Chinangwa Chemitemo Yemotokari

Mitemo yemotokari inoita kuti pave negadziriro inokosha inodzora kufamba kwose mumigwagwa yavose. Inochinja zvingava zvakanyongana, zvinofamba zvakanyanyisa kuva zvinofanofungwa, kufamba kwakarongeka kwemotokari nevanofamba netsoka. Chinangwa chikuru ndechokuita kuti pave negadziriro inodzikamisa kufamba nokuchengeteka – inobvumira vanhu nezvinhu kufamba zvakanaka vachidzivirira upenyu. Mitemo iyi yakagadzirirwa kuti:

  • Dzikamisa kurovanya kwakawanda uye ukombi hwebonde nokugadza kariro dzakajeka dzomufambiro.
  • Dzivirira vanoshandisa migwagwa vasina kudzivirirwa kusanganisira vanofamba netsoka, vanochovha mabhasikoro, vanotakura motokari, uye vana.
  • Ramba uchifamba zvakanaka, usingavhiringidzwi, uchideredza kuwanda kwemotokari uye kunonoka.
  • Kurudzira kutyaira zvine mutoro, zvine tsika nokuzvidavirira.
  • Govera hwaro hwapamutemo hwokusarudza mhaka nomutoro pashure pechinoitika.

Pasina iyi mitemo yakarongwa, migwagwa yaizodzokera kunzvimbo yakasununguka uko chisarudzo chomunhu oga nenguva yokuita chimwe nechimwe zvoga zvinosarudza chengeteko — chiitiko icho nhau yakaratidza chinotungamirira kukukuvara kukuru zvikuru uye mwero yekufa.

Nhau Yemitemo Yemotokari: Kubva Pamabhiza 93 Madhora Kuenda Panzira Dzakanaka

Kudzorwa kwemotokari hakusi chinhu chazvino uno. Mitemo yemotokari yapakuvamba zvikurusa inozivikanwa inovambira shure kuRoma yakare, umo Julius Caesar akaganhurira ngoro pakati peguta mukati mamaawa emasikati kuderedza kutsvikinyidzirana noruzha. MuUnited Kingdom, Locomotive Act[ yezana ramakore rechi 19 (zvikurukurukuru “Garaflet") aida kuti murume afambire mberi kwemotokari yakarongedzwa yakatakura mureza mutsvuku kunyevera vafambi navatasvi vemabhiza – muganhu wefiti 4 chete.

Kuputika kwemotokari muzana ramakore rechi20 kwakaraira mitemo inowirirana, inomanikidzirwa. United States yakaita Kunyorwa paUNICEF Control Traffic Apply Minivers (MUTC]) kutanga muna 1935, kuvamba kusachinja kwezviratidzo, zviratidzo, uye zviratidzo zvemugwagwa. Kupfuurira kwemarudzi ose, Convention on Road Traffic[ (1968) inotsinhiranisa mitemo yomumugwagwa munyika dzinoisa chiratidzo, ichigonesa kufambisa muraudzo wechikwara. Nhasi, mitemo yemigwagwa inopfuurira kuita chiito kumarudzi ose amarudzi ose mumitanhimirando mitsva, zvinhu, uye mufambiro.

Mitemo Yemotokari Nemifungo Yayo Yokuchengeteka

Miganhu Yekurumbi

Ganhuriro dzekumhanya dziri pakati pemirau yemigwagwa yakaongororwa zvikurusa neyakatapura. Ukama pakati pemhanza nenjodzi yetsaona irevesa: kuwedzera kuduku mumhanzi kunowedzera zvinoshamisa bviro dzose dziri mbiri dzebonde neukoshi hwekuvadziko. Mukuwirirana ne Inturence Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), mufambi anorovanywa pa 40 mph ane tsaona yekufa, kana zvichienzaniswa ne 10 bedzi pa 20 mph. Miganhuro inoiswa pajirangiro yemugwagwa, vhoriyamu, mugwagwa, kushandiswa kwenyika kwapedyo netsaona. Chimbirukudzo chemotokari chinobatanidza:

  • Kupa vatyairi nguva yakakwana yokuona, kuita chiito, uye kudzivisa ngozi.
  • Kuderedza madaro okumira, ayo anofamba nekane kane nekuru.
  • Kugadzira kumhanya kwakafanana kunobvumira kuchinja kusingakuvadzi uye kubuda mumugwagwa usina ngozi.
  • Kuderedza simba rinobudiswa mukuparara, kuchideredza zvakananga kufa.

Kuganhurirwa kwekumhanya kunochinja - chinja, zvino kunoshandiswa mumakoridho akawanda akangwara, kuchinjira munguva chaiyoiyo kumamiriro okunze, kuoma kwezvinhu, kana kuti kuvaka - kuvandudzazve chengeteko pasina kuderedza zvachose kubuda mukombiyuta.

Zviratidzo Zvemotokari Nezviratidzo

Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zvinoumba mutauro unooneka wenet yomugwagwa. Basa razvo guru nderokukurukura mashoko anotsoropodza nokukurumidza uye zvakajeka. MUTCD inodudza magirabhu akawanda ezviratidzo – regatoriation (misa, ibudise), nyevero (pamberi, kuyambuka vanofamba netsoka), uye kutungamirira (exit nhamba), madaro. Zviratidzo zvinoisa kumativi ose epamhene rekufambisa nguva nenguva, zvinoderedza zvikuru kupesana kwemijaho. Kufambira mberi kwevafambi vetsoka uye kudzoranisa zviratidzo zvinogadziridza kutenderera kutenderera kweurefurira nguva yakavakirwa pazvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo, kudzorwa kupfurikidza ne 40% Fad Yoult Ad Administration (HWW).[FFF1]

Mitemo Yachokurudyi

Kurudyi mitemo inobvisa kujeka pamapanete nokubatana. Inoita kuti ndiani anofanira kubereka uye ndiani angapfuurira, achidzivisa fungidziro kana kuti mufambiro woutsinye unoparira kubonderana. Fourgray inomira, mativi ose, uye kuruboshwe zvisina kudzivirirwa zvose zvinotsamira pamitemo yehwaro hwakajeka. Zvirwere, izvo zvinotsiva zviratidzo zvegamuchidzanwa nokuyerera kwedenderedzwa redenderedzwa, zvakaratidzwa kuderedza ngozi dzinouraya ne 90% dzinoenzaniswa nemheno dzinoratidzirwa, sezvinoratidzwa ne [[FLT: 0] Highway Tragray Safety Ad Administration (NHSA).

Kutyaira Mupesvedzero (DUI)

Doro nemirimo zvinokuvadza chisarudzo, nguva yokuita chiito, kubatira pamwe, uye kuona - miranisa - mira - mira - mira - mira - mira - mira zvinoparira kutyaira kwapamutemo. Nyika imwe neimwe ine muganhu we0.0.08% nokuda kwavatyairi vasingashandisi projekiti, 0.04% nokuda kwavashambadzi vemotokari. Vapari vemhosva kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nemichina yokubatanidza, kurapa kwakafanira, uye rezinesi. Pasinei zvapo nokuchengetwa kwechinorevererwa, chinwiwa chinoraradzisa chinonzi chinonzi chinotyaira zviripo nokuda kwe28% yetsaona dzose dzemotokari muna 2022 (NHITA). Cannabis anopa denho inokura sekuwedzera kwapamutemo, ichitungamirira kumiteo mitemo mitemo mitsva yemitemo mitsva inodzo inodzo inodzo inodzorwa mumugwagwa.

Chirevo Chokudzora uye Mitemo Yavana

Mabhandi ezvigaro ndiwo chinhu chimwe chinoshanda zvikurusa chekotsekano yemotokari, kuchideredza ngozi yekuvadziko ine ngozi ne 45% yavagari vemo vapamberi . Mitemo inobvumira vakuru vakuru kumisa motokari zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuputswa kwebhandi rechigaro, nepo mugadziriro yeshure ichitaura kuti kukwidziridza kunogona bedzi kupiwa pashure pokumwe kuparadziko. Mitemo yapamutemo yavana yekotsekano yavana inoda gadziriro dzokudzivisa dzakakodzera (kuvhara, mberi, muwedzeri wedzero) yakavakirwa pazera, uremhi, uye ukurefu. Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzakabvumidzwa, mwero yokushandiswa kwebhandemuchi yezvigaro muU.S. yakakandwa panenge 90% muna 2023, kureva mamirioni 27 eAmerica achingotakurwa pasina kubviswa.

Mitemo Inoshatirisa

Kubata runhare rweserura apo unotyaira zvino ndimumwe wemifambiro yakapararira zvikurusa nenengozi. Zvirambidzo zvokunyorera zviripo munyika 48, nenzvimbo dzakawanda dzinotambanudzira kurambidza kushandiso ipi neipi yemaoko . Kudzongonyedzwa kwokufunga kunogara kunyange pashure pokunge runhare rwaiswa pasi - chiitiko chinonzi “upofu hwemabhakitivha.” Masangano anoregeredza anoderedza asi haadzivisi ngozi; chisarudzo chakakotseka zvikurusa kubvisa. Zvidzidzo zvinobva kuNational Safety Council [[ chinoratidzira kuti kutyaira kunodzorwa kunoparira kukuvara kunoparira 25% mapurisa ose aripopopoti.

Basa Rokumanikidzwa Nokupiwa Basa

Mitemo isina kuchengetwa zvinongova zvikarakadzo. Kushanda kwemotokari kunoshanda zvose zviri zviviri sechidziviso nechirongwa chokururamisa. Kushanda kwemotokari, makamera anogadzirwa nemotokari (zvinotsvedza, speed), uye kuongorora kusadzora kunowedzera ngozi dzinofungidzirwa dzetikiti, izvo nzvero dzinoratidza kuti dzinoshanda zvikuru kupfuura mari yakaisvonaka. Kubhadharwa kwemari kunosiyana kubva kufashoni dzakagadziridzwa necheredhi remerit kureze, kuvharadziso, uye kunyange jeri rokudzokorora kana kuti kuputsa. Mibato yemitemo inodzosera kusingachinjiki, yakadai se “Iri kana kuti igwejeteti” uye“ Dariveriti kana kuti igwejekeswa Ori," yakabudisa kuderedzwa kubviswa munenge muna 296966.

Kushanda kwemitemo kunowedzera kuitira hanya rusununguko rwevanhu, asi ufakazi hunoratidzira nguva dzose betsero dzekotsekano. Somuenzaniso, makamera matsvuku anoderedza ngozi dzinouraya dzemharadzano ne 21% (IIHS). Chinokosha ndechokushanda kwakafanira: kusaina chiratidzo chakananga, kungwarira vanhu, uye kutarisirwa kunooneka kuti kuchengetedze chivimbo chavanhu.

Kutapura Kunoita Mitemo Yemotokari Pachengeteko Yomugwagwa

Ufakazi hunoshanda hwesimba remitemo yemotokari hunoshamisa. Nyika dzinoshandisa mirau yakabvumikiswa yakadai se0. 08% BAC, kuchengetwa kwebhandi guru, uye mitemo yengowani yepasi pose nokuda kwavakwiridzi vemotokari - kuona kuderera kukuru mukufa nokukuvara kwakakomba. U.S. dzakaona kuderera kwakadzikama kwenzufu dzemotokari pamotokari pamakumi mashanu amakore apfuura, kubva pa5 mamirioni 100 VMT muna 1966 kusvikira ku 1.4 muna 2022. Kukura uku kunoparirwa kumitemo yakasimba zvikuru, kuchengetwa kwakavandudzika, uye dzidzo yavose.

Zvisinei, mwero wekufa unoramba wakakwirira kupfuura mumamwe marudzi akabudirira. Mukuwirirana ne World Health Organization, kuvadziko dzomumugwagwa ndidzo chisakiso chikuru chorufu nokuda kwavana navakuru vaduku vane makore 5 299 munyika yose. Kuparadzana pakati penyika kunoratidzira misiyano mutsika dzomutemo, ukuru hwekuchengeta, uye mutengo wezvirongwa. Resorfect Zero, nhano dzinogamuchirwa mumaguta akafanana naNew York neSeattle, dzinovavarira kubvisa ngozi dzose dzemotokari kupfurikidza nokuisa migwagwa mitsvuku uye kudzosera mutemo pamberi pezvisarudzo.

Zvinetso Mukushanda Nokumanikidzwa

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzakajeka, kuwana kuzviisa pasi kwenyika yose kunoramba kuri denho.

  • Kutyaira kunokweverwa: Kusabvira kusimbisa chirambidzo panguva duku 76bymomos parunhare kunobva kwaoma kuchinja maitiro pasina kuchinja kukuru kwetsika.
  • Kutyaira kwakacherekedzwa: Vanhu vazhinji vanorerutsa mwero wavo wokuremara kana kuti kururamisa ngozi, zvikurukuru mutsika umo kunwa kwakarovedzeka.
  • [[FT:0] Kuziva: mitemo mitsva (muremo, maoko akasunungurwa bedzi, Kufamba pamusoro pemitemo nokuda kwemotokari dzekurumidziro) kazhinji kazhinji kunotora makore kuti ive yakavanzika nevoruzhinji vanotyaira.
  • Kusarura: [ Kusabvumira kuchengetwa kwemitemo mukurwisana nenzanga duku kunogona kusekesa chivimbo chavanhu nokudisa kuwirirana.
  • ganhuriro dzeResource: Madhipatimendi mazhinji amapurisa anoshaiwa vashandi kuti vatsaurire zvikurukuru vakuru vakuru vanotarisira kuchengetwa kwemotokari, vachichinja ngwariro kuutsotsi hwamasimba masimba.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogovera zvigadzikiso zvishoma – makamera anogadzirwa nemotokari, gadziriro dzokubatanidza runhare, uye tsinhirano dzinosungirwa dzezvinodhaka - asi izvozvi zvinouya neitiro hanya dzakavanzika nedzakarurama dzinofanira kukurukurwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro unoratidzirwa.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Mutemo Wemotokari

Mitemo yemotokari inosiana zvikuru munyika, inoratidzira zvimiro zvetsika zvakasiana, zvirongwa, uye gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyika dzeEurope, somuenzaniso, kazhinji kazhinji dzine ganhuriro dzekumhanya kwakaderera mumigwagwa yomumaguta (30 km/h kana kuti inenge 19 mphi inozivikanwa navose), ganhuriro dzakasimba dzeBAC (0.05% kana kuti pasi), uye zvirongwa zvokurovedza kutyaira zvakakomba. Netherlands neSweden, ose ari maviri mapiyona eViow Zero ufilo, migwagwa inopinza mungozi mumigwagwara yakamani, inokwidza michinjikwa, uye inotenderera panzvimbo pokungotsamira pachiratidzo nokuchengeta.

Munyika dzakawanda dzakaderera nedzapakati dzinowana, mitemo yemotokari iripo papepa asi inotambura nokuchengetwa kusingashandisi zvakanaka kwemigwagwa, uye mwero wakakwirira wavashandisi vemigwagwa vasina dziviriro. WHO inoshuma kuti dzinopfuura 90% dzenzufu dzomumugwagwa dzinoitika munyika idzodzi, pasinei zvapo nokuva ne 60% bedzi yemotokari dzenyika. Tenderero yamarudzi ose mumitumbi yakadai seUnited Nations Road Safety Colplanication inovavarira kuita miitiro yakanaka, asi kufambira mberi kwomunzvimbomo kunopfuurira nemhaka yemari neganhuriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwezvemari Kwokurongwa Kwomutemo Wemotokari

Mutoro wemari wokuputsa migwagwa unodarika zvakaisvonaka. Mitengo yeinishuwarenzi yakakwirira, ndyiko dzapamutemo, mari inorasika kubva kuratidziro dzedare, uye ndyiko dzebonde dzakawedzerwa zvinowedzera. Pamwero wenzanga, motokari imwe neimwe inouraya inoparira mutengo unofungidzirwa kuva mamirioni $2,4 mukurapa, pamutemo, uye kurasikirwa nemutengo (NHTSA). Mitemo yemotokari inoshanda zvinoderedza iyi ndyiko yokunze, inoita kuti migwagwa ive yakakotseka uye mari inoshanda zvikuru.

Kusiyana neizvi, kumanikidza kwakanyanyisa kana kuti kusina kugadzirwa zvakanaka kunogona kuita kuti mari ishande kwazvo — somuenzaniso, misungo yokumhanya - mhanya inounza mari pasina kuvandudza chaizvoizvo kuchengeteka kwevanhu uye ingatungamirira kuzvinetso zvedare.Mitemo inodhura zvikurusa ndiyo iyo inoda kuparadzwa (kutyaira kwakakwirira, kumhanya zvikuru, kukundikana kushandisa ganhuriro dzemiitiro) panzvimbo pezvikanganiso zviduku zvemiitiro.

Nguva Yemberi Yemitemo Yemotokari: Mitemo Inozvitonga uye Mirayiridzo Yakachenjera

Kukura nokukurumidza kwemotokari dzinobatanidza nedzinozvimirira. Mitemo yazvino uno inofungidzira mutyairi angagona kududzwa nokuda kwokusafamba. NeChikamu 4 neChikamu 5 zvemakombiyuta, mutoro unochinja kubva kumutyairi kuenda kumugadziri, mugadziri wesoftware, kana kuti mushandisi wengarava. Masangano matsva emitemo achada kupindura mibvunzo yakadai se: Ndiani ari mumhaka mutsaona apo motokari yakanga ichityaira imene? Tinoisa sei ganhuriro pamotokari inorongwa kuitevera? Zviratidzo zvemotokari zvinofanira kuramba zvichioneka kumaziso avanhu, kana kuti zvinogona kupfuudzwa nenzira youpemhinyi?

Nyika dzinoverengeka – kubatanidza California, Arizona, uye Nevada – dzakatoita mutemo wokubvumidza kunzvera nokushanda kwemotokari kunozvitonga, kazhinji kazhinji negadziriro dzekunyora mashoko, korsecurestivation, uye mano okudzima ari kure. Pamwero womubatanidzwa, NHTSA yakabudisa nhungamiro dzokuzvidira asi mirau yakakwana ichiri kutenderera. Nheveruka yakaisvonaka yakadai semotokari ine greatotófrastructure (V2I) ingagona kugonesa miganhuro yekufambisa zvinhu zvinoshanda nesimba, kutsinhiranisa nguva yene neinotungamira mberi chaiyo yeInjiso, uye kudzika kwemotokari ichiri yakarurama zvikuru kupfuura makhamera anhasi.

Imwe kombamiro iri kuvamba kushandiswa kwemipimo yemitengo yeinishuwarenzi nevakuru vakuru vengarava. Kunzvera mufambiro wemutyairi (kumhanya kukuru, kumhanya nokukurumidza) kunobvumira nokuda kwemitemo yeinishuwarenzi inopa mubayiro wokutyaira yakakotsekana. Nepo isiri mutemo pase, iyi ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoisa kuwirirana pamwero mumwe nomumwe. Varevereri vechivande vanonyevera kuti mashoko akadaro angagona kushandiswa nokuda kwokuchengeta pakuvamba, kusimbisa kudikanwa kwedziviriro dzakajeka kwapamutemo.

Pakupedzisira, chinangwa chemitemo yemotokari hachisi chokungoranga, asi kugadzira nzvimbo ine mamiriro ezvinhu akakotsekana ari nyore uye akakodzera. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchafambira mberi, mutemo ucharamba uchitaura nezvemarongedzero ezvirongwa zvemarongerwo enzira - kumanikidza kumhanya nomumageometry pane zviratidzo, kuvhara vatyairi vakaremara munà perzez, uye kuganhurira kushandisa foni nomuchina wezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa nemheno. Nguva yemberi yomutemo wemotokari inoshanda, inodeyama, inodeya kutodza, uye inowirirana, asi nguva dzose ichatsamira panheyo inokosha yakaitwa makore zana akapfuura: zvakajeka, inoyera, uye inodzosa mitemo inodzivirira mushandi ari wose womugwagwa.