Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende yeAmerica rutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, inoumba miitiro inotapura upenyu hwevagari vemo vose. Kunzwisisa kuti ndiani anoita chii uye nei icho chiri chinhu chinokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi asi nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kuita zvine revo nokudzora. Nyaya inonzvera kukamukana kwamasimba, shanduka-shanduka yehurumende, uye migariro chaiyoiyo yenyika yeidzi gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kuvambira padzidzo noutano kusvikira kukodzero dzembanje yapamutemo nedzokuvhotera, dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende yorudzi zvinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka, kuratidzira kusimba rehurumende yehurumende yenyika yeAmerica.

Kunzwisisa Kurwira Nyika

Fratimeticism idivi rebumbiro remitemo resimba pakati pehurumende yepakati nehurumende dzeruwa. MuUnited States, tsika ino yakagadzirwa kudzikamisa chinzwano chorudzi neudzori hwomunzvimbomo, kuchidzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza chiremera chikuru. U.S. Constitution[ inorondedzera iyi mikaha, ne namasimba akarongwa [[FLT]] [ma] akadzika miganhuro yakadzika [ma] yakabva pamitengo yakasiyana-pakati yemitenzi yehurumende yehurumende uye [[FLT]] inorevesa masimba anochengetwa namasimba anochengetwa nemitemo pasi pechibvumirano chePremence. Mutejimendiro ino unoshamira mberi, kupfurikidza nokujekerwa kwemitemo yavose nhasi.

Federalism haisati iri pfungwa inowirirana; yave ichichinja zvikuru chifo chokuvamba kwenyika. Mukati menyika yapakuvamba, hurumende mbiri dzakasimbisa nzvimbo dzakasiana dzechiremera, hurumende yehurumende yakanangidzira ngwariro panhau dzorudzi dzakaganhurirwa. New Deact nhambo inopinzwa muhurumende inobatira pamwe, umo hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzakavamba kugoverana mitoro zvikuru, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana negarikano yenzanga nenzvimbo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kukwira kwe "hurumende itsva yehurumende" pasi papurezidhendi vakaregererwa kupfuudhena kudzora kupfurikidza nokudzosa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemitezo yehurumende. Idzi shambadzo dzinosimbisa kuti kupesana kwesimba kwakavamba nguva dzose kupfurikidza nekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, dare, uye mifungo yavose.

Simba reHurumende Inotonga Nyika

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa chiremera kupfurikidza namasimba akarongwa zvakajeka muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo, chinozivikanwa samasimba anoverengwa. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kugadzira mari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kuitisa ukama hwokunze. Mukuwedzera, Necessary naFather Claus yeClaus inopa masimba anotaurwa, kubvumira kuti Paramende remitemo ishande pakuita mabasa ayo akarongwa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inogadza mahofisi epositi uye, pasi pePreciodmarking Claus, inogona kudzora mibato yemari inodzo, yakadai sebhangi kana kuti runhare. Supremacle Claus inosimbisazve mugariro womutemo wemubatanidzwa wenyika apo rwisanomuka, inosimbisa mitoo yenyika inodzorwa.

Kupfuura aya masimba makuru, hurumende yehurumende yakaita basa rakatanhamara mukudzivirira kodzero dzavagari vemo, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko yenyika. Masangano eFederal akadai seEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) neBato roUtano noHwedu anoshandisa mitemo inoshanda zvakafanana munyika dzose. Mano okutera nokushandisa garikano yose yehurumende anopawo migove yehurumende inokosha, sezvo inogona kubatanidza migariro yokupa masangano anobatira kuti awane miitiro yakati. Iri simba renhau rave riri mutyairi mukuru wepesvedzero yemubatanidzwa munzvimbo dzakachengeterwa nyika namagamuchidzanwa, zvakadai sedzidzo nezvokufambisa zvinhu.

Simba Rehurumende Dzehurumende

Hurumende dzinoita kuti masimba asapiwa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, sezvinosimbiswa neTenth Amendment. Masimba aya akachengetedzwa anobvumira nyika kudzora kutengeserana kwemaruwa, kutanga hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kusarudza, kupa dzidzo yavose, uye kutarisira utano nekotsekano mukati memiganhu yadzo. Iri chiremera chinoita kuti hurumende dzigone kugadziridza mitemo kuvagari vemo vadzo vakasiyana - siyana (pamwe somuenzaniso, California inogona kugadza mitemo yezvakapoteredza, nepo Texas inogona kushandisa zvivako zvemitero yakasiyana - siyana. Nheyoyo yekodzero dzenyika dzave musoro wematoo enyika muAmerica, namasangano anowanzobatira semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuedzwa nemitemo isati yagamuchirwa munyika yose. Zvisinei, simba rehurumende harina kutongo; harifaniri kuputsa mitemo yemitemo kana kuti mitemo yomutemo.

Mabumbiro emitemo anowanzopa dzimwe dziviriro kupfuura mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende, dzakadai sekodzero dzakakura dzokuvanda kana kuti dzokutsigira dzidzo. Mitemo ine masimba emapurisa, anovabvumira kugadza mitemo youtano hwavanhu vose, chengeteko, uye tsika. Ndicho chikonzero nei mirau iri pamusoro pokutengesa zvinodhaka, kuronga, uye mapazu ezvokugadzira zvinhu zvinopesana. Kukwanisa kutarisira nhau dzomunzvimbomo kunoita kuti hurumende dzehurumende dzigamuchire zvikuru zvinodikanwa zveruwa, nepo nyika yeruwa inganangidzira mitemo yokurima, nepo nyika yemhenderekedzo yegungwa inonangidzira pamheni inogadzirira kugadzirwa nemhepo. Kungokwanhasi, 50 yose inotaura kuti ine chibvumirano chayo, kudzoro, kudzoro, kudzorwa kwemitengo, uye mapamapanhire, kuparira mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-neidzo. Kushanyira zviwirirano zvehurumende, Hurumende yehurumende, . [FLD:0] Hurumende yehurumende inoita kuti zvishavo.[FL.]

Simba Riri Kubatanidzwa: Mitoro Yakagoveranwa

Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinoshandisa masimba ehurumende akabatana, kureva kuti dzinogona kuita panguva imwe cheteyo mune dzimwe nharaunda. Idzodzi dzinobatanidza mitero yokubhadharira mitero, migwagwa yokuvaka, kugadza matare, kusimbisa mitemo, uye kukwereta mari. Nepo mwero yose iri miviri inogona kugadza mari nokutengesa mitero, hurumende yehurumende haigoni kutera mibato yehurumende, uye zvinopesana. Masimba azvino uno kazhinji kazhinji anoda kubatana, sezvinoonekwa mumabasa okutsigira mari uko kurongwa kwehurumende kwemari uko kunobatanidza kurongwa kwehurumende. Ikoku kunogoverana chiremera chirevonetezo cheAmerica yehumbishonga, umo kuwiriraniswa kuri kwavose zvikuru kupfuura paradzanosingadzorwi. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari yezvirongwa zvekuvaka migwagwa mikuru, asi inotonga kurongwa kwemari yehurumende.

Gadziriro yedare mbiri ndimumwe muenzaniso wesimba rakabatana rinoshanda. matare ehurumende anobata nhau dzoutsotsi zhinjisa nedzevagari vemo, nepo matare ehurumende achipindura mibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo, mhosva dzehurumende, uye gakava pakati pehurumende. Apo mhaka dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mutemo wenyika nehurumende, mugumisiro wacho unogona kutsamira pasimba. Masimba eConnual anotambanukirawo kudzorwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro. Zvese zviri zviviri Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) uye masangano ehurumende anoita chiito kungwavaira, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoshanda pamwe chete kugovera zvinhu. Iyi batira pamwe chete inokosha kuti udzoredzero unobudirira, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kutungamirira kupesana pamusoro pokushandisa zvinhu zvokutanga uye kuitwa kwemiitiro.

Nei Kukamukana Kwesimba Kuchikosha

Kugoverwa kwemitoro pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende kunotapura zvakananga upenyu hweAmerica, kubva kukura kwedzidzo kusvikira kumutengo wezvoutano nemhoteredzo. Kunzwisisa iri divi kunobetsera vagari vemo kuva nemwero yakafanira yehurumende yokuzvidavirira uye kuziva kushambadzira kunobatanidzwa muzvisarudzo zvemitemo. Pasi apa pane nzvimbo dzinokosha umo iyi migariro yedzikamo yezuva nezuva inosiana.

Muitiro Wedzidzo

Dzidzo ibasa rehurumende, nenzvimbo dzezvikoro dzinotarisira dzidzo, kurovha, uye bhajeti. Zvisinei, hurumende inopesvedzera dzidzo kupfurikidza nokushandisa mari nemitemo, zvakadai seAll Students Foundes Act (ESSA), inoda kuti nyika dziise mipimo yedzidzo uye dzione kushanda. Mitemo yekodzero dzevagari vemo inovimbisawo kusvika kwakaenzana kudzidzo, inorambidza rusarurano rwakavakirwa parudzi, kuva murume kana mukadzi, kana kuti kurema. Ikoku kunogoverana mutoro unobvumira masangano okuvandudza apo anochengeta dziviriro. Somuenzaniso, masangano anogona kugamuchira miitiro yokuedza yakasiana - site kana kuti mitero, asi anofanira kuwirirana nezvirevo zvine Hurumende kuti zviwane mari yakaenzana kuti igamuchire nokuda kwemari yevadzidzi varombo. Kusarira mirangariro yomunzvimbomo yechikoro, kupfuurira kuvamba kuvamba kurangarira mufambiro wechikoro, kuyera uye kunyora.

Kuchinja Kweutano

Ungwaru hwezvoutano hunoratidzira kufambiswa kwamasimba enyika nehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende inoronga Medicare avakuru uye inogadza mipimo yorudzi kupfurikidza namasangano akafanana ne Ungano dzeUtano neMabasa avanhu. Nyika dzinotungamirira Midhidhi purogiramu, dzichigadza kuva nebetsero nebetsero munhungamiro dzehurumende. Affordcable Care Act yakakudzwa kupfurikidza nokuita misika yeinishuwarenzi yeInishuwarensi uye kufutunura Midid, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzakasarudzwa pashure pokutonga kweDare rapamusorosoro. Ikoku kunoparira chinjo mukusvika kwoutano hwapanyuko. Somuenzaniso, izvo zvakawedzera mwero wakaderera kupfuura iyo isina. chiverengero cheCHOVHOVD chakasimbiswazve zvamakurukota, sezvo kugoverwa kwehurumende nomutemo wehurumende.

Mipimo Yemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inowanzosimbisa kusawirirana pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inoisa mhepo yenyika nemitemo iri nani seCeake Air Act. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinogona kushandisa mitemo yorumano, sezvinoita California nemipimo inobudisa motokari kupfurikidza nezvinodzivirira zviya chaizvo kubva kuEPA. Iyi nzira mbiri inobvumira nyika kugadzirisa zvinetso zvomunzvimbomo, asi inogona kutungamirira kurwisano apo mitemo yehurumende inochinja. Somuenzaniso, mukati mamiriro ezvinhu emisikanzwa yemisi inopfumba yokubudisa zvinhu akashorwa nezvirongwa zvehurumende kupfurikidza nokutsvaka kuchengeta dziviriro yakakwirira zvikuru. Kushanda kwemitemo yemhoteredzo kunoreva mari yokuzviisa pasi pevhu inotarisana nenzvimbo yakasiana - siyana zvichitsamira panzvimbo, zvinopesvedzera zvisarudzo pamusoro pekushanda.

Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji Neruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Mutemo weutsotsi zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende, unofukidza mhaka zhinjisa kufanana nokuba nokudenha. Hurumende yehurumende inotakurira mhaka dzehurumende, dzakadai sokutengesa mirimo, uye kumanikidzira kuputsa kodzero dzavagari vemo. Iyi divi rimwe rinogona kuparira kusawirirana; somuenzaniso, mitemo yehurumende inotema mbanje sechinodhaka cheI, nepo hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakainyoresa pamutemo nokuda kwokushandisa varaidzo. Kurwisana kwakadaro kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemiganhuro yehurumende, sezviremera zvehurumende nehurumende zvinofanira kusarudza kana kuronga kubatira pamwe kana kuti kuisa pamutemo. Mitengo yemitemo inoisawo mwero inosiana misiyano pakati penyika, inoratidzira zvisarudzo zvemiitiro yakasiana pachirango, kugadziridza, uye mapurisa. Hurumende inopesvedzera ruramisiro youtsotsi kupfurikidza nokubvumira kuti purogiramu dzomutemo dzivedze, sezvirongwa zvedare redare rehurumende zvipfumbiso.

Kuongorora Nyaya Murwisano yeHurumende

Kuongorora nyaya dzakananga kunoratidza kuti kukamukana kwemasimba kunoshanda sei, kazhinji kacho kuchitungamirira kuhondo dzepamutemo uye kuedza mitemo.Heino mienzaniso inoverengeka inokosha inoratidza kukurukurirana kunopfuurira kwechiremera pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Chifo chaichinonyoreswa pamutemo marijuana yezvokurapa muna 1996, nhamba inokura yenyika yakanyoresa chikwata chetsono cheObabis kuti chishandiswe nokuzvivaraidza, pasinei zvapo nechirambidzo chehurumende muGuvitiwe Zvikuru. Ikoku kwakaparira nzvimbo yapamutemo umo mabhizimisi ehurumende anonyoreswa anoshanda pasina kubvumirana kwehurumende, kuisa njodzi. Cole Mengerbum pasi pechirongwa cheObama chekudzoresa mutemo wezvokurapa, asi marusando akatevera acho akaona kudzokera kumitemo yorumano. Kupesana kwacho kwakasimbisa kusawirirana kwehurumende nechiremera chehurumende, nehurumende kurangarira mitero inoda kugadziriswa kudzokororo. Iyi nhau inoenzanisirawo kuti kutaura kunogona sei kushanda serabhurari yehurumende yehurumende, kubudisa mashoko pamusoro pemiuyo yapamutemo pautsotsi, utano hwapachena, uye kubhadharo yemidzo yenyika.

Kupa Kodzero

Kodzero dzinopesana dzave dziri hondo pakati pehurumende nehurumende. Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakatangwa kuti idzivirire rusaruro rwedzinza munyika nenhau yemiitiro yakadaro. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reShona mu Shelby County v. Raker[[[FLT:]] [2013]) yakabvisa nzira yokusarudza kuti iruwa rwunoda kurongwa, kubvumira nyika kuisa mitemo mitsva yokuvhotera. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuita basa remitemo yokuvhotera, nezvimwe zvinodikanwa zvokukurumidza nokuwana, kubudisa kuchengeteka, nepo vamwe vanoramba iyi mitemo yokubvisa vhiyi inobvisa. Kuvhotera uye kukarakadzwa kufanana nomutemo weChibvumirano chavanhu kupfuurira. [Foct:]

Kushandiswa Kwokutama

Kutora nzvimbo mutoro womubatanidzwa wehurumende, asi nyika dzinowanzoedza kupesvedzera muitiro kupfurikidza nemitemo inotapura upenyu hwavatami. Somuenzaniso, SB 1070 muna 2010 yakada mapurisa kunzvera mugariro wokupinda munyika mukati memiganhu, kuchitungamirira kunhau yeDare Gurusa uko mativi akarwiwa nokuda kwokupesana nomutemo wehurumende. Zviito zvinoratidzirawo kuti nyika dzinochinjana mukugovera mareze okufambisa vatami vasina kunyorwa, vachigadzira gadziriro yakakamukana. Mamwe masangano akazvizivisa amene kuti "mabudireferefe," kubatira pamwe nezviremera zvehurumende zvokuvaleki vagari vemo, izvo zvakaparira zvinetso zvepamutemo negakava rezvamatongerwe enyika. Zviito izvi zvinoenzanisira kuti sei kudzo yokudzosa kutama mukati ganhuriro dzehurumende, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai semitengo yebasa uye mibayiro yavose.

Mipimo Yokudzora Pfuti

Mutemo wezvombo zvinoshandiswa kuisa mipimo yakakomba hurumende. Kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende kunodudzirwa neDare reChipiri, asi nyika dzine rusununguko rwakafara rwokugadza mitemo yadzo dzimene. Somuenzaniso, California inoisa nguva dzokumirira zvakasimba neganhuriro dzezvombo zvokudenha, nepo vavakidzani vawo vakafanana neUtah vane mitemo inoregeredza. Kushaikwa kwomutemo wehurumende kunoisa mipimo mishomanene nokuda kwecherekedzo kupfurikidza neNational Point Criminal Victive Sy System (NICS), asi hurumende dzinogona kukudza izvi zvinodikanwa. Iyi mhando yepfuti dzinotungamirira kusiana kwepfuti yepfuti uye gakava pamusoro pokushanda kwemitemo yehurumende yorudzi. Kushaidzwa kwehurumende kwachinja kuva vatambi vakuru mukurukurirano yokudzora pfuti, nemimwe mitemo inobvumira kubviswa kwepfuti nokuda kwenhambo yengozi yevanhu.

mhedziso

Kuparadzirwa kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende yehurumende hakusi gadziriro yakatsiga asi muitiro unoshamisa unoumbwa nenhau, zvematongerwe enyika, uye kududzirwa kwokutonga. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa ichi chimiro kunokosha nokuda kwokutora rutivi runobudirira muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu(ikujekesa uyo ane mutoro wezvinopesana uye nei mitemo ichisiyana munyika. Kubva padzidzo nezvoutano kusvikira kumbanje uye kodzero dzokuvhota, chibvumirano choutongi chinopfuurira kupesvedzera upenyu hweAmerica munzira huru. Sezvinoramba iri muganhu pakati pechinzwano yorudzi nomunzvimbomo ucharamba uri rutivi rukuru rwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuziva mabasa ehurumende imwe neimwe, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kutsigira zviri nani nokuda kwemipimo yavo nekodzero yokuvhotera vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanozvidavirira pazvose zviri zviviri mwero yehurumende.