Kuchinja - chinja Kwemari Yemushandirapamwe

Mipiro yenhimbe inoumba mutsinhano wemari yamatongerwe enyika azvino uno, ichigonesa vada kukurukura navavhoti, vanovaka gadziriro dzesangano, uye kukwikwidzana nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwebasa ravose. Nepo iyi mari iri rutivi runodikanwa rwokutora rutivi rwehurumende yehurumende, mwero wayo, manyuko, uye pesvedzero inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuenzana kwenzwi rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa Basa Remipiro Yenhimbe

Nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoda zvinhu zvinokosha kuti zvishandiswe. Kubva pakushambadzira kweterevhizheni nokusvika kwamapiyuta kumari yavashandi nendyiko dzokufamba, ndyiko yokumhanya nokuda kwehofisi yakawedzera zvikuru mumakumi amakore anoverengeka apfuura. Mipiro inobva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, uye matare ezviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinogovera dzimbahwe riri madikanwa kuti vadaviri vagadziridze mapuratifomu avo uye vabatane nemitezo. Mumativi akawanda, iyi mipiro inozviisa pasi pemiganhuro yapamutemo nezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvakagadzirirwa kudzika kutsinhirana ratidziro yapachena yezvamatongerwe enyika nefariro yavose mukuona pachena.

Manyuko Nesundo Zvemipiro

Vapi vanotsigira vanenge vapiwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana - siyana. Vanopiwa vacho vanowanzopa nemhaka yokuchinja kwepfungwa, ukama hwomunhu oga, kana kuti chido chokuona nhau dzakananga dzichikurukurwa.

Zvikonzero zvinotsigira mipiro mikuru inobva kuvanhu vakapfuma namasangano hazvisi hazvo zvoumbozha, asi zvinogadzira mhoteredzo umo manzwi aavo vane pfuma yakawanda anogona kuva nouremu husingaenzaniswi. Nzvero dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanogamuchira zvikuru zvinodikanwa zvemibato yakapfuma namapoka ezvisarudzo akarongwa kupfuura vanhu vose zvavo. Iyi nzira inomutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuti mipiro yenhimbe inosekesa nheyo yomunhu mumwe, vhoti imwe.

Kuchinja Kwepesvedzero

Kupesvedzera kwemipiro yenhimbe kunoshanda nomumikoto minoverengeka yakabatana. Kusvika kwakananga zvimwe kuri pachena zvikurusa: vapi vanopa zvitsama zvikuru sezvingabvira zvikuru vanogamuchira misangano navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa navashandi vavo, vachigovera mikana yokutsigira miitiro chaiyo. Uku kuwanwa hakuvimbisi muiti wemitemo kuti achavhota nenzira yakati, asi kunoparira simba rokubatanidza rinogona kuumba zvinhu zvokutanga negadziriro dzemitemo nokufamba kwenguva.

Kupfuura kusvika kwakananga, mipiro inogona kupesvedzera muitiro wokuita mitemo kupfurikidza nesuo rinotenderedza , uko vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kana kuti mitezo yavashandi vanoenda kundopinda kana kuti mabasa esangano, kudzora ukama hwavo nezivo nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga. Mipiro inogonawo kutapura kugoverwa kwezviwiro zvemitemo, zvakadai sezvikamu kana kuti migove yedare, uye ingapesvedzera zvirimo zvezvikwereti nedzodzisi. Muuyo wacho igadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inoda kuratidza zvinodiwa naavo vanogona kutora rutivi pamwero yakakwirira.

Nzvero inobva kuvasayendisiti vezvamatongerwe enyika vakadai saThomas Ferguson naMartin Gilens inogovera ufakazi hwezvokutengeserana kuti vakatanhamara vemari nefariro dzebhizimisi dzakarongwa zvine tapuro huru pamuitiro wavose, pasinei zvapo nezvinodikanwa zvavagari vemowo zvavo. Uku kuwana kusimbisa rutivi rwemibato yenhimbe uye kudikanwa kwegadziriro dzakasimba dzokuchengeta kudavira kwehurumende. Nokuda kwenzvero hurusa yaaya masimba, rangarira kuhwirudzura basa re [[FLT: 0] Mutendi weResponsivet Politics [[, iyo inodzora mipiro nemitengo inosimudzira.

Migumisiro Pamitemo Nemifananidzo

Apo mipiro yenhimbe inobuda nenzira isingaenzaniswi kubva kurutivi ruduku rwenzanga, muitiro wokuita mitemo unogona kushatiswa kufariro dzechikamu ichocho.Izvozvi hazvirevi kuti muuyo uri wose wemitemo unotengwa, asi panzvimbo pezvo kuti simba rinoronga ravapi navapfumi namasangano akasanosanorongwa rinoparira fungirano inopfuurira munhau dzinogamuchira ngwariro yemitemo nemhinduro dzinorangarirwa kuva dzinoshanda.

Kurega Kubhadhara Mari Nezvinodiwa Nevashandisi Vemari

Nzvero dzezvokushanda kwakawana batano yakasimba pakati pezvinodiwa navapi vakapfuma nomufambiro wokuvhota wavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, zvikurukuru panhau dzisingaonekwi zvikuru kuvanhu vose. Pamisoro yakadai semurayiro wemari, muitiro wemitero, uye kudzora kwesangano, vaiti vemitemo kazhinji kazhinji vanowirirana nezvinzvimbo zvavapi vezvipo zvavo zvikurusa panzvimbo pemirangariro yavo yezvigaro zvavo zvikuru. Iyi nzira inodudzwa zvikurukuru muUnited States Congress, umo ndyiko yemakwikwi akasvika mamirioni emadhora ezvigaro zveimba uye makumi amamirioni ezvigaro zveDare.

Pesvedzero yemipiro haifanani munzvimbo dzose dzemiitiro. Nhau dzinokwezva ngwariro huru yavose nenzvero dzezvinobudisa nhau dzinokombamira kuva dzinova dzinotapurika kupesvedzero yavapi, sezvo vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuzvidavirira nokuda kwemiuyo inosarudzwa yezviito zvavo. Zvisinei, panhau dzounyanzvi kana kuti dzounyanzvi umo kuzivikanwa kwavanhu kwakaderera, mipiro yemiuyo mikuru zvikuru. Ikoku kunoparira gadziriro yakaisvonaka miviri yemifananidzo, umo vapfumi vane simba gurusa munharaunda dzakati dzemiitiro apo vanhu vose vanochengeta pesvedzero zvikurukuru panhau huru dzezvisaririra.

Kumirira uye Kuenzana Kwehurumende

Rondedzero yedemocratic iri panheyo yokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika: mugari mumwe nomumwe anofanira kuva nebanza rakaenzana rokupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvinodzora upenyu hwavo. Mipiro yenhimbe, apo inonangidzirwa pakati pevoruzhinji vashomanene, inoputsa iyi nheyo kupfurikidza nokuumba boka ravanhu vane manzwi akawedzerwa kupfurikidza nezviwanikwa zvemari. Iri simba hariwirirani nefariro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uko kunokosha zvakaenzana uye uko muitiro wavose unoratidzira kuda kwevoruzhinji.

Chinetso chacho chinowedzerwa neidi rokuti boka romupi harisi mumiriri wechiverengero chose chavagari vemo. Vanhu vakapfuma vanowanzova netsika dzakasiyana- siyana panhau dzakadai semitero, garikano yenzanga, uye mirau, uye vane bviro huru yokuisa nhau dzemari panhau dzenzanga kana kuti dzemhoteredzo. Apo vagadziri vemitemo vanogutsa zvavanoda, mugumisiro ihurumende inoita kuti vapfumi vabvume zvikuru kupfuura muvhoti wenhau. Uku kutsauka kubva kukuita chiito kukuru kwemagariro enzanga dzimwe nguva kunonononongedzerwa so [ kusaenzana kwezvokwazvo mune zvoupfumi mumimiririro yezvamatongerwe enyika , uye kunopa tyisidziro kukuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Nokuda kwenzvero ine chiremera yenzira iyo mari mune zvamatongerwe enyika inotapura nayo kumirira, Brennan Center for Justice inobudisa nzvero huru pamusoro pokuchinja kwemari kwenhimbe nerevo dzayo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Unogona kunzvera zviwanwa zvavo pa Brennan Center for Justice.]

Kudzorwa Nokuita Kuti Mari Ive Yakagadzirwa

Dzichiziva kuti mipiro inoitwa kuti pave nenhimbe yokukanganisa maitiro ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita gadziriro dzokuita kuti vanhu vaonekwe zvakanaka, dzideredze kutamba.

Kusvika Kunogamuchirwa Kunozivikanwa

Gadziriro yakananga zvikurusa iganhuriro ye inoganhurira ganhuriro dzinopa , idzo dzinoganhurira chitsama chipi nechipi kana kuti sangano rinogona kupa kuvabhadhari, mubato, kana kuti dare rezvamatongerwe enyika. Miganhu inoitirwa kudzivisa vapi navapfumi vapfumi kuti vasashandisa pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi uye kuderedza chitarisiko chouori hwemiganhu. Maganhu akawanda anoisawo ganhuriro, achiisa hwerengedzo yemupi anogona kubetsera kuyambutsa vose navapa matare mudenderedzwa ramarudzo.

Zvinodikanwa zvokurasira zvinongova chimwe chinhu chenheyo dzemitero yemari. Nokutaura kuti mipiro inoshumwa pachena, iyi mitemo inoita kuti vavhoti, vatori venhau, uye masangano anorinda ashande kuti vatevere kufamba kwemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Kuona kwezvakajeka hakubvisi bviro yepesvedzero, asi kunoparira kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokuratidzira ukama pakati pavapi navasaruri vakuru vakuru. MuUnited States, Federal Ecomment Commission inotarisira kuzivisa, kunyange zvazvo mikaharo mumutemo uchibvumira kuzivikanwa kwazvo mari isingashandurwi yamasangano asingapinduri ayo asingadi kubudisa pachena vapi.

Gadziriro dzemari dzavanhu dzinopa imwe nzira kumipiro yavanhu, dzichigovera vada kurapwa mari dzavose mukutsinhana nokubvumirana kupedzera ganhuriro kana kuti kurega mipiro mikuru yapachivande. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kuderedza kuvimba kwavapi navapfumi uye kukurudzira mavambo makuru emipiro miduku. Nyika dzakadai seCanada neGermany dzakatanga miitiro yemari yavose yavose, nepo dzimwe nyika dzeU.S.S. uye vamiriri vemo vakaedza negadziriro dzemari dzinowirirana dzinowedzera tapuro yemipiro miduku yezuva nezuva.

Regulatory Approach Key Characteristics Example Jurisdictions
Contribution Limits Restrict amounts donors can give; reduce influence of large donors United States (federal limits), United Kingdom, Japan
Disclosure Requirements Mandate public reporting of contributions and expenditures United States, Canada, European Union
Public Financing Provide public funds to candidates; reduce reliance on private money Canada, Germany, New York City
Spending Limits Cap total campaign expenditures; often paired with public financing United Kingdom, France

Zvinetso Zvokushanda Nesimba uye Zvokutsigira

Kunyange mirau yakasanogadzwa inoshanda bedzi sokuchengetwa kwayo. Mitemo yemari yeCampaign inotambudza zvikuru mapurisa, sezvo vapi navatendi vangatsvaka nzira dzokunzvenga nadzo miganhu kupfurikidza nemipiro isina kunanga, mipiro yakaunganidzwa, kana kuti motokari dzinozvimirira. MuUnited States, kukwira kweMitemo mikuru paPaC kunotevera Dare Gurusa reMamiteve United muna 2010 kwakabvumira kutengwa kusina muganhu namasangano namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, kupfurikidza nokusawirirana nemibato yavadaviri. Uku kunyanyova kwakaoma kuronda uye kunogona kupfupikisa zvitsauko zvakapiwa zvakananga kuvadaviridzi.

Masangano anomanikidzira, akadai seFederal Envotion Commission (FEC), anodzongonyedzwa kazhinji kazhinji nechero yemichero, mitengo yakaganhurirwa, uye ganhuriro yapamutemo izvo zvinoderedza kunzvera nokuderedza kuganhurirwa. Pasina kusimba kukuru, kunyange gadziriro yokurongazve yakakwana zvikurusa inogona kunzi haishandi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti itiro paganhuriro yemipiro nokuziviswa haisati yakakwana, uye kuti chinjo huru zvikuru dzakadai sokugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo kuputsa vagari vemubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa weNyika United, kana kuti kuitwa kwegadziriro duku, dzinodikanwa kudzorera muganhu.

Nokuda kwokupetwa kwakakwana kwemitoo yamarudzi ose yokuronga mari nokudzikamisa, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) inopa zviwanikwa zvinokosha pa [[FLT: 0]] MIFURO[.

Kuona Zvinhu Sechidziviriro Chehurumende

Kuona chitarisiko kunowanzorondedzerwa sechinorwisa utongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kunoita basa rinokosha mukudzikamisa migumisiro yakaipa yemipiro yenhimbe. Vavhoti vanogona kuona ari kubhadhara mari, vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa zvikuru pamusoro perwisano dzinobvira dzefariro uye muitiro unobvira wemutungamiriri akasarudzwa. Kuoneka kunoitawo kuti vatori venhau namasangano ehurumende vagone kunzvera batano pakati pemipiro nemigumisiro yemitemo, vachifumura miitiro ingangoramba yakavanzika.

Michina Yekuratidza Nzwisiso

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvishandiso zvemichina zvakawedzera zvikuru mano okunzvera nokunzvera mipiro. Mapepa akadai seOpensectrets anobudisa mipiro yakawanda, anobvumira vashandisi kunzvera mitoo yokupa nayo mumaindasitiri, vanoda, uye nguva. Aya maturusi anopa simba vanonzvera, vatori venhau, uye vagari vemo kuti vasarudze vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kupfurikidza nokuzivisa masimba ezve ezvemari ari seri kwemasangano ezvematongerwe enyika. Mamwe masangano akaitawo gadziriro dzokuzivisa nguva chaiyo inoita kuti mashoko awanike nokukurumidza pashure pokunge ashumwa, kuwedzerazve kujeka.

Zvisinei, kuonwa kwoga hakusi mushonga. Nokusavapo kwemitemo yakasimba yokupa mipiro, kuonwa kunogona kuita kuti mari ive yakakwirira ive yetsika yokushandisa uye kuparira pfungwa yokusadavirwa pamusoro pebasa remari mune zvematongerwe enyika. Uyezve, kana mari isina kujeka ichifamba nomumikoto isingazivikanwi, kuedza kuona zviri pachena kunovhiringidzwa, uye vavhoti vanosiyiwa murima kuti ndiani ari kuedza kupesvedzera vamiririri vavo. Kuvhara izvi kunoda ngwariro yokungwarira yemitemo uye kuzvipira kuzivisa mashoko.

Basa Renzanga Yehurumende

Masangano (NGOS) asiri ehurumende uye mapoka ezvouranda anoita basa rinokosha mukuongorora mari yenhimbe nokutsigira chinjo. Masangano akadai seCommon Castle Legal Center, uye Sunday Light Foundation kufumura pesvedzero isakafanira, kushora kupunzwa, uye kusimudzira chinjo dzemitemo dzinosimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Nhamburiko dzawo dzinobetsera kuchengeta kuziva kwavose nedzvinyiriro pavose vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa namasangano anodzora kutsigira perero yemitemo yemibato yemibato.

Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunotsamira pakubatanidzwa kwokushingaira kwavagari vemo nenzanga yavagari vemo mukuraira kuona nokuzvidavirira. Nokuda kwemurangariro wenyika yose pakutanga kuona, basa reTransparency International, rinowanika pa muratidzo weInternational [, rinogovera nzwisiso muukama pakati pemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika nehurumende yedemocratical munyika yose.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Pamushandirapamwe Wokuchinja Mari

Kuongorora kugadzirwa kwakananga kwemabhizimisi okugadzirisa mari kunoratidza kuti kukwanisa uye kutadza kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana.

Canada: Muenzaniso Wevanhu Vose

Gadziriro yemari yeCanada inowanzodudzwa somuenzaniso wokudzikamisa ratidziro yakasununguka nokuenzana kwedemokrase. Pashure penhevedzano yezvinjo dzinovamba muma1970 uye dzinoguma muma 2000, Canada zvino inoisa miganhu yemipiro yezvipo zvemari inorambidzwa, mipiro yesangano nemibatanidzwa kuvadaviri, uye inogovera mari yavose kumapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi mipimo yakaderedza pesvedzero yavapi navapfumi vakapfuma ndokuita nzvimbo inotamba nokuda kwavadaviri. Zvisinei, Canada ichiri kutarisana nedenho nokushambadzira kwechitatu nemipiro yemipiro yemitengo yeruwa, ichiratidza kuti hapana gadziriro yavose yezvamatongerwe enyika isina zvikanganiso.

United States: Kurwisa Pakati Pechinjo Nokurambidzwa

Mukupesana, United States yakava nekombamiro yokubviswa kwemipiro mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, yakasundwa nezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro zvinobata nhimbe inopedzwa sechimiro chomutauro wakadzivirirwa.Muuyo igadziriro yakakamukana uye inoregeredza zvikuru inobvumira kudziviswa kusina kuganhurirwa namasangano, mibatanidzwa, uye vanhu vakapfuma. Nepo ganhuriro yemipiro nezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvichiramba zviri munzvimbo yehurumende, kukwira kwePUPCs nemari yakasviba zvakachinja zvikuru nyika, kuchikuita kwakaoma kuwana pesvedzero yakazara yokupa.

Dzimwe nyika dzeU.S. uye manisiparati vakaita chiito chokuzvimirira kusimbisa mirau yemibato yemari. Somuenzaniso, purogiramu yemari inowirirana yeNew York City inogovera mibatanidzwa miduku mipiro yedanga inobva kuvagari veguta, ichiita kuti vaparidzi vatsva vatsva vatsva vatsva vatsva vatsva vapamberi panzvimbo pokuvimba navapi vazhinji. Kunzvera uku kunopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha nokuda kwechingangoerekana chaitika munyika yose.

Germany: Kutsvaka Zvinzvimbo Zvomuboka Nezvitoro Zvoruzhinji

Germany inobatanidza mari yavose yorupo nokuda kwamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika nezvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvokuoneka neganhuriro dzezvipo. Gadziriro inogadzirirwa kuderedza rutsamiro rwemitezo pamipiro yavanhu vari voga nepo ichiva nechokwadi chokuti manyuko avo emari anooneka kuvanhu. Mutemo weGermany unodawo kuti vanhu vaparidzirwe vazivise mazita avo vanopa chitsama chakati, uye mipiro mihomwe mihombe inofanira kushumwa nokukurumidza. Iyi nzira yakabetsera kuchengeta chivimbo chavose mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo ichiitira hanya pamusoro pepesvedzero yokupinda kwesangano rinopfuurira.

mhedziso

Mipiro yenhimbe rutivi rusinganzvengeki rwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno, ichigovera zviwanikwa zviri madikanwa nokuda kwamakwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvhota. Bva tapuro yazvo pamuitiro nemirairo inomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro poutano hwemiitiro yedemocracy. Apo mipiro inoyerera nenzira isingaenzaniswi kubva kuvanhu vakapfuma nefariro dzakarongwa, ngozi yokumonyaniswa kwemitemo uye kuratidzirwa kusina kuenzana inowedzera, ichidenha nheyo yehwaro yetsika yokuenzana mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Mutemo unoshanda, kuoneka, uye kutungamirira kwenzanga kwevagari vemo kunokosha kuti vadzore pesvedzero yemipiro yenhimbe. Nepo pasina gadziriro yokudzora inogona kubvisa basa remari mune zvamatongerwe enyika chose chose, gadziriro dzakasanorongwa dzinogona kuderedza miuyo yadzo inoparadza ndokuchengeta perero yehurumende yedemokrase. Vagari, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vatsigiri vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira mukudzivirira nheyo yokuti vvuruki rwuri rwose runofanira kuva nouremu hwakaenzana, uye kuti kusvika kusimba rezvamatongerwe enyika hakufaniri kutendwa noukuru hwenhauro yebhangi.

Chinetso chemipiro yenhimbe haisi nyaya yokungova neurongwa hwokudzora, asi muedzo wakadzama wokuzvipira kutongwa nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.