Table of Contents
Injini Yakavanzwa Yeruramisiro: Nzira Iyo Mutongi Anotonga Nayo Simba Romutemo
Kuchengetwa kwapamutemo hakusati kuri chinhu chimwe chete. Chiito chimwe chetecho . " chibvumirano. Kusarudza chisakiso idzoro. Kubva pakuva pamutemo, kudzorwa kwakasiyana kunotsamira chose chose pa uko na[FLT]] pamberi paiye [ [[FLT]]] anosvika [masangano emitemo, uye pakupedzisira kugadziriswa kweruramisiro. Nokuda kwavaridzi vebhizimisi, uye vagari vemo vemo, kudzorwa kwapa muganhu iko kunokosha uye kudzivirira maruramiro ose apamutemo. Iro rinoisa chiremera pakati pamazana ematare, rinorondedzera kusvika kwamabasa okudzika mutemo, uye pakupedzisira nzira iyo ruramisiro inoendeswa nayo. Nokuda kwavari vebhizimisi, vagari vebhizimisi, uye vagari vemo vemo vehurumende, vagari vemo vehurumende, kudzorevo, kudzoro dzinodikanwa kwepamutemo.
Chii Chiri Kupomerwa?
Pasimba raro rakapfava zvikurusa, simba rapamutemo redare kana kuti dare kuti riite zvisarudzo nenhau pamusoro pavanhu, zvinhu, kana kuti nhau iri mudanho rakarondedzerwa. Shoko rinobva muchiLatin juris (mutemo) uye digitationio[ [i] . Dare rimwe nerimwe muUnited States], renyika,(maganhuro evhuro akarongwa nemitemo, chibvumirano kana kuti mutemo wavose. Kana dare risitongori chinhu uye harina murairo, mirayiro yaro. Iyi ndiyo murairo inogona kusimudzirwa pachikamu chipi nechipi chekukwirira, kunyange nokuda kwenguva yokutanga.
Kupa mhosva kunobva pambiru nhatu dzakanaka, imwe neimwe inofanira kutengwa, kuti ruvanze runzwe mhosva sezvayakanyorwa;
Kuzvipa Mhosva Kwako Pachako (Kutonga Mapati)
Dare rina simba rokutonga munhu oga rinoda munhu mumwe kana kuti sangano kuti rizvidzivirire. MuUnited States, simba iri rakaganhurirwa neGuer Procession Clause ye 14neth Amendment. dare rehurumende rinogona kuisa simba rakakurumbira pamunhu upi noupi anogara munyika, rinoshandiswa nepo aripo, kana kuti rine zvakakwana "kukurukurirana nehurumende" zvokuti kukwikwidzanisa kusingaputsi matare kunopesana ne "pfungwa dzetsika dzokutamba nokururamisira kukuru." Uyu murangariro wakakurumbira mu International Shoe. v. Washington[FLT] [12:45] [1945]) uye unopfuurira kutenderera, zvikurukuru neInternet transfective. Somuenzaniso, kushandawo zvayo mumugariro unogamuchirwa unogamuchirwa mumugariro unodzoro mukuru wezviito.
Mutungamiriri Wenhau (Kupokana Pamhaka Yenhau)
Kudzorwa kwenhau nechiremera chedare kunoreva kunzwa nhau dzeboka rakati. Matare eFederal, somuenzaniso, ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa chavanhu vose: anogona bedzi kunzwa nhau dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende (kudzorwa kwenhau) kana kuti nhau pakati pevagari venyika dzakasiana - siana dzinobatanidza chitsama chenhau chinopfuura $75 000 (kutonga kwechikamu). Dare rehurumende, mukupesana, imatare ehurumende ehurumende ehurumende edzoseroserosero, anogona kunzwa rudzi rupi norupi norwupi rwenhau kunze kwedzinochengeterwa chose chose chose mumatare omubatanidzwa (g., kubhurovha, kushaira, utsotsi hwehurumende). Chitendero chenhau-magemo hachigoni kuva chisingadzorwi; kana dare rikashaiwiriranwa, mhaka yacho inofanira kudzingwa kana mapoka ose ari maviri.
Territorial Juristism (Kusvika Kwegiramu)
Kutonga kwehurumende kunorondedzera miganhu yezvomuganhu umo dare redare rinoshanda. dare guru reruwa rinogona kupa rutongeso runotapura nyika mukati meruwa iyoyo; dare rehurumende rinogona kuita kuti mirairo yaro ive yakakurumbira muruwa rwaro; dare reruwa rinoshandawo muruwa rwaro. Masangano emitemo anotarisira mutemo anoshandawo mumitemo yorumano yakakomba: mukuru mukuru wemapurisa womuguta rimwe angasagona kusunga mumwe muganhu pasina bvumirano. Trittorial ichava yakaoma zvikuru mumasangano ehurumende akafanana neUnited States, umo masangano anochengeta Hurumende yehurumende ane nzvimbo yawo amene yarogaro.
Chikonzero Nei Kupomera Kuine Nhau Mukumanikidzwa Nemutemo
Juriscition haisati iri rondedzero yokufungidzira(icho ine miuyo yapakarepo, inoshanda. Iro rinosarudza kuti mitemoi inoshanda (muvhoriyamu nehurumende) yamarudzi ose, idare ripi rinogona kunzwa gakava, uye isanganoi rinoita kuti mutemo ushande rine chiremera chokunzvera kana kuti kusungwa. Kukundikana kunzwisisa simba rinogona kutungamirira kukupambadza zvishandiso, kupotsa miganhu, kana kuti kunyange kurasikirwa kwakakwana kwamaruramiro epamutemo.
Kumanikidzwa Muhurumende
Mumatare avagari vemo, mibvunzo yehurumende inofanira kuva nhandare yokutanga. Mutongi anofanira kupinda mudare rine maruramiro ose ari maviri emunhu oga pamusoro pomukwiridziri napamusoro-pasi pamashoko. Kana mukwiridzi ari sangano guru rinoiswa chigaro mune imwe nyika, mutongi wedare rechechi anofanira kusimbisa kuti sangano rine batano dzakakwana nehurumende yeForum. Ichi chikonzero nei zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvakawanda zvinobatanidza "chibvumirano cheforum" kana kuti "Rega kudzora" chirevo, achizivisa pachine nguva mberi kuti nharo dzipi nedzipi nedzipi dzichapfuurwa mudare rakati. Pasi pomutemo wakadaro, kambani ingamanikidzirwa kuzvidzivirira imene muhurumende iri kure, mari inokura zvikuru neinoshayisa.
Kumanikidzwa
Kudzorwa kweutsotsi kunotonyanya kutsamira panzvimbo. Muchuchisi wenyika anogona kungopa mhosva bedzi kana mhaka inofungidzirwa ikaitika mumuganhu wenyika iyoyo. Kana utsotsi hukapfuvura nyika dzakawanda (somuenzaniso, runhare rwokunyepedzera rwakaitwa muTexas kunyajambwa muFlorida/bhoritis ingava nesimba, asi hurumende bedzi apo chiito choutsotsi kana kuti mugumisiro zvinogona kupiwa mhosva. Hurumende yehurumende inogona kupinda apo utsotsi hunobatanidza kutengeserana kwenyika, zvinhu zvehurumende, kana kuti mutemo wehurumende. Iyi gadziriro inonangidzirwa inogona kuparira misiyano kana kuti kudzoserana, ichida kubatana kwokungwarira pakati pamasangano.
Kushandira Mabhizimisi
Kumabhizimisi, kuziva zviremera kunokosha zvikuru. Kambani iyo ngarava dzinogadzirwa munyika yose inofanira kuziva kuti ingagona kukwidziridzwa muhurumende ipi neipi umo zvigadzirwa zvayo zvinoparira kuvadziko. Nenzira yakafanana, mushandirwi navashandi vari kure anofanira kunzwisisa mitemo yebasa yehurumende imwe neimwe uko vashandi ivavo vanogara.
Marudzi Anokosha Okupomerwa Mugadziriro Yepamutemo yeUnited States
Kunze kwembiru nhatu, matare anoronga simba rawo nedzimwe nzira dzinoverengeka dzinotapura kuchengetwa:
| Type | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Original Jurisdiction | The court that first hears a case. | Trial courts (district courts, superior courts). |
| Appellate Jurisdiction | The court that reviews decisions of lower courts. | U.S. Courts of Appeals, state supreme courts. |
| Exclusive Jurisdiction | Only one court system can hear the case. | Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy. |
| Concurrent Jurisdiction | Two different court systems have authority. | Diversity cases can be heard in either state or federal court. |
| Diversity Jurisdiction | Federal jurisdiction over cases between citizens of different states. | Suit between a California plaintiff and a New York defendant for $100,000. |
Kugara mudare risina kururama kunogona kuguma nokudzingwa, kupambadza nguva nemari.
Zvinetso Zvekudzvinyirirwa Zvazvino Uno
Kudzora kwaiitwa nyika kwairatidza kuti nyika yose yakanga yangova nemuganhu uye kuti vanhu vaikwanisa kuiwana.
Indaneti Nechidhimoni cheCyberspace
Apo website muLount A inobudisa mashoko enyasha mumunhu muCountry B, ndokupi kuri kutongwa? Dare redare rakaparapatika reUnited States rakaparapatika kugadzira mitemo isingachinjiki. Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rakataura izvi parutivi mu Nicastro v. McIntre (2011]), kuva nomugadziri wokumwe uyo asingarovi zvakananga U.S. musika haugoni kukwidzwa mudare rehurumende pahwaro hwechigadzirwa chimwe chinotengeswa nechisimudziro chakazvimirira. Bva mubvunzo unoramba uripo: sezvo kutengeserana kukuru kunopfuurira, "kunzvera kukuru" kunotsamira nomutoo unowedzera pamubato weU.S.
Utsotsi Hwokuronga Zvipingamupinyi uye Kupomerwa Kwenyika Dzose
Mhosva dzinopfuura miganhu yenyika dzinomutsa kunyange nhau dzinonzwika zvikuru. Cybercrime, ugandanga, uye kutengesa vanhu hazviwanzoremekedza miganhu yehurumende. Mutemo wamarudzi ose unobvumira nyika kuisa simba panheyo yenharaunda (panoitika utsotsi), nheyo yerudzi (panoparira kana kuti nyajambwa irudzi), kana kuti nheyo inodzivirira (panotyisidzira utsotsi hwehurumende). Zvisinei, kuchengetwa kunotsamira pakupedzisira pazvibvumirano zvokuwedzera uye batira pamwe. United States, somuenzaniso, inowanzoshandisa zvibvumirano zvebetsero yapamutemo kukumbira ufakazi hunobva kunyika dzokumwe nyika. Muitiro wacho unogona kuva unononoka uye usingavimbwa, kazhinji kazhinji unovhiringidza kunzvera kwemhuri.
Zvisizvo Zvechienzi
Kunyange apo chiremera chinenge chiripo, dare ringaramba kunzwa nhau mudzidziso ye hoforumu isati iri pamutemo ("convention forum]). Ikoku kunowanzoshanda apo rimwe dare mune imwe nyika rakakodzera zvikuru kupedza gakava. Masangano amarudzi akawanda anowanzokumbira iyi dzidziso kubvisa mhaka kuU.S. matare kumusha wemuteofi, uko kukuvadziko kungava kwakaderera uye kwakawanda zvikuru. Dzidziso yave iri nzvimbo inoyera vanhu vazhinji kuti vapinze, sezvinotaurwa pamusoro pamakambani okumwe nokuda kwekuvadziko dzinopfuurira munyika iri kunze kwenyika.
Kubvumiraniswa Kwomutemo Wokupindirana
MuUnited States, masangano ezvokuchengetera mutemo ane miganhu yenzvimbo. Kuronda anonyumwira anotiza mumitsetse yenyika, mukuru mukuru haagoni kusunga mune imwe nyika pasina maruramiro kana kuti chiremera. form Criminal Ormastition Act, inotendwa nehurumende zhinjisa, asi ichiri kutoda zvikumbiro zvetsika netendero zvedare. Uku kurova kunogona kunonotsa kusungwa ndokubvumira vatendi kuvhozho. Masangano eFederal akafanana neFBI anogona kupindira muapo apo utsotsi hunoputsa mutemo womubatanidzwa, asi ikoko hakusati kuri chinoitika nguva dzose.
Kuongorora Nyaya: Kupomerwa Kunoshanda
United States v. Lopez (1995) – Riming Federal Juriscition
Munhau iyi yakatanhamara, Dare Gun-Free School County Act, rakakuita mhaka yehurumende kuva nepfuti mumita 1 000 yechikoro. Dare rakaramba kuti mutemo waipfuura chiremera cheCongress pasi peChambery Clause nemhaka yokuti kutakura pfuti pedyo nechikoro hakuna kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwehurumende. Iyi chisarudzo chakasimbisazve kuti simba rehurumende pamusoro penhau dzoutsotsi harina kuganhurirwa; hurumende inochengeta mutoro mukuru nokuda kwemhosva dzomumugwagwa. Chisarumbiso chakamanikidzira kunzvera nokungwarira kana mhaka yavo inobatanidza zvirokwazvo kutengeserana kwehurumende pamberi pokuunza pomero.
Ex alligan (186) – Miganhu Yokutonga Kwemauto
Mukati meHondo yeChivirimezime, musiri murwi anonzi Lambdin Milligan akasungwa nezviremera zvehondo muIndiana ndokutongerwa rufu nedare rehondo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga kuti dare rehondo rakanga risina udzori nemhaka yokuti matare ehurumende akanga akazaruka uye achishanda. Mhaka yaMilligan yakatanga muganhu wakakomba: simba rehondo harigoni kutsiva matare ehurumende nemhaka bedzi yehondo. Iyi nheyo inoramba ichikosha nhasi munharo pamusoro pokushandiswa kwemauto ehondo nokuda kwougandanga inofungira mhaka.
Microsoft Corp. v. United States (2016) - Digital Data and Territorial Appendial
Muenzaniso wazvino uno zvikuru wakabatanidza murairo wakabva kuhurumende yeUnited States ichitsvaka maemail akachengetwa paMicrosoft serve. Hurumende yakataura kuti Chibvumirano cheTendero Chamazita chakachipa chiremera pamusoro pemasvingo api naapi pasi pokudzora kwaMicrosoft, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo. Microsoft yakapikisa kuti rugwaro rwacho rwakanga rusina tsinga yezvemitemo. Dare reChipiri reNheve reNheve rezvipiso zveMicrosofts, rakabata kuti kukumbira kuti urongwa hwekukurukurirana nokunze kwapanyika yose huidzoke. Mhaka iyi, gare gare gare yadzorwa neCLOUD yakaratidzira kuti kudzorwa kwemashoko kunoramba sei kuri mukwikwidzano, nokukurumidza inoita nzvimbo yeU.
Kutora Nzvimbo Dzinoshanda Dzokutsiva
Ungave uri nyanzvi yepamutemo, muridzi webhizimisi, kana kuti munhu akanangana nenhau yapamutemo, heano matanho chaiwo okutarisira ngozi dzehurumende:
- [ Rava zvikamu zvemashoko zvinosanosarudzwa. Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvinodudza kuti kukakavadzana kunofanira kurongwa mune imwe nyika kana kuti dare. Kana ukasaina usingaravi, ungabvisa kodzero yako yokukwirira mumugariro wako wemusha.
- Rangarira chiremera chomunhu oga pamberi pesutu. Nzvera kana mukwirirwi ane zvisungo zvakakwana kuhurumende yako. Kana zvisina kudaro, ungada kunyora imwe nzvimbo kana kuti kuvimba nemirau yakare-kare.
- Consult gweta raiwana nhau dzakawanda dzinopanikirwa. Kana mhaka yako inobatanidza mapati kana kuti zvinoitika munyika dzakawanda kana kuti nyika, urongwa hwemitemo hunogona kuita kana kuti kudzongonyedza mikana yako yokubudirira.
- Gara uchiziva pamusoro pechinjo dzehurumende mudenderedzwa remitemo. Mitemo mitsva yakadai seCLOUD Act nemitemo inochinja nhau inogona kutapura maruramiro ako ezvakavanzika uye mano ako okuwana ufakazi hwemagetsi.
- Tsvaka ganhuriro dzemitemo. Kana ukachengetwa munyika iri pedyo, yeuka kuti mapurisa omunzvimbomo angada kubatanidza mugariro apo utsotsi hwakaitika. Iva nechokwadi chokukumbira gweta nokukurumidza.
Mugumisiro: Kupomera Sechinotangira Kurayira
Chirango hachisi muitirowo zvawo wemiitiro yemitemo; iko kuvakwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunopa simba pakati pematare, mapurisa, uye hurumende. Kunovimbisa kuti chiremera chapamutemo chinoshandiswa mukati memiganhu inochengeta ruramisiro, kufanofanoziva, uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwouchangamire. Panguva imwe cheteyo, simba harina kuenda panzvimbo imwe cheteyo. Sezvo ruzivo rwezvoruzivo, kutengeserana, uye utsotsi zvichiva zvisina miganhu, matare navanogadzira mitemo zvinofanira kuramba zvichichinja mitemo. Kunzwisisa kuti simba repamutemo rinokanganisa sei munhu ari wose kuti apinde mutsika inobudirira zvikuru, kudzivirira, kana kuti kungonzwisisa kudzivirira mumwe chete kudzikamiswa kwomutemo kunoshanda pasi pomutemo.
Nokuda kwefundozve, ona [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information yebumbiro remitemo, Urongwa hwenhungamiro yeruramisiro kuhurumende yevagari vemo [, uye [[FLT:] WP]