Mavambo Enhau Enhamo

Rwisano yakava inozivikanwa seNharo mushure ma 1960 haina kutanga kamwe kamwe; yakanga iri mugumo wamazana amakore enyongano dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzorudzidziso, uye dzezvemari muIreland. Pashure pokukamukana kweIreland muna 1921, chiverengero chitanhatu chakadziva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva chakaramba chiri rutivi rweUnited Kingdom seNorthern Ireland, nepo zvimwe zvose zvakava Irish Free State (panova neRiphabliki reIreland). Hurumende itsva yakakweverwa nemubatanidzwa wePurotesitendi wakavakwa, uyo wakadzora hurumende yayo, mapurisa, uye masangano avose. Nationalism, uyo akanga ari zvikurukuru muKaturike uye aida kubatana neRepublic Republic, akatarisana nokurongeka kwakarongwa mudzimba, basa, uye maruramiro okuvhotera. Kubva muna 1920 kusvikira muna 1960, kutanga kwemasimba masimba masimba, asi yakanga iri maruramiro ehurumende avagari vemo avagari vemo avanhu vavanhu vatana kurwisana nehurumende.

Pakasvika mavambo ama 1970, rwisano yacho yakanga yakura kuva kurwisana kwenzira nhatu pakati pehondo dzeRepublican Army (zvikurukuru Irish Republican Army, IRA), mauto akavimbika (seUlster Volorganizery Force, UVF), uye mauto eBritain. Kubhomba, kupfura, uye hondo dzomumigwagwa zvakauraya zviuru. Masimba masimba akaderereiwo muGreat Britain neRepublic of Ireland. Mumakore makumi matatu, vanhu vanopfuura 3 600 vakaurawa uye makumi ezviuru avanhu vakakuvadzwa. Ndyiko yavanhu nenzanga zvakanga zvichiparadza, zvichisiya mavanga makuru endangariro nenzanga. Nhamburiko dzokusvikazve kugarwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika yakakundikana, nokuedza kukurusaidzwa kweSunborvement of 1973.

Mugariro wacho wakaramba wakavharwa kutozosvikira nhevedzano yehurukuro dzakavanzika muma1990, yakagadzirirwa nezviverengero zvakadai saJohn Hume (Mutungamiriri weSocial Democratic and Labour Party, SDLP) naGerry Adams (Muganhu weSinn Féin). 1994 wakarega kutsva kweIRA nemapoka evakavimbika vakagadzira hwindo nokuda kwekurukurirano. Pashure pokunge hurukuro dzakawanda dzakabatanidzwa dzakagara neyaichimbova US Senator George Mitchell, Good Agrepment yakasainwa pa 10 April 1998 shanu. Yakasimbiswa zvikuru naRevenuain muNorthern Ireland (79%) (9%) muIlvelveum) yakaparadza nguva dzinotevera May.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Negadziriro

Good Frive Apright igwaro rakaoma kunzwisisa iro rinofukidza nhau dzebumbiro remitemo, resangano, uye dzamaruramiro avanhu. Pamwoyo paro pane pfungwa inozivikanwa se conciationism, (ichimiro chesimba rinopa simba rakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvose zviri zviviri vabatanidzwa nenzanga dzenyika yose zvine inzwi muhurumende uye hazvigoni kubudiswa neimwe.

Mamiriro Emitemo

Chibvumirano chacho chakasimbiswazve kuti Northern Ireland rutivi rweUnited Kingdom, asi chakabvumawo bviro yeIreland yakabatana kana voruzhinji vavanhu muNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland vachivhota nokuda kwayo. Iyi nheyo yokubvuma. Iyi donzo remitemo inogona kuitika pasina mvumo yavazhinji. Kwakabvumira vabatanidzwa kuramba vakachengeteka muUnion nepo vachipa varwi nzira yapamutemo kubvumirano yavo, arbete uyo anoda kuti chibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo chivepo.

Mubatanidzwa Wokutanga: Gungano Rokuchamhembe kweIreland uye Kutungamirira

Chisarudzo chikuru chinoda kutsigira , chinoreva kuti voruzhinji vevose vari vaviri vakabatana navanotsigira nyika yeIrland . Dare reMitemo reScount rakagadzwa paSponsont, ne108 yeGalislative Assembly Assembly (MLS) yakasarudzwa nomufananidzo wemitevedzeri. Crucial, zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinoda tsigiro inopfuudzwa nemhiko yorusando, zvinoreva kuti nzanga yose iri miviri mibatanidzwa neyavarwi venyika yose MMMLAS inofanira kuvhota muyatimendiro yezvimwe zvigaro zvavo mugungano.

Strand II: Dare Roushumiri Rokumaodzanyemba Kwakadziva kuMaodzanyemba

Kusimbisa batano pakati peNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland, chibvumirano chakaparira Dare roUshumiri reNorth-South. Dare iri rinounganidza vashumiri vanobva kumativi ose ari maviri kuti vabatirane panhau dzakadai sezvokurima, zvokufambisa, uye zvokushanyira. Haisi hurumende inobatana asi inzvimbo yokubvunza uye yechiito chimwe. Iri danho rakaziva kuti Ireland ndeyeIrish uye rakapa varwi venyika pfungwa yebatano neRepublic nepo rakavimbisa vabatanidzwa kuti haina kutyisidzira nzvimbo yeNorthern Ireland muUK.

Kubatana Kutatu: Dare reBritain Nesangano Rehurumende

Chibvumirano chacho chakaumbawo British-Irish Council, iyo inobatanidza vamiriri vakabva kuhurumende dzeUK neIreland pamwe chete nehurumende dzinobvisa mativi ose eScotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland. Iyi dare inokurudzira batira pamwe muzvitsuwa. Kuwedzera, Intergovernemental Communist yakaumbwa kuti igadzirise nhau dzisiri dzechitsotsi, dzakadai sechengeteko neruramisiro muNorthern Ireland.

Kuchinja Kwekodzero Dzevanhu, Kutonga, uye Kururamisira

Kugadzirisa zvichemo zvenzanga yezvourudzi kwaida chinjo huru kugadziriro yeruramisiro. chibvumirano chakapa hurumende yeBritain:

  • Chinyorwa cheRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), icho chakanga chiri chiPurotesitendi chinokurira uye chakaonekwa navarwi sechidzore. Patten Report (99) yakatungamirira kukuumbwa kweProce Service yeNorthern Ireland (PSNI), ne 50: 50 purogiramu yokunyoresa yavaKaturike navaPurotesitendi, uye dare idzva rinotarisira, Dare rePricial Board.
  • Kubudiswa kweNorthern Ireland Human Rights Commission kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo nemitemo zvinowirirana nemipimo yamaruramiro avanhu veEurope.
  • Chisiko cheKomishoni yeMafuta [[FLT: 1] kudzika mitemo inorwisana nepfundepfuti ndokusimudzira banza rakaenzana.
  • Kusunungurwa kwapakuvamba kwavasungwa vehondo , rutivi runomutsa nharo asi runokosha rwegadziriro yorugare, vasungwa vanobva kumativi ose vachisunungurwa mukati mamakore maviri, kugogovara masangano avo kurega kupisa.
  • Kupinza zvombo zvehondo [ mukati mamakore maviri, nharidzano yakabvumikisa kuva yakaoma asi pakupedzisira yakasvikwa pashure pekurukurirano refu.
  • Kuitwa kwegadziriro dzechengeteko , kubatanidza kubviswa kwenharirire dzeHondo dzeBritain nokuderedzwa kwokuvapo kwehondo muNorthern Ireland.

Tapuro Yapakarepo Pamasimba Masimba Noupenyu Hwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Muuyo unooneka zvikurusa weGood Frive Agreement wakanga uri kuderera kunoshamisa kwamasimba masimba ezvematongerwe enyika. Mumakore apamberi pa 1998, nzufu dzegore negore dzakavambira parwisano yacho dzakavambira pamakumi kusvikira kumazana; pashure pa1998, nhamba yakaderera kuva nhamba imwe. Kurega kwehondo kwakachengetwa, uye kunyange zvazvo mapoka akatsemuka akadai seIRA yeChorn IRA neConnumity IRA akapfuurira kudenha (zvikurukuru kubhomba Omagh yakauraya vanhu 29), akasiyiwa ndokupiwa mhosva nevoruzhinjisaruzhinji vavagari vemo vemo. Mauto ehondo akavimbika akaregawo kuvhinyikira, kunyange zvazvo mamwe akapfuurira kurwisa utsotsi hwakarongwa.

Muzvamatongerwe enyika, chibvumirano chacho chakabatanidza vaichimbova vavengi muhurumende. Chibvumirano chesimba rinobatira pamwe chakatanga kuungana muna 1999 naDavid Trimble (Ulster Union Party) saMutungamiriri weUnion weFirst naSeamus Mallon (SDLP) somuteveri woMufundisi wokutanga. Kwenguva yokutanga, Sinn Féin. shao rezvamatongerwe enyika reIRA / hofisi youshumiri. Uku kufambidzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakanga kuri budiriro huru. Magariro akanga abviswa uye avamba kuva noutsinye kubatira kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende, kunyange kana kusavimba kukuru kwakaramba kuripo.

Rwendo Rwenguva Refu Rwokuvaka Rugare

Kuvaka rugare hachisi chiitiko chimwe chete asi muitiro murefu, kazhinji kazhinji usina kukodzera.

Kuchengeteka Nenjodzi: Chibvumirano Chakakurumbira

Masangano esimba akamiswa kanoverengeka nemhaka yenjodzi. Yakakomba zvikurusa yakanga iri kuvambira muna October 2002 kusvikira muna May 2007, apo Gurukota raidzorwa pakati pepomero dzetsori reIRA paSponsont. Mukati menhambo ino, Northern Ireland yakadzorwa zvakananga kuLondon. Nhamba yakauya ne Andrews Regionation [200], iyo yakatungamirira kuGumo reDExmocratic Union Party (Dupu) uye Sin Féin semapoka maviri makurusa. Paisley, mutungamiriri weFirbacrates uyo akanga aramba kutaura kuRepublican, akava naMartin McGin Fin (Fenin) (Sangano reDhin) zvino zvino zvino zvino, sechintongeri yeSangano Ravorori rePrence" rakashatirosanwa kuti vauye sei.

Kubata Nezvakaitika Kare

Rimwe ramativi akaoma zvikurusa okuvaka rugare pashure pekunge vabvumirana, ndiro ramagariro ekare. Zviuru zvenzufu dzisina kugadziriswa, kuvadziko, uye yendangariro dzinotambudza zvinosara. Chibvumirano chaGood Chishanu chakavamba chiVhictim's Commission[ uye mimwe mitumbi yakadai se yapashure yakadai se [[FLT]]] uye nzira yokubata nayo kuporeswa, ruramisiro nokuda kwevanyajambwa, uye kuzvidavirira nokuda kwemiitiro yenhau neymo. Proglate" yeUFLT] [FLT]

Kuchinja Kwemagariro Evanhu Nezvemari

Chikamu chorugare chakaunza chinjo huru yezvemari. Mitengo yakapinzwa muNorthern Ireland, kubatanidza kubva kuUS kupfurikidza neInternational Fund nokuda kweIreland. Tourism yakafutunurwa, nzvimbo yeguta reBelfast yakakudziridzwazve, uye upfumi hweNorthern Ireland hwakakura nokukurumidza kupfuura UK avhareji mumakore akawanda. Zvisinei, kusaenzana kukuru kwenzanga kwenzanga kunopfuurira, zvikurukuru munzanga dzinoshanda dzakawana masimba masimba akaipisisa. Secianism mudzimba nedzidzo inoramba yakakwirira / vana vazhinji vanoramba vachipinda zvimwe nzvimbo dzeKaturike kana kuti zvimwe zvikoro zvehurumende zvinodzorwa zvikuru. Misha yakaganhuriro yakabatana inoramba iri yakaganhurirwa. Masvingo erugare anoparadzanisa Katurike nemisha yePurotesitendi anogara muBelfast, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vakazarurwa kana kuti vabviswa mumakore achangobva kupfuura.

Matambudziko Aripo Iye Zvino uye Kusava Nechokwadi

Anenge makumi matatu amakore pashure pebvumirano, rugare muNorthern Ireland runotarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva. Britit yave iri chisakiso chinovhiringidza zvikurusa. Kubuda kweUK muEurope Union kwagadzira muganhu pakati peNorthern Ireland (ichinosara mumusika mumwe weEU yezvinhu pasi peNorthern Ireland Protocol) uye Great Britain. Ikoku kwakashatirisa vabatanidzwa, avo vanozviona sevanonetesa Unio, uye kwakaparira kusaterama kwezvematongerwe enyika. DUP yakabvisa simba rekudzora kwamakore maviri (202222220) pamusoro pemitemo, kusvetuka kwehurumende. Nepo kudzoka kumasimba masimba pamwero mukuru, kuvimba nezvamatongerwe enyika kwakavakwazve. Chiviro chakaitwa chitengoteshina chakaitwa chiteshi cha199898.

Zvimwe zvinetso zvinotsungirira zvinosanganisira:

  • Pesvedzero yehondo: Nepo moto uchiri kushanda, mapoka ehondo achiri kushanda, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzinoshanda, kudzora utsotsi uye panhambo nenhambo kudenha.
  • Mukaha wenzanga wakadzikira [[FLT: 1]: Nzanga zhinji dzinoramba dziripo, nemireza yakaparadzana, mireza, uye kufora kazhinji kazhinji kunonyandura kunyanduka.
  • Kusazivikanwa kwekuvadziko [[FLT: 1]: Nhau dzoutano hwendangariro, kubatanidza funganyo yapashure pedzvinyiriro yetraumatic stress disorder, zvakapararira pakati paavo vakararama muNhamo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuderera kwemapati ane mwero [[FLT: 1]: Kuderera kwemapati ane mwero (SDLP neUlster Union Party) uye kukwira kweDupu neSinn Féin kwaita kuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kuve kwakaoma.

Zvinoreva Nyika Yose Nezvidzidzo

Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chinowanzotaurwa semuenzaniso wemabasa orugare munyika yose, kubva kuMiddle East kusvika kuNyika yeBasque.

  • Ukoshi hwehurukuro dzinobatanidza [ idzo dzinounza nzvimbo dzose huru patafura, kunyange idzo dzaichimbova dzinorangarirwa savapanduki.
  • Ukoshi hwe hwedigitation, muchinoitika chino naUnited States, iyo yakagovera mutsigiri asingatori rutivi (Mubati George Mitchell) netsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kudikanwa kwe [[MVURA] yakadzikama [[[FT:1] iyo inobata neitiro hanya huru dzamativi ose(idzo, chengeteko, uye pamutemo.
  • Chinodikanwa nokuda kwe michina kutsigira simba, yakadai sehwirudzuro yenguva dzose yemisangano nemiviri inoongorora yakazvimirira.

Zvisinei, chibvumirano chacho chiyeuchidzo chokuti rugare ibasa, kwete nzvimbo yaunoenda. Zvinoda kugara uchirerwa, uchingoda zvematongerwe enyika, uye uchida kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu akachinja.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Isingaperi

Chibvumirano cheGood Wearth Agreement chinoramba chiri chinhu chinokosha chakaitwa (chakaguma nechisimba chikuru, chakaparira democracy inoshanda, uye chakapa tariro kumamiriyoni. Chakaratidza kuti kunyange rwisano dzakadzika midzi dzinogona kupedzwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, kubvumirana, uye ushingi. Kuvadzidzi venhau, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye fundo dzorugare, zvinopa fundo huru yenzira yokuvaka nayo rugare pashure pehondo. Vanhu veNorthern Ireland, inheyo yavanoramba vachivaka nayo nguva yemberi yakafanana, zvishoma nezvishoma uye nenzira inorwadza, asi nokupwiswa kuti zvimwe zvinhu hazvifungiki. Sezvinowedzera kuyeuka zvakananga kwezvinetso, chizvarwa chazvinogamuchirwa chechokwadi chichava kana chichigona kuchengeta rugare rusingatongonzwiki sokusarirwa nehondo, asi kufanana nokuvapo kweruramisiro.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [ Chibvumirano chakaisvonaka cheChishanu pa Britannica, [BC] nguva yakakwana [, uye rugwaro rwakazara rwebvumirano paCHAIN.