMitemo Yokutaura Kwakasununguka

First Amendment to the United States Constitution inozivisa kuti “Konferet haisati ichizoita mutemo unodzorwa ... mapoka akasanonyorwa erusununguko rwokutaura.” Uyu mutongo mumwe wazova chinhu chikuru chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, uchidzivirira mhatsa hurusa yekutaura kuvambira pakuramba kwezvamatongerwe enyika kusvikira kuchisiko chounyanzvi. Bva rugwaro harusati rwuri rwakakwana sezvarunooneka. Mazana maviri amakore okududzirwa kwedare akanyora majekerwere, akasanonyorwa ekutaura kunodzika panze pe [ dziviriro yapamutemo. Kunzwisisa iyi miganhuro inokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa ukurudzwa kwechokwadi kworusununguko rwakasununguka nedzikamo yakakwana pakati pezvipfuvo nefariro zvomunhu oga.

Nyaya ino inoongorora zvakakwana ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pakutaura norusununguko muUnited States, kuongorora kufambira mberi kwenhau, mapoka makuru okutaura kusina kudzivirirwa, basa rematare, uye zvinetso zvakakomba zvinomuka munguva yokuverenga.

Nheyo Dzomunhau Dzokutaura Kusingapiwi

Nzwisiso yazvino uno yemiganhu yerusununguko yokutaura haina kutangwa kamwe kamwe. Mutemo wapakuvamba weAmerica, uchipesvedzerwa nomutemo wavose weEngland, wakabvumidza kukwirira mhaka kwakafara nokuda kwokupandukira pamutemo wehurumende imene. Chiito cheRedition cha 1798, somuenzaniso, “nhema, zvinonyadzisa, uye zvakashata” kutaura kunorwisana nehurumende yehurumende, kusawirirana kwakananga norugwaro rweFirst Amendment. Kunyange zvazvo chikapera, chakagadza chikamu chenharo pamusoro penharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti dziviriro yokutaura inotambanukira kure.

Zviitiko Zvinokosha Zvakatangira Kuzana Remakore Rechimakumi Maviri Rapakuvamba

Dare rapamusoro rakavamba kubvisa zvakakomba ganhuriro dzokutaura dzakasununguka mukati menguva yeHondo yeNyika I. [FLT]Scheck v. United States [1919]] inoramba iri mhaka inoparirwa. Charles Schenck transpartment translationss dzinokurudzira kudzivisa kunyora dracted; Dare rakatsigira kupwiswa kwake, neMutongi Wenhau Oliver Holmes Jr. Kusuma [[FLT:]“ Njoko napano" " . Kuedza kwapanguva ino kungava kwakarongwa. Holmes akanyora kuti kutaura kungagona kuganhurirwa apo kunotanga “kuparira ngozi uye kuti kuchavapo kuchaunza njodzi pamusoro pezvakaipa. Mutevero unodzivisa kurwisana nemitemo yehondo ino ino.

Mwedzi mishomanene pashure pa Scheck, Dare rakasarudza [FLT]]Abramas v. United States [1919], iyo yakabatanidza kudanidzira kwekurwisa U.S. kupindira muRussia. Nepo vazhinji vakatsigira zvitendero, Mutongi Holmes akashoorwa nedziviriro ine simba yekutaura kwapachena, achisimbisa kuti “muedzo wakanaka wezvokwadi isimba remufungo kuti uzvibvume mukwikwikwidza.” [FLT] Iyi [FL:] mifungo yeUS.[FLT] [FK]

Kuchinja Kutsika Dzokunyandura

The “clear and present danger” test proved difficult to apply consistently. For decades, courts sometimes allowed restrictions on speech that merely advocated for unlawful acts, without requiring an imminent threat. The turning point came with Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). Clarence Brandenburg, a Ku Klux Klan leader, had made a speech at a rally that included racist remarks and vague threats. The Court overturned his conviction, establishing the modern incitement test: speech can be punished only if it is “directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action” and is “likely to incite or produce such action.” This high bar protects virtually all abstract advocacy of violence or illegal conduct, no matter how repugnant, unless it crosses the line into active, immediate provocation.

Marudzi Okutaura Kusingadzivirirwi: Kuparara Kwakakwana

Dare repamusorosoro rakaziva kuti mamwe marudzi maduku okutaura ndee “mazita maduku - duku enzanga sedanho rechokwadi” zvokuti haawani dziviriro yeFirst Amendment. Marudzi aya anorondedzerwa nenzira yakananga zvikuru, uye Dare rave richinyevera ranyeverazve pamusoro pokuita kuti pave nezvitsva zvinopesana. Marudzi makuru anosanganisira kushatisa, kuzvidza, kunyandura, mashoko okurwa, uye kutyisidzira kwechokwadi, pamwe chete nemamwe mashomanana akafanana nenhema uye kunyengera.

Uori

Kuoma kwepfungwa ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinokakavadzana zvikuru dzomutemo wakasununguka. Kuedza kwazvino uno kunobva .[FLT]Miller v. California[ [7773]), iyo yakatanga mupimo wezvikamu zvitatu:

  1. Kana munhuwo zvake, anoshandisa mipimo yenzanga yepanguva imwe cheteyo, aizowana basa racho, rairangarirwa rose zvaro, richifadza fariro yakaisvonaka (ndiko kuti, fariro inonyadzisa kana kuti yakashata muvatano).
  2. Basa racho ringave richiratidzira kana kuti richirondedzera, nenzira yakananga, mufambiro wevatano unorondedzerwa zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende unoshanda.
  3. Basa racho ringave rakatorwa rose zvaro, harina ukoshi hwakakomba hwemabhuku, hwounyanzvi, hwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti hwesayenzi ( SLAPS).

Nenzira inokosha, prong yechitatu inoshandisa mupimo une mufungo panzvimbo pemipimo yenzanga, kuva nechokwadi chokuti kushanda nefanidzo yechokwadi kunodzivirirwa kunyange kana vakagumbura mirangariro yomunzvimbomo. Zvinhu zvinokundikana maprogs ose matatu zvinogona kurambidzwa. Zvisinei, Dare rakaramba richidzivirira kuva nezvinhu zvinonyadzisa mumusha ( SSley v. Georgia, 1969), nepo richibvumira rambidzwa pakuparadzirwa nokuratidzwa pachena.

Kuzvidzwa: Kuchera Nokureurura

Kuzvinyima `[FLT:][[FLT] .v. Sullivan[ [1964] [IPFOM] inoisa muganhu mukuru pamutemo unozvidza kuti idzivise kupesana kwavose kunovhuvhura.] [[FLT]][[FLT]]][New York Times . v[FLT]][FLT]] [5]] [Zivo kuti kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kuzvidza zvokwadi. Iyi mitemo yakatambanurwa gare gare gare gare gare [FFF:] inosaidzwa [FFFOLT]] kutongeiratidza kuti vanhu vanokosha.[5]

Kunyandura Namashoko Anorwisa

Sezvacherechedzwa, nyanduro inoda danidzo ku chiito chisiri chapamutemo sezvingabvira chichaitika. Uku kusiiwa kwakamanikana. Dare rakadzivirira nguva dzose kutaura kunongotsigirawo zvako masimba masimba mumashoko asina kujeka, kubatanidza kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika nerevo. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT]] [[3]] [[FLT] v. United States[FLT] [69] [199] [199], [FLT], 18-gore rakataurwa pamusangano wehondo yehondo, “kana kana vachimboita kuti nditakure pfuti, munhu wokutanga ndinoda kuwana muzviono zvangu.B.J. Dare rezvamatongerwe enyika rakava rakachengetwa, uye risina kudzivirira.

[[FLT: 0] Mashoko anotsiva [ ndiayo “anotaurwa kukuvadza kana kuti anonyandura kuputsika kwechipiri kworugare.” Iyi dzidziso yakatangwa mu [[FLT]]] Chapplinsky v. New Hampshire[[FLT] [42] [192] [192] [[FLT], apo Chapupu chaJehovha chinonzi guta rinoungana kuti rishatiswe] uye “chinoiswa. Dare rakatsigira kupwiswa kwake, kurangarira kwakadaro kusina uko uko kunokosha munzanga. Zvisinei, kurwisana kwapapatidzwa namakumi amakore. Kunobatira bedzi kutarisana nokutsvinyidzana kwamasimba masimba kusati kuchitongoshandiswa.

Tyisidziro Dzechokwadi

A tyisidziro yechokwadi kutaura kuti munhu ane mufungo angadudzira seratidziro yakakomba yedonzo rokuita chiito chamasimba masimba asiri apamutemo pamunhu akati kana kuti boka. Dare Gurusa rakasiyanisa tyisidziro dzechokwadi nemhesano dzakadzivirirwa kana kuti danho. [FLT]] [[FLT]] VRIGINIA v. Black[[[[FLT:]] [2003] [FLT], Dare rakatsigira mutemo wakarambidza kuyambuka novavariro kutyisidzira, nepo uchirova gadziriro yaifungidzirwa kuti muchinjikwa upi noupi wakanga uchityisidzira nenzira inoshamisa.

Basa Rematare: Kudzikamisa Kuongorora uye Kunyatsoongorora

Hurumende painotsvaka kuganhurira kutaura kusingawirirani neboka, matare anoshandisa kunzvera kwenhurikidzwa yenhurikidzwa dzinoda zvikurusa dzehwirudzuro. Hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti ganhuriro inobatira fariro inosunda yehurumende uye inogadzirirwa zvishoma kuwana fariro iyoyo. Zvirambidzo zvakavakirwa pamitemo zvinodzorwa neiyi ganhuriro yakakwirira, nepo zvinobatanidzwa (zvakadai senguva, nzvimbo, uye mirairo) zvichigamuchira kunzvera kwapakati. Dare rakakudziridzawo rungwariro yezvokudya. [ uye [FLT] [FLT] [FLT:]]

Nhau Dzakatanhamara dzeDare Dzakaumba Dzidziso Yakasununguka Yokutaura

Kupfuura [[FOLT:0] Sullivan uye Brandenburg, mimwe mirau inoverengeka inodikanwa nokuda kwokunzwisisa ganhuriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura dzazvino uno.

  • . .Des Moines Independent School District [[1969] - Vadzidzi vaipfeka zvibayiso zvitema kuti vatsunge Hondo yeVietnam. Dare rairamba kuti kutaura kwokufananidzira kunodzivirirwa chero bedzi kusingadzongonye mabasa echikoro. Mhaka iyi yakasimbisa kuti vadzidzi hava “pedzi maruramiro avo emitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo rechikoro."
  • Miller v. California [773] – inotokurukurwa, iyi nhau inogadza mupimo wazvino uno wezvinonyangadza.
  • [FLT]R.A.V. neGuta raSt Paul (1992 ) – Dare rakakurira mutemo woruvengo uyo wakarambidza zviratidzo (sezvipiso zvinopisa) izvo“ hasha, danda kana kuti pfundepfunde” zvakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, chitendero, rudzidziso, kana kuti kuva murume. Mutemo wakanga usingasarumbidzwi nemhaka yokuti wakavakirwa pazviri mukati uye murangariro, kunyange zvazvo wakanangidzira nhevedzano isingadzivimbwi yegamuchidzanwa (mashoko). Chisarudzo ichi chinodzivirira kutaura kunovenga kukuru kunorwisana nehurumende.
  • .CIMIENS United v. Federal Enfation Commission[[FT:2] (2010) + - yakatonga kuti kutsigira bhizimisi kwemishumo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakazvimirira hakugoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment. Iyi chisarudzo chenharo yakaparirwa chakatambanudzira dziviriro yokutaura yakasununguka kumasangano, kusimbisa kuti kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuri pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende pasinei zvapo nechinongeri mukurukuri.
  • United States v. Alvarez (202) – Dare rakarova Stolen Vanor Act, iyo yakakanganisa kutaura kwenhema kwokugamuchira menduru dzehondo. Dare rakaramba kuti kutaura kwenhema kwoga hakuna kudzivirirwa kutoti kwaparira kuvadziko chaiyo (sekuzvidza kana kuti kunyengera).

Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza kusada kweDare kuita mapoka matsva okutaura kusina kudzivirirwa, dzichisarudza kuita kuti vanhu vasataura zvine musoro, munhau.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nokusagadzikana Zvisingapedzisi

Kunyange zvazvo hurumende ichisungirwa neFirst Amendment, zvikuva zvakavanzika zvakadai seFacebook, Twitter, uye YouTube hazvisi.

Venga Kutaura Nenharo Yokutaura

Kusafanana nedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, United States haina ganhuriro yavose pakutaura kworuvengo. Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira rataurazve kuti kutuka, kuvenga, kana kuti kusarura kunodzivirirwa kutoti kwapinda muboka risina kudzivirirwa rakadai sokunyandura, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kana kuti kunetsa. Somuenzaniso, Dare rakarova dare reSt. Paul rinovenga mutemo wekutaura mu .A.V. v. City raSt. Paul[FL:1] uye gare gare gare gare rinosimudzira maruramiro eWestboro Baptistt Church kuti ritore mariro ehondo nezviratidzo zvinoshora kutuka kana kuti kutuka mirangariro yevatano. Zvitendero zvapachena hazvigoni kukurudzira vadzidzi kutuka mirangariro yapachena.

Kunetswa Pakombiyuta Nokutaura Nemabhinya

Zvikuva zvepaIndaneti zvisingazivikanwi zvinogona kuparira tyisidziro dzechokwadi nokunetsa. mirau yehurumende (U.S.C. 7661]) inopa mhosva ichishandisa kurukurirano dzemagetsi kuti ivhundutse kana kuti ityisidzire, asi matare anofanira kutsaura pakati petyisidziro dzechokwadi uye kutaura kwakadzivirirwa. Masangano ezvokushandira hurumende anewo mitemo yawo, inogona kutungamirira kukuchinjika. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vakarambidza mifananidzo yakadai saDonald Trump nokuda kwokunyandura denho yaJanuary 6 Capitol, nepo vamwe vakashorwa nokuda kwokutsoropodza kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chiteshina cheFirst hachidzori kurambidza izvi zvisarudzo zvakavanzika zvapachivande, asi chiteshina chamagaro chikuru.

Nhau Dzenhema Nemashoko Asina Kujeka

Kupararira kwamashoko enhema ($FLT: 1]] hakungarambidzi kutaura kwenhema kusati kwaparira njodzi inocherechedzwa. Zvisinei, First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kwenhema kwakawanda, sokuti Alvarez. Hurumende haigoni kurambidza kutaura kwenhema kusingaratidzwi kana kutoita kuti kuve nengozi chaiyo. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo inoisa jambwa muratidzo, asi matare akaputsa gadziriro dzisina kujeka kana kuti dzinopesana zvikuru. Panzvimbo pezvo, kusvika kunodiwa kunopesana: vadzidzisi, vatori venhau, uye idi vanogona kururamisa pasina kusimbisa mugariro kuti uve mugadziri wezvokwadi wezvokwadi yezvokwadi.

Kusimbisa kwemitemo uye Kuchinja Kunoita

Chikamu 230 cheNhevedzo yeNhevedzo yokukurukurirana chinogovera dziviriro kunzvimbo dzemapuraneti nokuda kwezviri mukati dzinoiswa nevashandisi, nepo vachibvumirawo kuva nezviri pakati nepakati mukutenda kwakanaka. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mabudiriro haaratidziki zvakakwana pamusoro penzira rinoita maarusaitirwo emashoko anokuvadza, uye vamwe vanokarakadza chinjo kuti vawedzere kuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, mutemo upi noupi unofanira kushandisa kodzero dzeFirst Amendment dzevose vari vaviri vakurukuri navaridzi vechiteshina. Dare repamusoro rehurumende mu . Packingham v. North Carolina[FLT:] (2017])

Dzikamo Inopfuurira Pakati Perusununguko Nechengeteko

Kunyange vadziviriri vanoshingaira zvikurusa veFirst Amendment vanobvuma kuti hurumende ingaganhurira kutaura kunoparira kutaura kwakajeka, kwapakarepo, uye kwengozi yakakomba. Denho iri mukurondedzera ngozi iyoyo pasina kudzvinyirira. Mumakumi amakore apfuura, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatanga kudzivirira kutaura kwakasimba, richibvumira ganhuriro kumapoka akarondedzerwa zvishoma. Iyi ganhuriro inoratidzira kuzvipira kukuru kupfungwa yokuti, muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, mushonga wekutaura kwakashata kutaura kwakasimba ikutaura kukuru /_hainyara.

Kunyanguvezvo, ruzivo rutsva nemirau inochinja nzanga zvichapfuurira kuidza miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Kuvambira pamiganhu mirefu yebumbiro remitemo kusvikira kumibatanidzwa yemashoko, maturusi okutaura ari kuchinja nokukurumidza kupfuura mutemo. Kunzwisisa gadziriro iripo(mapoka asina kudzivirirwa, mipimo yehwirudzuro, uye mashoko enhau akapoteredza jeko kunogovera fandesheni yokufambisa iyi kurukurirano yomunguva yemberi.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve panheyo dzapamutemo dzekusununguka kutaura, bvunza Cornell Legal Information’s First Amendment Institute , project[ yenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro rinopeta, uye nzvera kubva mu [[FLT]] ALU’S Free Speaix Specing [=]. Zvinhu izvi zvinopa tsananguro dzakadzano udzame dzedzidziso dzinokurukurwa pano.