Chirongwa chehurumende muUnited States chinogona kufananidzwa nemugadzirirwo wakaoma, umo mwero yakasiana- siyana yechiremera nesimba inoshanda panguva imwe cheteyo. Kunzwisisa misiyano pakati pehurumende yehurumende, hurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo kunokosha kuti inzwisise kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei uye kuti mitemo inoitwa sei. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mabasa akasiyana anorondedzerwa neU.S., muenzaniso wenhau, uye kudikanwa kunoshanda. Nyaya ino inoputsa iyi misiyano, inonzvera nheyo dzayo dzebumbiro remitemo, uye inonzvera kuti mashandirei masangano emitemo.

Kupfuudzira Kukura Kwehurumende

Hurumende yeU.S. yakakamurwa kuva mwero mitatu mikuru: yehurumende, yehurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une simba rawo umene nemitoro, izvo pane dzimwe nguva zvinogona kutungamirira kunyonganiswa pamusoro pokuti ndiani ari kutungamirira. Gadziriro yacho yakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa chiremera kuti pasave nomwero mumwe unova nesimba zvikuru. Ichi chinozivikanwa sehurumende, chinoparira simba uko masimba ose ari maviri anogoverwa uye akakamurwa, kuchibvumira chichinjika mukutarisana nenhau dzorudzi rwokudzivirira kusvikira kunzvimbo yomunzvimbomo.

Hurumende Yenyika

Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende ndiwo mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wechiremera muUnited States.

  • Kutarisira kutengeserana kwepakati penyika nekwekumwe
  • Kuita ukama hwokumwe nezvibvumirano
  • Kudzivirira nyika
  • Kugadza mitemo yokutama
  • Kutarisira mitero yehurumende uye mari
  • Kuchengeta gadziriro yeposita
  • Kudzivirira zvinhu zvenyanzvi (vachengeti nekodzero dzokuita zvokuburitsa mashoko)

Hurumende yehurumende inoshanda kubva Washington, D.C., uye masimba ayo akanyorwa [ muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, kududzirwa kwamasimba iwaya kwakura kupfurikidza nemitemo yeDare Gurusa uye Dare raMari naIstance Clause, kuchibvumira hurumende yehurumende kupedza zvinetso zvazvino uno zvakadai sezvoutano, mutezo wemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko yeIndaneti.

Hurumende yeHurumende

Hurumende dzinoshanda pasi pechiremera chinopiwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. nyika imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene remitemo, mutumbi wemitemo, bazu guru, uye gadziriro yokutonga. masimba adzo anobatanidza:

  • Kutungamirira kutengeserana kwenyika
  • Kugadza uye kutarisira hurumende dzomunharaunda
  • Kugovera gadziriro dzedzidzo (K - 12 uye dzidzo yapamusoro)
  • Kuona zvifambiso zvakawanda (migwagwa mikuru yepamusoro, DMV)
  • Kutarisira utano hwavanhu vose nokuchengeteka (kubatanidza kuchengetwa kwavanachiremba navanamukoti)
  • Kushandisa mitemo youtsotsi uye kuchengeta mapurisa ehurumende
  • Kurambidza kuroorana, kurambana, uye mutemo wemhuri
  • Kudzora zviwanikwa zvehurumende uye kushandiswa kwevhu

Hurumende ndidzo dzodzo huru dzemativi mazhinji oupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva kumarezenisi okutyaira kusvikira kumagwaro enyanzvi. Tenth Amendment inochengeta masimba ose asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti vanhu, zvichiita kuti chiremera chehurumende chive chakafara uye chinokosha.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshanda paguta, taundi, kana kuti mwero wenyika. Dzinowana masimba adzo kubva mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende nemitemo, dzichiaita zvinangwa zvehurumende. Mitoro yadzo inowanzobatanidza:

  • Kugovera mabasa avose (mvura, magetsi, kutarisirwa kwetsvina)
  • Kutarisira mabasa okudzima moto emunyika iyoyo
  • Kudzora kugarwa kwenzvimbo uye kushandiswa kwenzvimbo (inogona kuvakwa panzvimbo)
  • Kupa zvikoro zvomunzvimbomo (mabhodhi echikoro)
  • Kuitisa sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzameya, dare reguta, uye mamwe mahofisi
  • Kuchengetedza migwagwa, mapaki, uye maraibhurari omunharaunda
  • Kuronga mitemo yokuvaka uye mitemo youtano

Hurumende dzemo ndidzo dziri pedyo zvikuru kuvagari vemo vakawanda. Dzinobata nhau dzezuva nezuva dzakadai semakomba, kuunganidzwa kwemarara, uye kuita chimwe chinhu kwemapurisa.MuUnited States mune hurumende dzinopfuura 90 000, kusanganisira matura, maguta, mataundikoshi, uye maruwa chaiwo (muchib., maruwa ezvikoro, zviremera zvemvura).

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Hwesimba

Mutengo weMitemo weUnited States unoronga kuparadzirwa kwemasimba pakati pemwero yakasiana - siana yehurumende.Tenth Amendment yakananga masimba anochengeterwa nyika haana kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende navanhu.

Masimba Akavapo

Masimba akaitwa kuti ave ndiwo anopiwa zvakajeka kuhurumende yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo. Aya akarongwa zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8. Mienzaniso mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Simba rokutera nokushandisa nokuda kwegarikano yose zvayo
  • Simba rokuzivisa hondo
  • Simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwedzimwe nyika
  • Simba rokuumba mari uye kudzora kukosha kwayo
  • Simba rokutanga mahofisi epositi uye migwagwa
  • Simba rokusimudza nokutsigira mauto nemauto egungwa

, inopa Hurumende yehurumende chiremera chakawanda, ichigonesa nharaunda dzakafanana nebhengi, communist I, Chikamu 8, Claus 18) inopa Dare chiremera chokuita mitemo yose "inodikanwa neyakafanira" nokuda kwokuita masimba ayo akadudzwa. Iyi ndima yakadudzirwa zvikuru, kugonesa hurumende yehurumende kukudza kusvika kwayo munzvimbo dzakafanana nebhengi, koreshi, uye kodzero dzavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, mhaka yeDare Rapamusorosande Mcloch v. Maryland[FLT:] (18) yakatanga kuti Dare rigone kuita bhangi renyika, kunyange zvazvo simba risingataurwi zvakajeka, nemhaka yokuti yakanga iri nzira yakanakira kubatanidza masimba akafanana nokubhadhara mutero.

Simba Rakachengetwa

Masimba akasara ndiwo ayo asina kurongwa zvakananga muBumbiro reMitemo uye naizvozvo akachengeterwa hurumende.Tenth Amendment inoumba hwaro hwemasimba aya.Mienzaniso inosanganisira:

  • Kurambidza kuroorana uye kurambana
  • Kugadza nokutungamirira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo
  • Kuitisa sarudzo (kugadza zvikwaniriso zvokuvhota, kuronga maruwa)
  • Kudzora gadziriro dzedzidzo pamwero yose
  • Kudzora zvokutengeserana zvomunyika dzakasiyana - siyana
  • Mabasa okugadzira (vachemi vemitemo, vanachiremba, vagedzi)

Masimba akachengetedzwa anozivikanwawo samasimba amapurisa nemhaka yokuti anobvumira hurumende kunyoresa nokuda kwoutano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika dzavagari vemo.Icho ndicho chikonzero nei nyika dzinogona kugadza ganhuriro dzekurumidziro, kunoda nhomba dzevana vechikoro, uye kurambidza mabhizimisi akati paSvondo (mitemo yevhuruu).

Simba Riripo

Masimba akabatana ndiwo anogoveranwa nehurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende dzomubatanidzwa nedzehurumende. Idzi nharaunda dzinoda batira pamwe uye dzinogona kutungamirira kumirau inopfuudzwa. masimba anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza:

  • Simba remitero (mwero yose iri miviri inogona kuwana mari yomutero, zvinhu, uye kutengesa)
  • Simba rokuvaka migwagwa nezvivako
  • Simba rokuita matare epasi (matare eruwa nematare ehurumende)
  • Simba rokukwereta mari pachikwereti
  • Simba rokushandisa mitemo nokushandisa ruramisiro
  • Simba rokuhaya mabhangi nemasangano

Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana nesimba rapanguva imwe, kuva mutongi Claus weBumbiro reMitemo (Atucle VI) inoraira kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa ushande. Ndicho chikonzero nei hurumende dzisingagoni kunyoresa pamutemo chimwe chinhu chinorambidza, kunyange zvazvo kudzika mutemo kuchibvumira kazhinji kazhinji misiyano yedeco.

Kupindira Pakati Pezvinzvimbo Zvehurumende

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzinoshanda pamwe chete sei, hurumende, uye dzomunzvimbomo kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa ukuru hwose hwokutonga muUnited States kunogona kutungamirira kuzvose zviri zviviri kubatira pamwe nerwisano.

Kubatanidzwa

Kubatana kunoitika apo mwero yakasiana- siyana yehurumende inoshanda pamwe chete kuti isvike nharidzano dzakafanana. Ikoku kunowanzotora chimiro che vapindi-in-aid, umo mari yehurumende inoyerera ichienda kunyika nenharaunda dzine migariro yakati. Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • Mari inoshandiswa pamwe chete nokuda kwezvirongwa zvemarongerwo ezvivako (mabhiriji, mabhiriji, kutakura vanhu) inoitwa nepurogiramu dzakaita seFederal-Aid Highway Act
  • Nhamburiko dzokushanda mukupindura kwengwavaira, dzakabatanidzwa neFEMA pamwero womubatanidzwa namasangano anotarisira njodzi omunzvimbomo
  • Purogiramu dzedzidzo dzinogoveranwa uye mari, zvakadai seTitle Inopa zvikoro zvinotambirwa zvishoma uye Vanhu Vane Urema Hwedzidzo (IDEA)
  • Kuronga utano hwevanhu sebatira pamwe nedhipatimendi rezvoutano rehurumende pakuongorora zvirwere uye kudzivirira nhomba

Uyu muenzaniso unobatira pamwe pane dzimwe nguva unonzi cooperativeism kana kuti "mable khemicalism," umo mitsetse iri pakati pemwero yakajeka, uye mwero yose inoshanda pamwe chete kupedza zvinetso. USA.gov inogovera kupeta kubetsera kwemashandire aya ukama hwebatira pamwe.

Kupesana

Rwisano inogona kumuka apo mitemo yenyika kana kuti yomunzvimbomo inopokanidza mitemo yehurumende. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kudenho dzapamutemo nekurukurirano pamusoro pamaruramiro ehurumende nechiremera chehurumende. Nhengo huru dzenyanduko dzinobatanidza:

  • State juana repamutemo nerambidzo yehurumende: Pamberi pa 2024, nyika 20 dzakanyoresa mbanje, bva inoramba iri Sheader I inodzora tsvina pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende yakasarudza zvikurukuru kusaita kuti chirambidzo chive chapamutemo mumitemo iyo yakanyoresa, asi ikoku kunoparira nzvimbo dzachena dzapamutemo nokuda kwamabhizimisi navanhu vamwe navamwe.
  • Maguta okuchengetera nokuisa vatami mubatanidzwa: Mamwe maguta nehurumende zvinoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvokupinda nokupinda, zvichidudza zvinhu zvinokosha zvomunzvimbomo neitiro hanya dzekodzero dzavagari vemo. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuhondo netyisidziro dzedare dzokunyima mari dzehurumende.
  • Mitemo yetsika inosiana pakati penyika nemipimo yomubatanidzwa: California inowanzogadza mipimo yemotokari inobudiswa zvikuru kupfuura hurumende yehurumende, ichida muvhimi kubva kuNdengedzo yeMonational Protection Agency (EPA). Vadzori vaTrump vakabvisa zvirango zvakadaro, zvichitungamirira kumiitiro inopfuurira.
  • Kukakavadzana kwemiitiro yokutarisira: Act yeAffordcable Care (ACA) yakadenhwa nehurumende kuitaura ichipfuura masimba ezvikamu zvehurumende zvokutengeserana, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaitsigira zvikurukuru. Hurumende dzinewo chisarudzo pamusoro pewedzero yeMedicaid, kuchitungamirira kubasa rakaganhurirwa.

Idzi rwisano dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yedare, neDare Rapamusoro richishanda somutongi wokupedzisira. Dzidziso ye iko pakati: apo mutemo wehurumende unoregwa zvakajeka kana kuti chose chose unodzosa mutemo wehurumende, mutemo unofanira kupa. Zvisinei, apo Dare risingatendi nenzira yakajeka kusunungura, masangano anochengeta chiremera chawo. Iyi chiyero chinoedzwa nguva dzose.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakatarisana Nevanhu

Rutivi runokosha rwewirirano pakati pehurumende ndi chibvumirano chemari yemari yemari .(_______Nkaro) inobvumira nyika nenzvimbo nokuda kwechikamu chinokosha chemari yehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji ine tambo dzakabatanidzwa. Izvi zvinopa zvinogona kuva zvinosarudzwa (nokuda kwezvinangwa chaizvo zvakadai sedzidzo kana zvokufambisa) kana kuti mabhurogiramu anopa (zvakapfava zvikuru). Somuenzaniso, Mdicaid ipurogiramu yehurumende yehurumende inowirirana apo hurumende inoshandira pamwe chete inobvisa mamiriro ezvinhu pachishandiswa pachishandiswa nzira. Ikoku kunoparira sundo dzokuwedzera asi mabodhiyo emitemo kugadziridza. .[F:]

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenharo

Nyaya dzinoverengeka dzazvino uno dzinoratidzira mhindumupindu inopfuurira yehurumende dzeAmerica:

State Autonomy

Vamwe vanotaura kuti hurumende yehurumende yapfuura ganhuriro dzayo dzebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nedzidzo (No Child Lead Behind Act), kutarisirwa kwoutano (ACA), uye murairo wemhoteredzo (Gara remoune Air, Get Water Act). Vatsigiri ve vanoisa maruramiro e [ vanopikisa kuti maruwa anodzorwa zviri nani kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo uye kuti mitemo yose yehurumende inoshanda zvakanaka. Vatsoropote uyu murangariro unoramba kuti zvinetso zvorudzi zvinoda zvigadziro zvorudzi uye kuti mashoko haagoni kudzora nomutoo une mufungo kushatisa kana kuti kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo.

Basa Rehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo Murudzi Rwakachinjika

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzazova nzvimbo dzenharo dzorudzi, kubva pamirairo yemabhakitire mukati meCOVID-19 kusvikira kumitemo yokuvaka inotapura kushaikwa kwedzimba. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, masangano akabvisa mitemo yomunzvimbomo, zvakadai sokurambidza kudzora rendi kana kuti kuganhurira mitemo yeguta rinoyera. Ikoku kwakamutsa fungu idzva rekonic] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] kudzora kwomutemo. . [FLT:]

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nechibvumirano

Misiyano yetsika inowanzoitika muukama hwehurumende. Apo hurumende dzeWhite House nehurumende dzinodzorwa namapoka akasiyana, rwisano inowedzera. Mienzaniso yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inobatanidza kukwidza hurumende yehurumende pamusoro pomuitiro wokupinda munyika, mitemo yemhoteredzo, uye mitemo yokuvhotera. Uku simba kunogona kutungamirira ku "checkerboard" yemitemo munyika yose, uko pamutemo wezviito zvakadai sokubvisa mimba, kodzero dzepfuti, kana kuti kubvisa pamuviri kunotsamira pahurumende yauri. Dare Gurusa renhau rinopamhiti 20222 mu K.Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization, uko kwakadzosa mutemo, kubvisa kubvisa mimba kunodzosera kuruwa, kuratidzira kuti simba renyika yose idzoresei.

Kunzwisisa Zvaishamisa: Mashoko Anoshanda

Kuvagari vemo, kufamba mumitemo mizhinji yehurumende kunogona kuva nevhiringidzo. Chiito chiri nyore chakafanana nokutyaira motokari chinobatanidza mipimo mizhinji: mipimo yekotsekano yehurumende yemotokari (NHTSA), kuisa kwemuchairi wemotokari nemitemo yemotokari, uye kudzikamisa kwemotokari kwemotokari dzomunzvimbomo. Nenzira yakafanana, kutanga bhizimisi kunoda kuti bhizimisi rienderane nemitero yehurumende (IRS), kunyoresa kwehurumende, uye kunyoresa kwenzvimbo nemvumbiso dzebhizimisi. Kuoma kwemitengidzo iyi yakaparira kukumbira kuti igadziriswe, asi kuchinja kunoda kuti pave nemitemo yemitemo kana kuti chiito chikuru chokudzika mitero, izvo zvisingawanzoitiki.

Chinokosha ndechokuti gadziriro yeU.S. inochinja namaune uye inonamirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kuparira inifficiencies nerwisano, kunopawo mikana mizhinji yokutora rutivi uye kudzorera. Vagari vanogona kupinda pamwero womunzvimbomo (mabhodhi echikoro, madare eguta), mwero wehurumende (magavhuna, magavhuna), uye mwero wehurumende (Chorferi, purezidhendi). Kunzwisisa mwero wehurumende ndiyo inoparira kubatanidzwa kwekutanga kwekubatanidza nzanga kunobudirira.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa misiano mumasimba muhurumende dzose dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende, dzeruwa, uye dzomunzvimbomo kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi zvakafanana. Kunoshongedzera vanhu nezivo kuti vashandise zvinhu zvakaoma zvokutonga ndokupinda mukurukurirano dzomunharaunda. Kudzorwa kwehurumende hakuna kurongedzerwa kuva kuri nyore, asi kuratidzira zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana- siyana nezvinokosheswa zvorudzi rukuru. Kupfurikidza nokuziva mabasa akasiana, nheyo dzemitemo, uye tsinhirano huru pakati pemwero, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoitwa sei, uye inodenhwa. Ruzivo urwu runotipa simba rokutora zvakaenzana zvine revoka mune revoruzhinji. Chino chesimba chitsarudzo chedare gurusa. Chinotsauko hachisi chose; chinochinja nesarudzo, mutemo, uye kutonga, kupfuurira kufunda pamusoro pezvinodikanwa nokuda kwokuva vagari vehurumende.