Sumo

Chinjo yeshanu yeConstitution kuUnited States inomira seimwe yedziviriro hurusa mujuripruudence yeAmerica. Inosimbiswa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, inoisa mubatanidzwa maruramiro anoverengeka anodzivirira vanhu pahurumende pakutsoropodzwa kwapamutemo. Pakati paiwawa, dziviriro pakurwisana nokuzvidzora kwoga kwakaipa ingave inosanozivikanwa nakanyanya kukumbirwa. Nyaya ino inogovera kusimbiswa, mukunzvera kwapamutemo kwechikamu chaGandichi cheFindmhem, midzi yayo yenhau, rondedzero dzapamutemo, rondedzero dzinoshanda, dzinopfuurira munzanga yazvino uno. Kana uri mudzidzi, mudzidzisi, mudzidzisi, kana kuti mutengi wemitemo, kunzwisisa zvakakwana dziviriro iyi inodzivirira.

Chii Chinoreva Kuzvipopotera?

Kuzvipopotera kunoitika apo munhu anomanikidzirwa kugovera ufakazi, magwaro, kana kuti humwe ufakazi hungagona kuvaratidzira kuutsotsi kana kuti chirango. Find Findmendment inodzivisa zvakajeka hurumende kumanikidza munhu kuva “uchapupu mukurwisana naye.” Ichi maruramiro hachisati chiri chakakwana mumashoko ose, asi chinoparira nhoo ine simba inodzivirira mupomerwi kuti asamanikidzirwa kugovera ufakazi hunoshandiswa kuvapa mhaka. Dziviriro yacho inoshanda kwete bedzi kupika uchapupu mudare asiwo kutaura kunoitwa mukati mebvunzurudzo dzamapurisa, kunzwa kwehurumende, uye kunyange zviito zvakati zvokudzosera.

Nenzira inokosha, kodzero inorwisana nokuzvitutumadza yomunhu oga, ndeyavanhu vomuzvarirwo bedzi, kwete masangano kana kuti mamwe masangano. Inogona kukumbirwa nomunhu upi noupi anodavira nenzira ine mufungo kuti mhinduro yavo ingagona kutungamirira kumhosva dzoutsotsi. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richirangarira kuti ropafadzo yacho inotambanukira kusingareururi zvakananga kumashoko api naapi ayo anga “batanidza munhevedzano youfakazi hunodikanwa kuisa mutongo wacho.

Nhoroondo Yechishanu Chomugadziridzo

Mavambo edziviriro yokuzviparadzanisa yeFindreFmmerment ndeekudzika munhau yemitemo yeEngland. Muzana ramakore rechitanhatu nerechigumi nerechigumi nenomwe, matare echechi aiwanzoshandisa mhiko dzekare dzechiNgezi kumanikidza vanhu kupika kuti vapindure zvechokwadi vasati vaziva mhosva dzavaipomerwa. Uyu muitiro, waizivikanwa muDare reStar Chamber neHigh Commission, waigona kumanikidza munhu kuti areurure kuutsotsi hwavakanga vasingazivi kuti vaitoita. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kukanganisa simba kwakapararira uye kureurura.

Kudzivisa miitiro yakadaro kwakava danidziro inonyandura nokuda kwavanotonga veEngland navarwi vomuAmerica. John Lilburne, mutungamiriri wePuritan, akaramba zvakakurumbira kutora mumiriri wemhiko muna 1630, achiramba kuti hakuna munhu anofanira kumanikidzwa kuzvipomera amene. Mhaka yake yakabetsera kutanga nheyo yokuti munhu haafaniri kumanikidzwa kuzviita amene. Panosvika nguva yeChinjo yeAmerica, mutemo wavose tenaetur seipur secus accus (“munhu haafaniri kusungirwa kuzvipomera amene") akasimbiswa zvakasimba mumagamuchidzanwa apamutemo enyika.

Apo vagadziri vamafomu vakanyoresa Bill of Rights, vakaisa zvakananga nhaka iyi. James Madison, uyo akatanga kugadziridzwa muCongress, akatsvaka kudzivisa hurumende itsva yehurumende kushandisa nzira dzokubvunzurudza nadzo dzimwe chetedzo dzakanga dzashatirisa vagari vomusone. Gamende yeFind 5 nokudaro yakagadzirwa sedziviriro yokudzivisa kutambudzwa, kureurura kwakananga, uye udzvinyiriri hwesimba rehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kuti ropafadzo yacho “inoratidzira mipimo yedu mikuru nevavariro dzakaisvonaka zvikurusa.” [Crect] [Crell Information Reformation à Fiverformation)[Frevermeter]

Rugwaro Rwe Amendedzero Yeshanu

Mashoko akazara eFindrence Demendment anoti:

“ Hapana munhu achasungirwa kuzvidavirira nokuda kwedzimbahwe, kana kuti zvimwe utsotsi hwakaipa, kutoti kana akapinzwa mutongo kana kuti kupiwa mhaka yemuJury Mukuru, kunze kwemumiitiro ipi neipi yokupara mhosva kuti ave uchapupu hunorwisana naye, kana kuti muMilitia, apo anenge ari mubasa chairo munguva yeHondo kana kuti njodzi yavose; uyewo hapana munhu upi noupi achasungwa nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kuti apinde mungozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo omuviri; uyewo haafaniri kumanikidzwa mumhaka ipi neipi kuti ave chapupu chokuzvipomera amene, kana kuti kunyimwa upenyu, kana kuti pfuma, pasina muitiro wapamutemo; kana kuti pfuma yapachivande ipi neipi haizotorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwapachena, pasina kubhadharirwa.”

Nepo nyaya ino ichinangidzira ngwariro pamashoko okuzvipokanidza, kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti Findth Amendment ine dziviriro shanu dzakajeka: chinodikanwa chikuru chedare rinobetsera vatongi, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri, kuzviparadzanisa, muitiro wakafanira, uye kutora. Mumwe nomumwe une mutemo wake amene wenhau uye revo inoshanda.

Gadziriro Huru Dzomugadziridzo Wechishanu: Kupfupikisa

Grand Jury Clause

Munhu asati agona kutongwa nokuda kwoutsotsi hwehurumende hwakakurumbira, vatongi vakuru vanofanira kubudisa mhaka kana kuti kupa mhaka. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti pane chisakiso chingabvira chokupfuurira. Chitsama chacho hachishandi kumatare ehurumende, asi nyika dzakawanda dzine miitiro yakafanana.

Claus Ane Mapofu

Hurumende inodzivisa kupomera munhu mhosva imwe chete, ichidzivirira munhu kuti asanetswa uye kuti asazopererwa nemhosva.

Kuronga Claus Kunofanira

Dare rinonzi Status Procession Claus rinorambidza hurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma pasina miitiro yepamutemo.

Kutora (nzvimbo yakaisvonaka) Claus

Urongwa uhwu hunonziwo kuti titore Claus, hunoda kuti hurumende ingopa mari chete kana paine nzvimbo yaunoda kuti ishandiswe nevanhu.

Kuzvirerutsa Claus

Chitsama chemashoko okuzvipopotera zvichida rutivi rwakanyanya kurongwa rweFindre Amendment.

Kuzviremekedza Kwakaita Claus Mutsa

Nzvimbo Yokudzivirira

Ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvimanikidzana haina kuganhurirwa. Inoshanda bedzi kuuchapupu hunomanikidzirwa kana kuti kurukurirano dzinopupurira muchisiko. [FLT]Schmerber v. California[[FLT]] [[FLT] [196], Dare rapamusoro rakadzivirira kuti ropafadzo inodzivirira bedzi kumanikidzirwa “kurangarira” ndiko kuti, mashoko kana kuti mabasa ounyanzvi hwakadai semienzara, minwe, kana kuti runyoro rweminwe. Nokudaro, mapurisa anogona kukumbira kufungidzirwa kuti agadzire DNA yakachekwa kana kuti kutora rutivi mumutsara pasina kuputsa mende.

Ndiani Angakupinza

Ropafadzo ikodzero yomunhu oga. Sangano, mubatanidzwa, kana kuti rimwe sangano risiri romusikirwo harigoni kukumbira Findth Amendment. Zvisinei, vashandi vamwe navamwe vangakwanisa kushandisa ropafadzo apo chipupuriro chavo chichavapa mhosva somunhu oga, kunyange kana mushandirwi achida kuti vataure. Zvinodikanwa zvokuchengeta mabhizimisi ( “zvinyorwa zvakashumwa” zvingakurirawo ropafadzo kana marekodhi acho ari orudzi rwehurumende inoda kuchengetwa nenzira yakarurama.

Apo Ropafadzo Inoshanda

Dziviriro yacho inoshanda mu “kupfuurira kupi nokupi, mugari wehurumende kana kuti utsotsi, mutarisiri kana kuti mutongi, mufeyi kana kuti mumiririri” uko chapupu chinodanwa kupa chipupuriro. Chinofukidza kwete bedzi kutongwa kwapamutemo kwedare asiwo kubvunzurudzwa kwamapurisa, kutongwa kwedare, uye kunyange kutongwa kwamatare makuru edare. Chinokosha ndechokuti mhinduro yacho inofanira kumanikidzwa nechiremera chehurumende uye inofanira kuparira ngozi chaiyoiyo yokupa mhaka.

“ Kutungamirira Wechishanu” Mukurovedza

Nzira Yokushandisa Nayo Kururama

Mukupesana nechitendero chakakurumbira, kungoramba wakanyarara hakungoerekani kwadaidzwa neFindrence. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakajekeswa mu [[FLT]SALINAS v. Texas (2013]) kuti chapupu chinofanira kutaura zvakananga ropafadzo yokutaura dziviriro yacho. Kana munhu akaramba akanyarara pasina kutaura kuti vari kuvimba neFindrefemment, vachuri vangazotaura gare gare gare pamusoro pokunya ikoko kana kuti kuishandisa soufakazi hwokuva nemhaka mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Naizvozvo, munhu upi noupi anoda kupomera shanu anofanira kutaura kuti, “Ndinosimbisa kodzero yangu yokuramba ndakanyarara pasi peFiver Amendment" kana kuti mutauro wakafanana.

Migumisiro Yokukumbira

Apo chapupu chinoreverera nenzira yakafanira Chechishanu, hurumende inowanzosagona kuvamanikidza kupupurira, uye idi rokuramba kwavo harigoni kushandiswa mukurwisana navo mukutonga kwoutsotsi. Zvisinei, matare mumhaka dzavagari vemo angawana rondedzero dzakaipa kubva mukukumbira kwebato ropafadzo. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, varovereri vemhosva vanorambidzwa kutsinhira pamusoro pokukundikana kwomupomerwi kupupurira, pa [FLT] pa [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] v. California[FLT][F:3] [65]].. Bva ropafadzo yacho haivimbisi dziviriro pamurangariro wapachena wavose inofungira mhaka paruzhinji apo chapupu chinoramba.

Mubati Weropafadzo

Chitendero cheFinst Amendment chinogona kubviswa. kana chapupu chikapupurira nokuzvidira pamusoro penhau, vangarangarirwa kuva vakabvisa ropafadzo yacho pamusoro pemibvunzo ine chokuita nayo. Murambi anoshanda bedzi kunhau iyo ivo vakapupurira pamusoro payo.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

[[FOL:0] Miranda v. Arizona[ (1966)

Zvichida mhaka yakakomba zvikurusa yokuzviruramisa iwe umene. Miranda v. Arizona yakatanga chinodikanwa chokuti mapurisa anofanira kuzivisa mukuchengetwa kwekodzero yawo yokuramba akanyarara uye kodzero yavo kugweta vasati vabvunzurudzwa. Dare rakaramba kuti pasina idzi nyevero, mashoko anowanwa mukati mebvunzurudzo yekodzero aifungidzirwa kuva anomanikidzirwa uye anoonekwa seasingabhadharwi mudare. Iye zvino-famaria kodzero dzavo dzokuva ibwe rekona remuitiro wokuchengeta mutemo. [FLT] [F:] [FT]] [FLT] [FLT] [F]]

Griffin v. California (1965)

Mu Griffin, Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Gadziriro yeshanu inorambidza muchuchisi kutsinhira pamusoro pokukundikana kwemukwiridziri kupupurira pakutonga. Dare rakarangarira kuti tsinhiro dzakadaro dzaizoranga nenzira inobudirira mukwiridziridziro nokuda kwokushandisa maruramiro emitemo okunyarara. Iyi dziviriro inoshanda zvakaenzana muzvinoitika zvehurumende kupfurikidza neGaramende ye14.

[[FOL:0]Kastigar v. United States[[[FLT] (1972]

Kastigar yakataura kushandiswa kwezvipo zvokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha kumanikidza chipupuriro. Dare rakataura kuti kana hurumende ikapa uchapupu “kushandiswa uye kushandiswa kwechinhu". Kudzivirira kunenge kusingakuvadzi" zvinoreva chipupuriro chimene noufakazi hupi nohupi hunowanikwa machiri hahugoni kushandiswa kurwisana nouchapupu (*) uchapupu hunogona kumanikidzwa kupupurira. Hurumende ipapo inofanira kubvumikisa kuti ufakazi hupi nohupi hwainoshandisa mukurwisana nouchapupu hwakadzivirirwa.

Salinas v. Texas (2013)

Salinas yakajekesa kuti kunyarara kwefungidziro mukati menguva isati yasvika zororo, kubvunzurudza kwamapurisa kusiri ane kodzero kunogona kushandiswa soufakazi hwokuva nemhaka kutoti anonyumwirwa anoreva zvakajeka kuti Findment. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza mhondi yainyumwira aipindura nokuzvidira mibvunzo asi akaramba akanyarara paakabvunzwa pamusoro pepfuti. Nemhaka yokuti haana kutaura ropafadzo yacho, vachuchidzi vakashandisa kunyarara kwake mukurwisana naye. Dare rapamusorosoro rakatsigira ikoku, richisimbisa chinodikanwa chekuzivisa zvakajeka. [Oyez] (Oyz – [FLT:]]]] Salsons v.[FLT]]][FFFFF]]]]

[[FUT:0] Cavez v. Martinez (2003)

Mu Dare rakarangarira kana munhu akabvunzurudzwa nenzira yokutsiva asi asina kutongopomerwa kana kuti kuedzwa aigona kukwirira mhaka nokuda kwokuputswa kweFindth Amendment. Dare rakataura kuti mirau yokuzvidira inodzivirira bedzi pakutaura kunomanikidzirwa kunoshandiswa mumhaka yetsotsi; chiitowo zvacho chokumanikidzira pasina kushandisa mashoko acho hachisati chichiputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iyi mhaka inosimbisa kuti ropafadzo yacho inonangidzirwa pakushandiswa kwechiito chokumanikidzira, kwete idikano bedzi.

Miganhu Nezvisingachinji

Vatengesi Vasina Kusimba

Sezvakanyorwa mu Kastigar, hurumende inogona kumanikidza chipupuriro kana kuchipa dziviriro. “Kudzivisa kuparapatika” kunodzivirira uchapupu pakusungwa nokuda kwenhau ipi neipi ine chokuita nouchapupu, nepo“ kushandisa dziviriro” bedzi kunodzivisa hurumende kushandisa chipupuriro chimene. Muitiro, kushandisa uye kushandisa dziviriro yezvisakiso zvinodzivisa utachiona kwakapararira zvikuru pamwero wenyika.

Uchapupu Hwokunyama uye Kushanda Kwahwo

Gadziridzo yeshanu haidziviriri kugombedzerwa kubudisa ufakazi chaihwo hwakadai seropa, DNA, runyoro, kana kuti inzwi. Zvisinei, chiito chokubudisa magwaro chinogona kuva chipupuriro kana kuchibvumikisa chose chose. [FLT]] United States v. Hubbell[FLT]] [2000] [2000], Dare rakatonga kuti kuraira mukwiridziridziridzi kuti abudise rugwaro rwakafara rungagona kuputsa Findber Amendment nemhaka yechiito chokusarudza nokubudisa mashoko anotsinhira.

Zvinyorwa Zvinodikanwa Dzidziso

Nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvokuti munhu anodikanirwa pamutemo kuchengeta (mutoo wapamutemo, bhadharo remitero, zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi zvakati), Findth Amendment haisati ichipa dziviriro.hurumende inogona kumanikidza kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa zvakadaro nemhaka yokuti zvinorangarirwa kuva zvenzanga. iyi dzidziso inowanzoshandiswa mumigariro yakapoteredza yakadai sokudzorwa kwemhoteredzo kana kuti kutengeswa kwepfuti.

Kunyora Mashoko Nezvinyorwa Zvavanhu

Masangano haagoni kupfuudzira nhevedzi. Vagadziri vezvinyorwa zvekambani vanofanira kuzvibudisa kunyange kana ivo pachavo vachipa muchengeti. Uyu mutemo wakavakirwa panheyo yokuti kodzero dzesangano dzakaparadzana nedzevamiriri varo.

Kushanda Kwe Amendeko Yechishanu

Mumiedzo Yeutsotsi

Mupomerwi wemhosva angasarudza kusapupurira. Muchuchisi haagoni kutsinhira pamusoro pouku kunyarara, uye vatongi vanorairirwa kusawana ratidziro ipi neipi yokuva nemhaka muchisarudzo chomukwirirwi. Ichi chishandiso chine simba nemhaka yokuti mutoro weufakazi unotsamira chose chose pahurumende. Magweta anodzivirira ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kazhinji kazhinji anorayira vatengi kusapupurira kutoti kuri madikanwa chose chose, sezvo kunyange chipupuriro chakatendeseka chinogona kumonyaniswa panzvimbo yapashure pokuongorora.

Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Chikamu kana kuti chapupu chingaramba kupindura mibvunzo ingavaratidzira kuutsotsi. Zvisinei, kusafanana mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vatongi vehurumende vanogona kuwana rondedzero yakaipa kubva mukuita kwacho. Boka rinoreverera Wechishanu mumhaka yehurumende ringarasikirwa nokukwanisa kuzvidzivirira panhau iyoyo, uko kunogona kutungamirira kurutongeso rwakakwana kana kuti mimwe migumisiro yakaipa.

Mumatare Echechi Anonzwa uye Kufambira Mberi Kwehurumende

Zvapupu pamberi peCongress kana kuti masangano ehurumende angasimbisa Fift Amendment. Mienzaniso mikuru inobatanidza zvapupu muWatergate, nhau yeIran-Contra, uye kunzvera kwesangano kwazvino uno. Ropafadzo inoshanda zvizere, asi miuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika nomukurumbira yokukumbira weshanu inogona kuva yakakomba. Mumiitiro yehurumende, vanhu vangaramba kupa ufakazi hungagona kushandiswa gare gare mumhaka yetsoro, kunyange zvazvo sangano racho richiri kuwana mhedziso dzakaipa muzvisarudzo zvaro zvaro zvaro.

Mukubvunzurudzwa Nemapurisa

Mira mutemo unoshanda kubvunzurudzo dzekodzero yokuchengeta mwana. Kana anonyumwirwa ari muchitokisi (imo, asina kusununguka kuenda) uye achibvunzwa, mapurisa anofanira kupa nyevero ndokuremekedza kukumbira kwokunyarara kweanonyumwirwa kana kuti zano. Kana bedzi anonyumwirwa akakumbira, kubvunzurudza kunofanira kupera. Zvisinei, kana anofungidzirwa kuti anotanga kurukurirano, nyevero yacho ingarangarirwa kuva inogumbura.

Gakava Remitemo Nokurevererwa Kwazvino Uno

Uchapupu Hwemadhiragi uye Kunyora

Ruzivo rwemazuva ano runomutsa mibvunzo mitsva yeFindt Amendment. Dare rinogona kumanikidza munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ape shoko remo kana kuti ripiwe mashoko echinhu chimwe chete here kana kuti basa rokupa shoko rinenge riri “rengano.” Dare Repamusorosoro harisati ratonga zvakasimba, asi matare maduku anokamuraniswa. Vamwe vakafunga kuti kubudisa shoko remostora ichokwadi nokuti rinoita kuti azive shoko rekuti riripo uye ringangosimbisa mashoko acho. Vamwe vanotora mashoko acho sechiito chisingadzivirirwi neFinber Amend Remendment.

Kudzivirira Kwenyika uye Kupindira

Mumashoko echengeteko yorudzi nenzvero dzougandanga, hurumende pane dzimwe nguva yakasundira kunze kwechikamu cheshoko chokuzviparadzanisa. Mitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo negadziriro dzakati dzemitemo zvinoganhurira kuvapo kweropafadzo nokuda kwevarwi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti izvi zvinoparadza mipimo mikuru yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuenzana Pakati Pechengeteko Yavanhu Vose Nekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kudzivirira kweFinhla Amendment pane dzimwe nguva kunorwisana nokudikanwa kwokuchengeta mutemo kukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, “kusadzivirirwa kwevoruzhinji” ku Mira, kunozivikanwa mu .[FLT]][[3] New York v. Quarles[ [[FLT]] [19984], inobvumira vakuru vakuru vakuru kubvunza mibvunzo iri madikanwa nenzira ine mufungo kuti vazvidzivirire vamene kana kuti vasapa nyevero dzokutanga. Dare rakaganhurira iyi mamiriro ezvinhu anobatanidza ngozi iri pedyo.

mhedziso

Kudzivirira kweFindre Amendment panzvimbo yesimba rokuzvipa mhaka kunoramba kuri chinhu chikuru cherusununguko rweAmerica. Kubva mukurwisa kwaro murwisano nemasimba echiNgezi kusvikira kukushanda kwaro kwazvino uno mumichina yemitemo yemari nenzvero dzesangano, ropafadzo inodzivirira nheyo huru yokuti hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yayo pasina kumanikidza kupiwa ufakazi hwemhosva yavo vamene. Kunzwisisa majekerero enguva nenzira yokushandisa nayo ropafadzo yacho kunokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu upi noupi anofambisa gadziriro yemitemo. Sangano nenzanga zvichachinjawo kududzirwa uye mwero weiyi chinyorwa chemitemo chinokosha. (Creg) [FFLT]