Kukanganiswa Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Nenzira Yakashata

Gerrymanindering ishandurwo yamaune yemiganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti isvike betsero isina ruramisiro nokuda kwebato rakati kana kuti boka. Nepo muitiro wacho wakare sehurumende inomirira, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwazvino uno uye matongerwe enyika akachishandura kuva chishandiso chokuvhiya chinogona kugona kusarudza miuyo yesarudzo isati yavhotwa imwe chete. Panzvimbo pokurega, kuvhota kwomugari mumwe nomumwe achizvidza nheyo yokuti vhoti inofanira kuva nouremu hwakaenzana uye kuti vamiririri vakasarudzwa vanofanira kuratidzira kuda kwavanhu kwakafara. Panzvimbo pezvo, inobvumira madhirowa emapu kuisa madhurororo nea jtsssss jy jy avhootations, panzvimbo pokurega vavhotera vamiriri vavo.

Shoko rokuti “gerrymander” rinovambira shure muna 1812, apo Gavhuna Elbridge Gerry weMassachusetts akasaina gadziriro yokuzvidzora yakagadzirirwa kutsigira Dimocratic-Republican Party yake. Rimwe ramaruwa matsva muEssex County rakanzi rakafanana nomutambi, uye mupepeti wepepanhau akaumba shopu yemahoteraimaniau nedare gurus iro rakabvisa nenzira inobudirira dare redare rehurumende reAmerica nguva dzose kubvira ipapo. Kunyange zvazvo mativi makuru ari maviri akapinda mugerrymanndering, kuwanda nokuwanda kwarokukura kwaro kwaro kwakawedzera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, nemhaka yokunyora purogiramu yesoftware nedare gurusaidzo dzakabvisa nenzira inobudirira dare rezvokutarisira dare rehurumende revamiridzi gerryman.

Mashandiro Anoita Gerrymanindering: Macore Technique Mana

Pamwero wayo mukurusa, kuvhota kunoshandisa mazano makuru maviri — kuruka nokutsemura — pamwe chete namazano akanangidzirwa zvikuru akadai sokuvhota nokuba.

Kupombera

Kupakwa kunoreva kutsvikinyidzana savavhoti vazhinji vebato rinopikisa sezvinobvira muchiverengero chiduku chamaruwa. Nharidzano ndeyokuita zvigaro zvishomanene “zvisingakuvadziki” zvinokurira apo mauto anenge apambadza mavhoti avo akasara. Somuenzaniso, kana nyika ine 40% yeDemocratic coffates ne 60% Republican coptation, mupakatai weDEmocratic muruwa nhatu, necherose ine 80% democratic relicracy. Maruwa iwayo matatu achawanwa nyore nyore nyore neDemocrats, asi maruwa manomwe asara achava neyabhorati yakakwirira. Muuyo: Republican angawina 70% yezvigaro zvamavhiwo 60% bedzi, nepoti yemavhoti, nepoti Democrat 30% bedzi yezvigaro 30% zvezvigaro zvema 40% zvevoti.

Kusvetuka

Kuisa panzvimbo pokuisa ngwariro pakushorwa, madhirowa emepu akapararira zvishoma muruwa rwakawanda kuti vatsigiri vasagona kuumba voruzhinji kupi nokupi. Iyi nzira inoshanda zvikuru apo vavhoti vechishoro vanoparadzirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, kana vavhoti veDemocratic vaparadzirwa pamwe chete munyika, kuvimbisa kuti maruwa ose ari 51% Republican na 49% Democratic, kuendesa kutsvakwa kwakachena kwezvigaro zvose zvebato riri musimba.

3. Kuvhima Nokuba Vanhu

Idzi unyanzvi hunozivikanwa zvishoma asi hunonyengera zvakaenzana. kukwikwidzana kunoitika apo kero yapamusha inokweverwa muruwa yakatomirirwa neimwe inomirirwa neboka rimwe chetero, ichimanikidzira masangano maviri ebato rimwe chetero kukwikwikwidzana. Izvi zvinonetesa mufananidzo webato rose kana kuti kubvisa nhengo inotambudza. Kudhonza [ kunofamba mumusha webhuroko kuruwa runokwidziridzwa zvikuru nebato rinorwisana, kuchiita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kweibbbt wing. Zvose zviri zviviri zvishamiso zvinoshandiswa kukunda kana kuti kuranganwa zvisina kutsa.

Chikonzero Nei Gerrymandering Iri Chinetso Chikuru Choubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Gerrymanindering haingobatsiri boka rimwe chete kuhwina zvigaro zvakawanda nerinokanganisa ukama hwevavhoti nehurumende yavo.

Kubvisa Kusarudza Kwemakwikwi

Apo maruwa anenge “machengeteko” nokuda kwebato rimwe, kusarudza kwavose kunova kusina revo. Mumaruwa akawanda anogara achidzorwa, makwikwi chaiwoiwo akaitika pakutanga, umo kubuda kwakaderera uye vada kushandira kumativi akanyanyisa ebato ravo. Ikoku kunosundira mativi ose ari maviri kumativi ose, kuwedzera kukwirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukuwirirana ne 20222 yakaongororwa neBrennan Center for Justice, pasi pe 10% yeU.S. Zvigaro zvepamba zvakarangarirwa kuva mumaruwa zvakatorwa pashure pokuverengwa 20202020. Kushaikwa kwamakwikwidza kunoreva kuzvidavirira kuduku, uye kusava nechisarudzo chapachokwadi muna November.

Kumirira Kupesana

Gerrymanidering inobvumira mubatanidzwa kuwina zvigaro zvizhinji kunyange apo inorasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira. Muna 2018 Sarudzo yeImba yeU.S., Democrates akawana vhoti yakakurumbira yenyika ne8,6 muzana asi akangowana bedzi betsero yenhumbi 235-199 yakapfuvura kupfuura yaifanira kuva, zvikurukuru nemhaka yemamepu eRepublican mumiganhu yakadai seOhio, North Carolina, uye Wisconsin. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, boka rinowana 45% bedzi yezvigaro zvehurumende yeRocration rinogona kubata 60 /70% yezvigaro zvemitemo. Ikoku kunoputsa nheyo huru yehurumende yehurumende inodzorwa navanhu vazhinji uye inobvisa chivimbo chavose mugadziriro.

Kuwedzera Misha Miduku

Nepo Voing Rights Act ya1965 ichida kuti maruwa asaredzedze simba rokuvhota redzinza kana kuti mutauro wakaderera, kuvhota kunovhozhokera kunongokuvadzazve nzanga duku. Kuparirwa kwechiverengero chikuru chavavhoti vashomanene muruwa rumwe kungagadzira chaizvoizvo “kuzvinyima kupfuvura kwematunhu”, asi kunoderedzawo pesvedzero yavo mumaruwa akapoteredza. Mune dzimwe zviitiko, madhiropu e “madhirokuroma” nzanga maduku muruwa akawanda kuderedza simba rawo rezvamatongerwe enyika. Muitiro uyu, unozivikanwa segweja redzinza, wakaparadzwazve nematare, asi unoratidza donzo ramarudzi (sesvoswo rezvo kurwisana) unoramba uchidenha.

Vaiti Vemhosva Vasingabvumirwi uye Vachideredza Kuzvidavirira

Apo vaiti vemitemo vanogona kuzviwanira vamene mitsetse yavo vamene yoruwa makore gumi ari ose, ivo vane sundo yakasimba yokuzvidzivirira vamene. Varwi vari mumaruwa akakotsekana vanotarisana nengozi duku yokukundwa, uko kunogona kutungamirira kukusakendenga, kuderedzwa kwemhinduro, uye kunangidzira ngwariro panharidzano dzinobatanidza panzvimbo pezvinodikanwa. Fundo ya 2019 yakaitwa neUniversity of California, Irvine yakawana kuti maruwa akachengetwa nemitemo inowedzera anowedzera bviro yokuti vagadziri vemitemo vachavhota mumitsetse yebato ndokufuratira murangariro wavose panhau dzakafanana nedzero dzoutano, mitero, uye chinjo yemamiriro okunze.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Neyazvino Uno

Salamander Yokutanga: Massachusetts 1812

Mufananidzo wakakurumbira unoratidza ruwa rurefu, rwakamonyana seramander wakaoneka muBoston Gazette. Kunyange zvazvo Gerry pachake akazozvidemba pamepu, unyanzvi hwakawanikwa panzvimbo yacho uye hwakava chishandiso chehondo yezvematongerwe enyika.

Mepu Dzakanyanyisa DzokuNorth Carolina

Muna 2010, North Carolina Republicas yakadhirowa dzimwe dzemepu dzinodenha zvikurusa munyika yacho. Muna 2012, pasinei zvapo nokugamuchira 49% bedzi yevhoti yenyika yose yeU.S. vanotora dzimba, vaRepublican vakawina zvigaro 9 zvezvigaro 13 zvehurumende (69%). Pashure pekunge dare rakawanda raputsa madhipatimendi maviri edare rehurumende seasina kuvhota rudzi pakati pemapu emibatanidzwa yedzinza nematare muna 2021 zvakashopuwo. Zvisinei, mepu yakatevera yakadhindwa muna 2021 yakadenhwa, ichitungamirira kudare gurusa rehurumende rakawana mepu dzakaputsa kuvhotera kwapachena kwemitemo yehurumende. Mhaka yacho inoenzanisira hondo pakati pemapu dzeruwa yemibatanidzwa nematare edare.

Wisconsin: “8-6” Trick

MuWisconsin, dhirowa dzeRepublica muna 2011 dzakaita purani yegungano raibvumira kuwina 60 wezvigaro 99 (61%) ne 48.6% yevhoti mbiri chete. Dare reruwa rakarega chirongwa chacho sechirongwa chisiri chenyika inochengeterwa mari inochengeterwa mari mu2016 (Gill v. Whitford), asi Dare Repamusorosoro reU.S rakadzivisa kubvunza kuti vapangi vaishanyi vakanga vasina kumira. Muenzaniso weWisconsian unoramba uri mutongo wenzira yokubudisa nayo betsero hurusa.

Maryland: Muenzaniso Wehurumende

Partisan gerymaning haisi chigaro cheRepublic. MuMaryland, Democrates akakweva mepu yesangano muna 2011 kuti vavhoti veRepublican vaipinda muruwa rumwe vachiparadzira Democratats mhiri kwedzimwe. Mugumisiro: Democrates akawina zvigaro 7 zve 8 zveimba ne 60% yevhoti, kunyange zvazvo Republicans yakava ne 35% yevhoti yenyika yose. Muna 2018, dare rehurumende raitonga mapu isati iri resitumigatoria, asi Dare gurusa rakahwina pabvunziro, rakadzivisazve nhau huru.

Kuedza Kwepamutemo Nokuchinja Zvinhu

Kusvika Kwemaoko Nesimba kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Muchisarudzo chenhau 2019, Ruko v. Chisarudzo chavose, Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakataura kuti dare rehurumende harina kururamisa pamutemo. — kureva kuti matare ehurumende haagoni kuzvinzwa nemhaka yokuti hakuna “mipimo inotsamira" nokuda kwokuzviratidzira. Iyi chisarudzo chakavhara nenzira inobudirira suo ku mhaka dzehurumende dzakavakirwa pabetsero huru, kubvisa mutoro wacho chose chose chose kumatare ehurumende, marumbirwe, uye vhota. Kubvira [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLD:3], matare ehurumende mutsika dzakafanana neOhiyokuNorth Carolina, Pennsylvania, uye New Mexico akaputsa kurwisana, kazhinji kuwana chibvumirano.

Mabasa Okuzvimirira Okuderedza

Mitemo inoverengeka yakatama kutora simba rokuzvibatanidza kubva kuvaiti vemitemo vanotora mitemo ndokuipa kuvamiririri vazvimirira kana kuti vabipartisan. Mienzaniso inozivikanwa zvikurusa ndiArizona neCalifornia, iyo inoshandisa masangano evagari vemo kunyora mepu dzemibatanidzwa nehurumende. Muna 2018, Michigan, Colorado, uye Utah yapfuudza mipimo inogadza masangano azvimirimo. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mepu dzemishoni dzinobudisa maruwa akawanda uye dzinomirira zviri nani mekiapu yehurumende. National Conference of State Legastitution inochengeta ndaza regirafiking faces. ([FLT:]][FLLD]]

Kugadziridza kwemitemo Nenhamba

Vachinji vanofambira mberi vakakarakadza kushandisa makombiyuta kunyora maruwa akavakirwa pamipimo isina kutsiga yakadai sekubatana, kuchengetedzwa kwenzanga dzefariro, nepo vachifuratira mashoko. Zvishandiso zvakafanana ne “ Bhepartisan Gerrymering Algalimolic"[[FLL:1] yakatangwa navatsvakurudzi paDuke University inogona kugadzira zviuru zvemepu dzisiri dzechikamu, dzichibvumira vavhooki kuaenzanisa negadziriro yepamutemo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naVirginia, zvino dzinoda kuti madrowa ashandise mashoko akazaruka uye anotsigira pachena kutsauka kuri kwose kwenheyo. Zvisinei, vatsoropote, vanotaura kuti kunyange “majeri echinyakaredzo anogona kuparira kana mipimo yakasarudzwa zvakanaka.

Mhaka Dzinorwisana Nedare Dzinotonga

Zvinetso zvemitemo zvinopfuurira mumatare ehurumende. Muna 2023, Dare rapamusoro reOhio rakarova mamepu mana anotevedzana eRepublican seasiri ehurumende, kuchitungamirira kukushanda kwakamanikidzira kushandiswa kwemepu dzedare dzakarongwa nokuda kwemasarudzo 2022. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare rePennsylvania Supreme rakabvisa mepu yedare muna 2018, richidudza betsero yeboka rehurumende. Kukunda uku kunoratidza kuti nepo matare ehurumende angavharwa, matare ehurumende anogona kugoverazve mushonga pasi pemirayiro yehurumende. ([[FLT.0]]Brenan Center station yedare [[FLT]]]]

Tapuro Yakapararira Pahurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu yeAmerica

Kupfuura tapuro dzapakarepo pamifanikiso, gerrymander inonyandura kutsoropodza vavhoti, inokwevera, uye inoita kuti hurumende isanzwe zvakanaka. Apo vavhoti vanonzwa kuti inzwi ravo harina basa nemhaka yokuti maruwa avo imhedziso inodzorwa, kuderera. 2020 yefundo mu Journal of Politic [ Journal] of Politicism [[FLT]] yakawana kuti vavhoki vavhozhozhokeri mumaruwa akaoma zvikuru havatongodaviriki zvikuru pesvedzero yavo yevhoti. Kukuvigwa kwechivigira chivimbo ikoko kunogona kuva nemiuyo yakaderera mukuita zvibvumirano zvamajeko, bvumirano zvehurumende, uye kudisa zvikuru kutsigira vatsigiri vehurumende.

Kuisawo vaiti vemitemo vanoisa mukuvadziri vemitemo vanokudzwa kuti vanangirire padenho huru panzvimbo pavavhoti vose vesarudzo, vachivakurudzira kugamuchira nzvimbo dzakanyanyisa. Ikoku kunobetsera kunzvimbo dzinodzongonyedza dzinotambudza Dare namatare ehurumende. Kukundikana kupfuudza miitiro yakakurumbira yakadai senzvero dzekare dzakawedzerwa kana kuti mari inotsigirwa yehwaro kazhinji kazhinji mugumisiro wakananga wavamiriri vanonetseka zvikuru pamusoro pedenho huru kubva kurudyi kana kuti kure kure kupfuura pamusoro pokurasikirwa nesarudzo yavose muruwa rwakakotsekana.

Kunewo upande hwedzinza husingagoni kufuratirwa. Voting Rights Act inorambidza kudzorwa kwedzinza, asi mutsetse pakati porusaruraganda nedzinza unogona kuva wakavanzika. Mu Shelby County v. Horer, Dare rapamusoro rakaputsa nzira yapamberi pevhu yakada mativi etsika nenhau yetsika kuti awane tendero yehurumende isati yachinja miitiro yokuvhotera. Chisarudzo ichocho chakazarura suo nokuda kweGerryderman itsva yedzinza, zvikurukuru muruwa. A222 mishumo yakaitwa neReleader Conference on Civil and Human Rights yakawana kuti akawanda echinyakarejirder meput train trainswo train eBlain.

Uyezve, kudzongonyedza kunogona kusekesa nheyo ye “munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe” kupfurikidza nokugadzira maruwa ane vanhu vakasiana- siyana. Kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakada kuti maruwa ave akaenzana zvikuru muchiverengero chavagari vemo, kutsauka kuduku kunobvumirwa, uye madhirowa emepu anogona kushandisa kutsauka ikoko kuderedza dzikamo yesimba. Muzvimwe zviitiko, maruwa akakweviwa ayo ari bedzi mazana mashomanene avanhu vakaparadzana, asi betsero yechitsarudzo ihuru.

Nguva Yemberi: Gerrymandering Inogona Kukundwa Here?

Kurwisana nebrigermanir kuchiri kure nokure. Nepo Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakavhara suo pasutu dzemibatanidzwa dzegerrymaninger, kukwirira kwenzvimbo nenhamburiko dzokuvandudza dzakawana simba. Nhano dzeBallot ndechimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa muMichigan, Colorado, uye Virginia zvose zvakapfuudza matanho okuita mabasa okuzvimirira. Zvisinei, aya mabasa haasati akakwana: anogona kutapwa navakagadzwa, uye mipimo yaanoshandisa ingabudisa mepu idzo dzichiri dzenyasha.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogovera zvose zviri zviviri zvigadzikiso nengozi. Maatomu emichina anogona kunyora mepu, asi anogonawo kushandiswa kuzivisa vadzori vakanakisisa nokukurumidza kupfuura nakare kose. Chinokosha ndechokuva nechokwadi chokuti kunyungudutsa kune chokwadi, nokunzwa kwavose uye mashoko akazaruka. Vamwe vatsigiri vakadana mutemo unorwisana nehurumende, wakadai seFreedom to Vote Act, uyo ungada kuti utevere mipimo chaiyo, asi mutemo wakadaro unotarisana nenjodzi dzakadzika miganhuro muCongress.

Chimwe chikarakadzo kushandisa maruwa ane mitezo mizhinji nemitemo yakaenzana, uko kungabvisa zvikarakadzo zvakawanda zvokubatira pamutemo. Pasi pegadziriro yewirirano, kana boka rikawana 40% yevhoti, rinowana 40% yezvigaro, pasinei zvapo nokuti maruwa anokweviwa sei. Mitezo yakadai seMaine neNebraska iri kuedza kuvhota nezvinochinja zvakaenzana, asi kuchinja kwakazara kumirira kwakaenzana kungada chinjo huru dzemitemo.

Mufungo wekupa maruramiro unotsamira pakupedzisira pakuziva vanhu vose nebvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Sezvo vagari vemo vakawanda vanonzwisisa magadzirirwo emiitiro yoruwa, dzvinyiriro yokuchinja inowedzera. SaCommon Cause, League of Women Voters, uye Brennan Center for Justice vanopfuurira kumira, kutora, uye kudzidzisa. Munhambo yejaratism re 2024, zviremera zvehurumende zvinoverengeka zviri kurangarira kuzvimirira kuzvimirira kunyora zvikwereti, uye zvinenge zvikamu zviduku nezvina zvine nhau dzedare dzinodenha mepu dziripo. ([[FLD: 0]] Cemmong german jing .[FLT]]]

mhedziso

Gerrymandering haisi chisaririra chezana ramakore rechi19(isimba ripenyu, rinoparadza muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno. Inoshatisa kumirira, manzwi mashoma, inobvisa chivimbo, uye inopa simba. Nepo muitiro wacho wakadzika midzi, maturusi okurwisa nawo ari kukura zvakasimba: zvirongwa zvedare, marongedzero edare rehurumende, maalgamentictic, uye muchina unonyandura. Chinetso chiri mukushandura kuziva kuva chinjo. Pasina chinjo yemiitiro, vaAmerica vachapfuurira kuiswa mumaoko navanhu vamene vanofungidzirwa kuti vabatire. Makore gumi anotevera achava akakomba mukusarudza kana tsvuku achizova chishandiso chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.