Sumo

Mubato wemitemo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muUnited States yakagadziridza nenzira inoshamisa dzidziso yapamutemo yokudzivisa dziviriro yechiremera, iyo inodzivirira hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo pamatare kutoti vachibvuma kukwidzwa. Nepo kudzivirirwa panzvimbo yadzo yehurumende kune midzi mikuru mumutemo wechiNgezi, makore mashomanene apfuura akaona mirau yetsika yehurumende iyo yakatetepa kana kuti zvimwe yakakudziridza ukuru hwayo, ichiita basa remitemo rine simba uye rinorwisana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji. Iyi chinjo dzinotapura chinhu chiri chose kubva mukusazvibata kwamapurisa mukutaura kwezvipfeko zvavose zvechikoro, nemiuyo yemari nemibato yehurumende uye yokushanda nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende navabhadhari.

Nyaya ino inoongorora kuchinja kukurusa kwehurumende kwemitemo, inoongorora zvakunoreva kuvagari vemo nemasangano ehurumende, uye inoongorora miitiro yepamutemo yakakura ichaumba kudzivirirwa pasimba rokuzvitonga mumakore gumi ari kuuya.

Kunzwisisa Kubatana kwaChangamire: Mutungamiriri Mukuru

Dzidziso yacho inobva munheyo yeChirungu yeMiddle Ages yokuti “mambo haagoni kuita zvakaipa,” uye yakasimudzirwa kuAmerica kupfurikidza nomutemo wakarovedzeka. MuMutemo weU.S., Simende Rendement yechi11 yeNyika inosimbisa kudzivirirwa kwehurumende, asi mitemo nemirau yehurumende zvinogoverawo dziviriro yavo vamene nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende, maguta, zviverengero, uye mamwe masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nokufamba kwenguva, matare nematare okutonga akaziva kuti kudzivirira zvirwere zvakakwana hakugoni kuitwa muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno. Njodzi zhinji dzakapfuura dzinotaura kuti kuti kudzivirira zvirwere kwamarudzi akati eregeredzo (g., tsaona dzinobatanidza motokari dzehurumende) nepo dzichiichengeta nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvechisarudzo. Nenzira yakafanana, Chivil Rights Act of 1871[12:3] (42 U.S.C. 1983) inobvumira masumo mukurwisana nehurumende yomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo, kunyange zvazvo isingaichengetedzi chose chose chose chisakiso chehurumende. Muuyo wacho mubatanidzwa wehurumende yehurumende nemitemo, nomutemo wakawedzera.

Kunzwisisa nyika yazvino kunoda kuziva kuti dziviriro yapamutemo haisati iri mutemo mumwe asi ganhuriro yezvisingachinji, ganhuriro, uye zvinopesana zvikuru nehurumende. Mubato womutemo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wakanangidzira ngwariro pamativi matatu makuru: marudzi ezvirevo zvinobvumirwa, uwandu hwekuvadziko dzinodzorwa, uye matanda ezviteshi zvemichero anofanira kukurira.

Chinjo Dzomutemo Wehurumende Dzazvino Uno: Kutarisika Kwakazara

Pakati pa 2021 na 2025, masangano anenge 20 akagadza mitemo iyo zvimwe inokudza kana kuti inoita kuti ishandiswe dziviriro yapamutemo.

Florida: Kuparadza Nokuparadza Kutsva

Muna 2023, Florida yakapasa SB 236, iyo yakawedzera kuvadziko yesimba rehurumende yokudzivisa mirangariro kubva pa $200,000 kusvikira ku $440 000 pamunhu mumwe uye kubva pa $200,000 kusvikira ku $200,000 panhambo imwe nokuda kwezvirevo zvinorwisana nehurumende nemapoka ayo. Mutemo wakawedzerawo kutambanudza mutsigiri kuti abatanidze [ negliaglet yenhamo yendangariro [[[FLM]] inoparira kukuvadzwa kwendangariro [$1]] uye yakaita kupesana kutsva kwezvirevo zvevatano navashandi vehurumende. Vatsigiriki vakakwidzi vakanga vachiri vaduku zvikuru kuti vatsive vatsive vanyajambwa vekuvadziko dzakakomba dzehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Florida yakanyevera nezvemitengo yechinjo yemagiramumwero yemari inokwira gore negore [50]

Nenzira inoshamisa, mutemo wakachengeta chinodikanwa chehurumende chechainodikanwa chaichinongedzerwa., chinoraira kuti mapeyi apedzei bhii retsika mukati mamakore matatu echinoitika chacho(a procedformal danda rakadzivisa kutaura kwakawanda. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ichi chinodikanwa chinosekesa mutoro wakakura. ([[FLT:]] Ona Florida COMPRETAL ])

California: Kuwedzera Mawaiver nokuda Kwoutano Hwavose

California yakatoita mutoo wakafara wokudzivisa dziviriro yehurumende, asi mutemo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wakatoenderera mberi. AB 1988, yakasainwa muna 2022, inobvumira kuratidzira kurwisana nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nokuda kwemhinduro yokuregeredza ku foni dzezvokurapa [ apo hurumende yakafunga basa rokugovera betsero dzapamusha. Chibvumirano chacho chakasundwa nechinoitika umo mutumwa 911 akundikana kutumira amburera yeamburera yamaminiti 40 (40), kuchiguma norufu rwomurwere. Mutemo mutsva unobvisa “basa rapachena” dzidziso iyo kare yakanga yadzivirira guta risingakuvadzirwi.

Mukuwedzera, SB 419 (2024) vadziviriri vamagariro vakakwirira vanorevererwa kutaura kubva ku kushatisa mvura inonwa yavose namasangano ehurumende nevomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza ayo anoparirwa nokundikano kuwirirana neSave Dreapp Water Act. Uyu mutemo wakadzorwa nenjodzi yemvura nezvinoitika zvakafanana munzanga dzeCalifornia. Mapoka emhoteredzo akarumbidza mutemo senhano kuzvidavirira yehurumende, nepo maruwa emvura achinyevera nezvendyiko ye “kuputsanyadzisa". [ VE] VEIB PARNHAUROONTIONHAURO yeFLTY]

Texas: Kukura Kukuru Kupfurikidza ne “Muvengi Nechidhindo”

Mutemo weTexas unowanzoda mutemo wakananga kukuvanza dziviriro yehurumende dare risati ragona kupfuurira. Mumarusando achangobva kupfuura aya, mutemende wedare wakagadzira zvisakiso zvitete nokuda kwezvinoitika zvakati. Somuenzaniso, HB 2065 (2023) yakabvumira sutus kurwisana namasangano ehurumende nokuda kundikano yokuchengeta migwagwa yakazviwanira hurumende [[ mumugariro unoparira kubonderana kwemotokari nechinhu chakavharirwa kare nadziviriro. Chibharo chakarwiwanwa nedzimba dzemichina dzinodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pamigwagwa inokuvadzwa zvisina kufanira.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, matare eTexas akadudzira Texas Tort Accountings Act nenzira yakasununguka, achibvumira kutaura kwe “pamberi pesutukesi" yairangarirwa kuva yakabva pamiganhu. Muuyo kuderera kwapashoma napashoma kwedziviriro mumhaka dzinobatanidza zvinhu, asi mutezo wewi wedare wakadzivisa kunyanyovakwa. Muuyo igadziriro yakaputsika iyo magweta avamiri vama vanodana kuti “hashari renjisori". uye magwetabheti anodzivirira ari madikanwa kudzivirira shatiso.

New York: Changamire Immonyism neVaccine Mandai Era

Chinoitika cheNew York chokusatapurwa nehosha kwechiremera mukati mekupararira kweCOVID-19 chinoratidzira mamiriro edzidziso yacho. Muna 2024, chibvumirano chehurumende chakapfura mutemo unodzivisa kuzvidzivirira kwapamutemo nokuda COVID-19 nhomba yenhomba dzinoraira kutongwa kwemhosva[ navashandi vehurumende vakadzingwa kana kuti kurangwa nokuda kwokuramba kudzivirira. Mutemo wakagadzirirwa kupedza kupomera kweboka uko kwakanga kwadzikwa pazvikonzero zvokusatapunzika, asi waita kuti pave nekurukurirano pamusoro pekutongwa kwemitemo yeRetroriscictivess. Dare reNew York respectivessssss (dare rehurumende rapamusorosoro) rakatsigira mutemo mukupera kwe2024, kuwana kuti mutemo wacho une chiremera chikuru chokutsanangura chikwa chawo.

Iyi nhau inokosha nemhaka yokuti inoratidzira kuti vadziviriri vamagariro vadzorerwe vanogona kushandiswa nenzira isingazivikanwi. Chisarudzo chacho chakakurudzira dzimwe nyika kurangarira kurashwa kweboka rinopisa nokuda kwenhau dzakadai seutsinye hwamapurisa uye mhindu isina kururama. ( Rava Dare Rokurangarira )

Michigan: Kusimbisa “Nhau Yedzidziso”

Michigan yakaita mutoo unoganhurira zvikuru, ichivavarira kuganhurira kukura kwemitoro kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare. Muna 2023, Dare Gurusa reMichigan rakatonga mu Ridlel v. Michigan kuti sangano rehurumende ringapomerwa nokuda kwokuregeredza kukurusa mukuita basa re “proprotritary" (g., kufambisa chipatara) asi kwete nokuda kwe“ mibato” (g. , dziviriro). Chigadziko chakapindura neHB 4254 (20), icho chinosimbisa muedzo wehurumende uye chinowedzera musara mutsva wekudzivirira nokuda [FLD:] mibato ye [FFT] [FFFF] inodzo] inodzoka.

Kutama kwaMichigan rutivi rwekombamiro huru zvikuru: nyika dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza Tennessee naIndiana, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya dzakapa mitemo inojekesa kana kuti inosimbisa kudzivirirwa nokuda kwezviito zvokungwarira, ichiratidzira kurwisana nemuitiro unozivikanwa wokutonga.

Kunetsa Kunoitwa Nokutarisirwa Kwenjodzi kweHurumende

Kuchinja kwemasangano ehurumende anochengetedza zvirwere kunochinja zvakananga mashandiro aanoita mari, kupinza basa, uye kudzora ngozi.

Ndyiko Dzinokwira Dzokuchera Mirimo Nemichina Yeinishuwarenzi

Kana chigaro chokuzvidzivirira chikaganhurirwa, mutengo wokudzivirira kukwirira matare unowedzera zvakaenzana. Hurumende dzinotenga inishuwarenzi yeInishuwarenzi kubva kuvatakuri vemunhu oga kana kuti kuzvibatsira nemari yakabatanidzwa. Maererano nomushumo wa2024 weGovernmental Accouncial Standardal Beaders Board (GASB), hurumende nehurumende zvomunzvimbomo pamwe chete zvinobhadhara mabhiriyoni $8,2 mumishuwarenzi dzeinishuwarenzi mugore 2023(12% kubva ku2020). United States kufanana neCalifornia yakakudza kudzivirira kwavana varadziridza kukwira kwe 10 / 1818%. Vatungamiriri venjodzi zvino vanotsigira nokuda kwematanho akasimba akasimba zvikuru, sokurovedza kutakura motokari uye kuvandudza nhevedzano, kupesana nokuwedzera kupfuudza nhevedzano.

Kuchinja Kunofanira Kuitwa Muupenyu Mubasa Revoruzhinji

Kutya kugona kutungamirira hurumende kuchinja mabasa kana kuti kunyange kuabvisa. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokubviswa kwedziviriro yeAB 1988 yeEMS inononozeka, nhamba dzinoverengeka dzokumaruwa dzakazivisa kuti dzingawedzera basa radzo reamburenzi kuti “dzingotumira bedzi apo chiteshi chinenge chaiswa vabatiri vose,” achidudza njodzi. Nenzira yakafanana, maruwa echikoro eTexas akarangarira kubvisa pashure pemaawa okushandisa manhandare pashure pokutonga kwedare uko basa rokutarisira rinopfuudza maawa echikoro. Iyi miuyo isingakarirwa inoratidzira kuvadziko yemiganhuro inofanira kuratidzira apo mitemo inodzivisa kubatwa.

Tapuro Pavashandirwi Vehurumende Nokuhwanda

Hurumende dzingatarisana nechinetso chokutsvaka nyanzvi dzinokwanisa kukwanisa , zvikurukuru vapareji vapazamari, vakuru vakuru, uye mainjiniya ehurumende (avo vanoona ngozi huru yechakaipa. Kunyange zvazvo nyika zhinjisa dzichigovera kusimbisa [ nokuda kwavashandi vakakwidzwa muukuru hwavo hwehurumende, miganhu ichiripo. Chinjo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muGeorgia neLouisiana dzakawedzera kuva necherekedzo yomunhu oga ye vakuru vakuru vezverwa veutano vehurumende [ mukati , zvichitungamirira kufunguro remidyandiro nero mumadhiro. Kumwewokwa.

Nhamo Nokuda Kwavagari: Kusvika Kururamisiro Nokubatira Pamwe

Nokuda kwavanhu vanokuvadzwa nokuregeredza kwehurumende, chinjo dzapamutemo dzokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha dzinogona kuchinja mano avo okuwana muripo.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvichiripo

Mitemo mizhinjisa inoda kunyorwa kwechakataurwa [ mukati mewindo pfupi (kazhinji 90 kusvikira ku1), kuwirirana kwakakomba nezvinotaurwa natort zviito, uye kupera kwemishonga yokutonga pamberi pokunge dare ragona kuchengetwa. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti zvikamu zvakaderera zvinonyorwa naavo vasina mirau yapamutemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinopotsa iyi misi mireve. Mutemo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wakafanana neSouth Carolina neMississippi uyo wakakudza ganhuriro dzechikwanidzo dzechikwanga hazati kupfavisa panguva imwe cheteyo zvinodikanwa zvechikwangariso, kuchitungamirira vatsigiriro kuti “kuchinja kuri kwapamhete pasina kusvika kuzano. Dare redare rakatsigira kudzoresaidzo, kunyange muzvinoitika zvinonzwira tsitsi.

Kukuvadza Kunogona Sebakatwa Rine Maviri

Kukuvadzwa kwemakepu (sekuparadza) matsva eFlorida muganhu we $400,000 paperson (kubatira sedenga pakunaya, pasinei zvapo noukombi hwekuvadziko kana kuti mwero wekanganiso. Nepo kepisi dzinodzikamisa bhajeti yehurumende, dzinogona kutsiva zvinoshamisa vanyajambwa vetsaona dzine ngwavaira. 2023 vanodzidza ne American Law ne Economics Association yakawana magariro ayo ane dziviriro yezvisakiso zvemari pasi pe $50 000 000 bedzi anoona bedzi kuvarasikirwo rwemari inobhadhanyirwa, nokuwa kwemitero, utano, uye mhuri. Ikoku kwakasimudzira danidziro nokuda kwokukwira kwechibhabhabhatiro, asi mashomanene akawana matanho akadaro.

Vakawirwa Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Chikamu Chacho Chakasiyana

Chikamu 1983 chinotaura mukurwisana nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo (asi kwete nyika) hadzisati dzichidzorwa nechekuzvidzora, nemhaka yeSupremacy Claus. Zvisinei, zvisarudzo zveSupremacy Claus yedare reUnited States remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakapfupikisa migariro umo manisiparati anogona kupiwa maruramiro emitemo isati yatenderwa (ona Monell v. Department of Social Services varacs). Mutemo wehurumende haugoni kukudza dziviriro kupfuura izvo Bumbiro remitemo rinobvumira, asi unogona kuita zvimwe zvipingamupinyi, zvakadai sokuda kuti zvisariranwa zvisariranwa kubvumikisa “pamberi pane kuregeredzawo zvako. Missouri naMaans, anoverengeka akapfuudza mitemo yogarira pasi nokuda kwenhau dzakatina dzakarerekera pasi, asi mapoka zvakasiana zvakasiana.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nenhau Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Chinjo dzemitemo dzehurumende dzakarondedzerwa pamusoro apa hadzina kutongoitwa mudare.Vatsigiri vakamutsa zvibvumikiso zvikuru zvitatu zvebumbiro remitemo: (1) vaparadzi vanoputsa kuparadzana kwamasimba kupfurikidza nokushandisa rutongeso rwokupedzisira; (2) vaparadziri ivavo vanoparadza kodzero kukutonga kwedare rinotonga; uye (3) kuti vamwe vatsotsi vanosarura mukurwisana nevomuruwa mukupunza maropafadzo uye vaImmunites Clause.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Nevarwi Vanozvidzora

MuNew York, boka reappellate rakatsigira muvhiyi inopfuvura nhomba inorapa, richidudza simba redare remitemo rokubvumirana kuwirirana “kunyange pashure pechisakiso chechiito chawedzera.” Zvisinei, vatambi vanoona Dare Gurusa repamberi pevhu [ vakarova murakatira wakafanana muna 2023, vachirangarira kuti rakaputsa dare rokupedzisira. Ikoku kunokarakadza kuti Dare gurusa ungada pakupedzisira kupedza nhau yacho.

Zvinetso Zvokuedzwa Nevaduku

Kuparadza kwekepisi, zvikurukuru mumibatanidzwa yakadai seWest Virginia neKentucky iyo yakachengeta maruramiro okutonga mhaka dzinotevedzerwa, kwakadenhwa sekuputsa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Dare Gurusa reKentucky muna 2022 rakauraya chipfeko chapamutemo chehurumende chechakakomba che $50 000 se “chinobvumirwa nekodzero yebumbiro remitemo kukutonga kwedare redare,” kuchitungamirira muteminisi kuisa kepisi itsva, yakakwirira zvikuru ye $750 000 ine indekisi inoyamura. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mashoko, uye inenge nhanhanhatu dzinorangarira tsinhirano dzapamutemo idzo dzingabvumira zvakajeka kukuvadzwa kwevapokanwa nokuda kwevapomendi vehurumende.

Miitiro Yenguva Yemberi: Kukufanana Kana Kuti Kumwe Kukamukana Here?

Chitendero chemitemo yehurumende inodzivirira dziviriro yehurumende hachizivikanwi. Kune rumwe rutivi, Dare roMutemo reUniform muna 2024 chinobudisa Changamire Immunity Apects Acts dzinoedza kudzikamisa gadziriro dzinoshandiswa, mepus, uye zvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Kusvika musi, maruwa matatu bedzi akasuma mutemo wakavakirwa pamuenzaniso, uye hapana wakaupfuudza. Kune rumwe rutivi, kudzoro yezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro penhau dzakadai senjodzi dzemapurisa, mirairo yavose, uye zvipfeko zvemari zvinovimbisa kuti masangano emitemo yomutemo achapfuurira kudzivirira dzvinyiriro dzomunzvimbomo.

Miitiro miviri iri kumuka inofanirwa nengwariro:

  • yakawedzerwa mu “mitemo inosarudza kurasa, nyika dziri kupfuura mapepa ayo anodzivisa utachiona bedzi nokuda kwenhau chaidzoidzo, profile yakakwirira `yakadai sedenho yevatano muzvikoro (] Karifornia, Colorado), kushatiswa kwemvura (] Michigan, Wiscover), kana kuti tsaona yemotokari inodzorwa ([[[FLT:]]] Arizoka, Neva [FLT]] [FFFLT]]]).
  • Kumuka kwemibato yokudzorwa: Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seVirginia neMinnesota, dziri kunzvera kusaronga gadziriro dzedzoro dzekuvadziko dzakati dzehurumende dzinobatanidzwa (mutoo, kuvadziko dzejekiseni, kupfigirwa) idzo dzinopa matare chose chose. Iyi miitiro inopa mubhadharo wakaderera zvikuru asi inoparirawo kuvadziko dzakaoma zvikuru kupfuura kudzokororwa.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinofanotaura kuti mumakore gumi anotevera, kusawirirana pakati pe kuzvidavirira kwehurumende uye kuchaparira chinjo huru zvikuru, sezvinobvira kubatanidza nhungamiro dzemitemo mupasi rose. Kureva zvino, vagari vemo namasangano ehurumende vanofanira kufamba nemhoteredzo yapamutemo yakaoma zvikuru nokungwarira kumitemo yakananga yenyika imwe neimwe.

mhedziso

Mutemo wehurumende wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wakachinja zvikuru nyika yokuzvidzivirira panzvimbo yadzo, kukura kwemimwe mitoro mudzimwe nyika apo unenge uchisimbisa dziviriro mune dzimwe. Kubva pakukuvara kweFlorida kunowedzera kusvika kukusashandiswa kweCalifornia kwemari inoparira njodzi, chinjo imwe neimwe inoratidzira chisarudzo chezvamatongerwe enyika chamaune pamusoro pokuti inguvai inoisa vanhu mungozii. Kuvagari vemo vemo, iyi mitemo inogona kureva musiyano pakati pokugamuchira muripo nokuda kwokukuvadziko yakakomba uye kusiiwa pasina mushonga. Nokuti hurumende, dzinoraira zvinodikanwa zvitsva mukutarisirwa kwengozi, kubhajekesa mari, uye kupiwa basa. Sezvo mhoteredzo yapamutemo inopfuurira kupfuurira, vatengidziri vemitemo vanofanira kuramba vachiita nhevedzano, zviitiko zvinodzorwa, uye, apo kutsigira kugadziridzwa kwekuridzwa kwokudzorwa kwokudzorwa.