Hwaro Hwouchangamire Huviri Mukutonga kweAmerica

Ukama pakati pamasimba ehurumende nehurumende hunomira sechimwe chemativi anorondedzera zvikurusa egadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeUnited States. Ichi chivako, chinozivikanwa sechidzoreso chehurumende yehurumende yenyika, chinokamuranisa chiremera pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzamarudzi ose, chimwe nechimwe chine nzvimbo yacho chimene yepesvedzero. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wavose, kuchengetwa kwemitemo, uye maruramiro echinoshandira zuva nezuva, kunzwisisa ichi chikoro hachisi chinhu chedzidzo chete. Chinokosha. Dzikamo pakati pekudzora kwepakati nezvimiro zvomunzvimbomo zvose kubva papurogiramu yechikoro kusvikira kumiitiro youtsotsi yemitemo youtsotsi, uye kubva pakuwana maruramiro outano kuti chivhotere.

Federalism haina kuerekana yavapo. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo, vachiva vawana utera hweZvikamu zveConfederation, vakagadzira noune gadziriro yaizochengeta uchangamire hwehurumende nepo vachipa hurumende yenyika simba rakakwana rokugadzirisa zvinetso. Iyi gadziriro yakavapo nemhesano dzebumbiro remitemo, Dare Rapamusorosoro, uye migariro yezvamatongerwe enyika inochinja. Nhasi, nhandare yemasimba ehurumende nehurumende inoramba iri chinhu chikuru, kazhinji kazhinji inokwikwikwidza nhandare umo miganhuro yechiremera inoedzwa nenzira inopfuurira.

Kunzwisisa ubati ushe hunoda kufamba kupfuura mazita akapfava. Hahusati huri boka rapachivande asi ukama hune simba hunopesvedzerwa nerokupa mari, kusunungurwa, uye dudziro yokutonga. Iyi nzvero yakakudzwa inogovera nzvero inoshanda yokuti masimba ehurumende nehurumende anobatana sei, anokwevera panheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, mirau yemitemo, migariro mikuru, uye fundo dzenyika chaidzoidzo idzo dzinoratidzira kusagadzikana nebatira pamwe zviri muhurumende yeAmerica.

Kunzwisisa Kurwira Nyika

Federalism inonongedzera kumapoka ebumbiro remitemo ramasimba pakati pehurumende yerudzi nehurumende dzakawanda dzeruwa. Kusafanana negadziriro yehurumende yeruwa, umo chiremera chose chinogara muhurumende iri pakati, kana kuti mubatanidzwa, umo hurumende dzinochengeta simba gurusa, unani hunoparira mwero miviri yehurumende inoshanda panguva imwe cheteyo panzvimbo imwe cheteyo navanhu. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une chiremera chayo umene, dare, uye masangano edare, uye imwe neimwe inowana chiremera chayo kubva kuBumbiro remitemo panzvimbo yomumwe mwero.

Chakaparira kubatana kwehurumende iri mukudzikamisa kudikanwa kwechinzwano chorudzi nokuchengetedzwa kwemhatsa yomunzvimbomo. Vavambi vakadavira kuti hurumende dzehurumende dzingava dzinodavidza zvikuru kuzvinodikanwa zvavagari vemo, dzinobatira semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye dzinoshanda sedziviriro padzingabvira kutsoropodzwa nohumwe urudzi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, hurumende yorudzi yakasimba yakanga iri madikanwa kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuita muitiro wokumwe, kugovera dziviriro yorudzi, uye kudzivirira maruramiro pakufungira mano akaipa kwomunzvimbomo.

Mumazana amakore apfuura, kutsanangurwa kwehurumende kwachinja. Republic yapakuvamba yakaona chiono chakaganhurirwa chesimba rorudzi, neDare Rapamusorosoro mu MCULLOch v. Maryland[ [1819]) inosimbisa dzidziso yemasimba anorehwa asi achichengeta uchangamire hwehurumende. Hondo yeChiviko neRecultion ammuniversation remone, zvikurukuru mukodzero dzavagari vemo. Nguva Itsva yakaunza kukura kunoshamisa kwesimba renyika pasi peCommercial Claus, uye programuation Society inowiriranazve nechibvumirano chehurumende. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, Rehnququist ne Roberts Courtsssss yakadzoration, zvikurusasterin [FTF2].[3]

Nhasi, hurumende inoramba iri pfungwa inokakavadzana, nenharo pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwechiremera chehurumende chinoparirwa muCongress, matare, uye matare okugadza mitemo ehurumende.

Bumbiro Remitemo Nesimba Zvinotama

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinogovera purani nokuda kwokugoverwa kwamasimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Iyi migove haisati iri yokukurumidza asi inotsamira pagadziriro dzinoverengeka dzinokosha namativi okuvaka izvo zvinorondedzera icho mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende ungaita uye ungasaita.

Masimba Akavapo

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoronga masimba chaiwo anopiwa kuCongress. Aya masimba akaverengwa anobatanidza simba remitero yerevy, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwedzimwe nyika, kutanga mitemo yakafanana yokuita zvinhu zvomusikirwo nokubhuroka, mari yemari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudzira nokutsigira mauto, uye kugovera hurumende yemauto. Aya masimba anongova bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, zvinoreva nyika kazhinji kazhinji haagoni kuzvishandisa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende haigoni kupinda mubvumirano nenyika yokumwe nyika kana kuti mari yayo.

Simba Rakachengetwa

Dare reThith Amendment rinochengeta zvakajeka kuhurumende masimba iwayo asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kuhurumende. Iri "simba rehurumende" rinoita kuti pave nemitemo yokubatanidza utano, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yavagari vemo vose. Mune chiremera ichi, hurumende dzinotanga nokudzora zvikoro zvavose, nyanzvi dzereze, (vatambi vereze, magweta, vageti), kumanikidza mitemo yeutsotsi, kuisa sarudzo (pambedzo dzinodzorwa nehurumende), kudzora kushandiswa, uye kutarisira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Hurumende yeTenuth Amend Amend Amend Refement inokumbirwa kazhinji kazhinji inokumbirwa kupfurikidza nezvirevo zvomutemo.

Simba Riripo

Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende dzingashandisa masimba akati panguva imwe cheteyo. Idzodzi dzinobatanidza simba rokutera mutero, kukwereta mari, kutanga matare, mabhangi echata, uye kumanikidzira mitemo. Zvisinei, apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, Supremacy Claus (Article VI) inosimbisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa mukurusa, uye matare ehurumende anofanira kuutsigira. Ikoku kunoreva kuti munzvimbo dzechiremera chakabatana, chiito chehurumende chinogona kubvisa mutemo wehurumende.

Masimba Akashandiswa Nezvakafanira uye Zvakafanira

Chinodikanwa neSeant Claus (Chikamu 8, Classic 18) chinopa Dare chiremera chokuita mitemo yose iri "yakafanira neyakafanira" nokuda kwokuita masimba ayo akaverengwa. Iyi ndima yakadudzirwa zvikuru kupa masimba anorehwa(masimba) asina kurongwa zvakajeka asi ane chokuita nokutemwa kweakarongwa. Somuenzaniso, simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzakashandiswa kururamisa mitemo yenyika pakushanda kwavana, kodzero dzevagari vemo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye kunyange kuchengetwa kwemirimo yomunzvimbomo. Masimba anorehwa ave musoro mukuru wedare.

Masimba Akapiwa Vanhu

Mitengo yose iri miviri yezvirambidzo zvehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende haigoni, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuisa mitero inosiiwa kune dzimwe nyika, kupa mazita avakuru vakuru, kana kuti kuisa tsvina dzehabeas kunze kwokupandukira kana kuti kuvhozhokera. Nyika dzinorambidzwa kupinda muzvibvumirano, kuumba mari, kupfuudza zvikwereti zvemutengi, kana kuti mitemo inodzosa musengwa wezvibvumirano. Mukuwedzera, Iwedhi Ye Amendement yechigumi namana inorambidza kuramba muitiro upi noupi wakafanira kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo, inopa matare ehurumende simba rokuhwirudzudza zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa maruramiro makuru.

Nharaunda Hunokosha Hwokupindana

Kukamukana kwemasimba kunorondedzerwa kunova kwechokwadi munzvimbo chaidzo umo hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzinobatira pamwe.Nzvimbo nhatu dzinoita kuti mutemo uteeredzerwe, dzidzo, uye tarisiro youtano — zvinoratidzira zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvinoshanda zvouhurumende.

Kumanikidzwa Nomutemo

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo muUnited States zvikurukuru ibasa rehurumende neromunzvimbomo. Anenge 85% yamapurisa emitemo yenyika inoshanda pamwero wenyika kana kuti yomunzvimbomo, uye ruzhinji rwemitemo youtsotsi mitemo yehurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rokuranga, dare, uye masangano anodzikamisa. Mapurisa ehurumende anoongorora utsotsi mukati memiganhu yemanisiparati, uye magweta eruwa anotonga kuputsa kutyorwa kwomutemo wenyika.

Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende inoitawo basa rinokosha kupfurikidza namasangano akadai seFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), uye Bureau of Alcohol, Toba, Firemorsings and Explopasives (ATF). Kudzika mutemo kweFederal kunonangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru pamhosva idzo dzinoyambuka miganho yehurumende, kubatanidza nzvimbo yehurumende, kana kuti mitemo yehurumende chaiyo yehurumende, yakadai sokutengesa mirimo, cyberccrime, uganda, kuba kwehurumende yehurumende. Vachuchisi vehurumende yeFrederal muU. Attorney vanobata nhau dzehurumende pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Kupindirana kwemitemo yehurumende neyoruwa kunoparira zvose zviri zviviri batira pamwe nokusawirirana. Masangano ebasa akabatana anobatanidza zviwanikwa zvomunzvimbomo nehurumende kuti arwise kutengeswa kwemirimo noutsotsi hwakarongwa. Asi rwisano dzinomuka pamusoro pehurumende, pfuma, uye zvokutanga. Somuenzaniso, pamutemo wefederal unoramba mbanje pasi peGuvi rinodzora[FLT] Act [FLT], nepo masangano mazhinji akaibvumira kubvumira zviremera zvomubatanidzwa kuti ive iri pamutemo kuti ikurumidze kupfurikidza nenhungamiro yemitemo yakapararira. Nenzira yakafanana, kudzoronzevedzo dzekubuda munyika inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri chiremera cheSangano yeImmubatanidzwa neNational Acts) uye batira pamwe chete, nemitemo inodzora yomunzvimbomo kuti ishamise mitemo yomunzvimbomo apo dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira kubatira pamwe chete "yamubatanidzwa" inodzorongedzerongedzero dzakadaro.

Dzidzo

Dzidzo itsika yehurumende neyomunzvimbomo. Kuchengeterwa kwamasimba echiThomandet Amendment kunobatanidza chiremera chokutanga nokushandisa zvikoro zvavose. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine dhipatimendi redzidzo, mabhodhi ezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo, uye gadziriro yokushandisa mari nemitemo. Nyika dzinogadza zvinodikanwa zvedzidzo, zvikwaniriso zvevadzidzisi, uye mipimo yokupedza kufunda. Maruwa omunharaunda anotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva, vashandi vanobhadharwa, uye vapendi vemitero yemitoro yezvemari kuti vabhadharo yezvikoro.

Kunyanguvezvo, hurumende yehurumende yakawedzera pesvedzero yayo kupfurikidza nekurudziro dzemari nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo. Basa gurusa rehurumende rinouya kupfurikidza neElementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), rakaitwa pakuvamba-kare-kare uye rakapiwazve misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi seProfeededs Act (ESA). Kupfurikidza neESEA, hurumende inopa dare pamutemo pamutemo Pepa mari kuchikoro I inopa mari kuvadzidzi vakaderera vanobatira, mukutsinhanhana nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvokuzvidavirira zvakati. Mitengo yavagari vemo inorambidza rusaruro mudzidzo yakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, uremaregereko, uye mavambo enyika, zvinodzorwa neBato reHofisi yeFomstion for Civigation Act. Acts commution Act (IA) inoraira kuti dzidzo yapachena yapachena navana nokuremadzwa.

Pesvedzero yeFederal inotambanukirawo kudzidzo yakakwirira kupfurikidza naPell Grants, zvikwereti zvavadzidzi, uye mirau zvinodzora kudzivirirwa kwekoreji nekotsekano yechikoro. Kubatanidzwa pakati pezvinodikanwa zvehurumende nehurumende nehurumende/kudzora kwenzvimbo kunowanzotungamirira kukurukurirano pamusoro penhau dzakadai sokuedza kwakarongwa, mipimo mikuru yavose, uye basa remirayiro yehurumende pazvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nhedzo dzehurumende dzinosekesa mifungo yomunzvimbomo, nepo vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti mipimo yenyika iri madikanwa kuvimbisa kuva yakarurama nokuzvidavirira.

Kurapwa

Kutarisira utano muUnited States kunoratidzira kushanda pamwe chete kwakaoma pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Pamberi pezana ramakore rechi20, tarisiro youtano yakanga iri nhau yomunhu oga ine chokuita nehurumende shoma. Kuumbwa kweMedicare naMedicaid muna 1965 kwakaratidzira kupinda kukuru kwehurumende mutarisiro youtano, kuchiumba mativi enyika ose ehurumende ayo anopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka.

Medicare ipurogiramu yeinishuwarenzi youtano inogoverwa nehurumende zvikurukuru nokuda kwavanhu vane makore 65 navakuru, pamwe chete navanhu vaduku vakati vane urema. Hurumende inogadza mipimo yokuva nomugariro, betsero, uye mari inobhadharwa, kunyange zvazvo vatambi voga vachitarisira Parati B neParame D. United States ine basa duku rakananga muMedicare, kunyange zvazvo vangaiwedzera kupfurikidza namapurogiramu ebetsero yehurumende.

Madhicaid ipurogiramu yehurumende inobatana inogovera utano kuvanhu nemhuri dzakaderera. Hurumende yehurumende inosimbisa zvinodikanwa zvakafara, inogovera mari dzinowirirana (kubva pa 50% kusvikira ku 80% zvichitsamira pamari yapamari yehurumende, uye inobvumira kuti zviteshi zvemibato zvemibato zviitwe. United States inoronga ndokushandisa mapurogiramu avo vamene eMedicaid mukati memitengo yehurumende, inosarudza mwero yemitengo inopfuudzwa (ne zvitsarudzo), mipimo inopfuudzwa, mari inodzorwa, uye mifanikiso inotakura. Afford Cact (AC) yakakwirira ya201, inopfuudzwa nenzira isati yakakurumbira.

Dzimwe nzvimbo dzokushanda kwezvoutano dzehurumende dzinosanganisira kuita chimwe chinhu chinobatsira vanhu kurapwa nokukurumidza (zvikurukuru, zvirwere zvinopararira), kutarisirwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano (kune dzimwe nyika dzinodzora zvikurukuru inishuwarenzi, ACA yakaisirwa mipimo yehurumende pagadziriro dzakati), uye kutarisira zvivako zvokutarisira utano (kupesana nemamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende okubatanidzwa kwechibvumirano chemari inobhadharwa mari yeMedicare/Medicaid). Kuenzana kwesimba mumuitiro woutano kunoramba kuchinetsa, nenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro peACA, kubvumira zvinodhaka, uye nguva yemberi yechiremera choutano.

Zvidzidzo Zvenhau zveFederal-State Interaction

Kunzvera chiitiko chaicho kunopa murangariro wakajeka wokuti masimba ehurumende neehurumende anobatira pamwe sei mukushandiswa. Pasi apa pane mienzaniso mitatu inokosha iyo inoratidzira mwero yakasiana youkama.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Zvichida hapana nhau inoenzanisira zviri nani kusawirirana pakati pechirambidzo chehurumende namadiro ehurumende kupfuura muitiro wembanje. Muchibvumirano cheGuefed Substances Act (CSA) cha1970, mbanje inorongwa sechishandiso chinodzorwa, kureva kuti hurumende inoirangarira kuva bviro huru nokuda kwokubatwa zvisina kufanira, kushandiswa kwezvokurapa kusingagamuchiriki zvino, uye kushaikwa kwekotsekano inogamuchirwa nokuda kwokushandisa mutarisiro yezvokurapa. CSA inokuita kuve kusiri kwapamutemo kugadzira, kuparadzira, kana kuti kuva nembanje muUnited States yose, nezvirango zvakakomba nokuda kwokuputswa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kutanga neProposition yeCalifornia 215 muna 1996, boka rehurumende rakanyoresa marijuana kuti ishandiswe. Panosvika 2024, 38 enyika uye District yeColumbia zvakanyoresa mishonga yezvipatara, uye 24 hurumende pamwe chete D.C. dzakanyoresa kushandiswa kwenhandaro kwapamutemo nokuda kwavakuru. Ikoku kunoparira rwisano yakananga: mitemo yehurumende inobvumira mutemo wehurumende unorambidza. Vachuchisi vehurumende vanogona kumanikidza CSA nehurumende inorwisana navarimi vehurumende uye vapfumi vezvokutengesa, asi chibviro cha 2013, Dhipatimende yeSaucial Department yakashandisa kungwaradziridza kungwa kwavakuru, kuisa ngwariro pamatanho makuru eutsotsi kana kuti kutengesa kwehurumende kunzvimbo yebhizimisi rehurumende. Rohbaker·raker shand amrendment (aprier) inodzivirira kumiteveri yechitoo yomutemo yechipfuudzo inovambira pa2014, asi mukwirira mubatidziri wegore.

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura rwisano mu Gonzales v. Raich (2005), richifunga kuti Commerce Claus akabvumira hurumende yehurumende kupinza nokushandisa mbanje muutsotsi, kunyange nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokurapa, uye kunyange kana mbanje isingambochinji mitsetse yehurumende. Dare rakabvuma kuti mutemo wehurumende haungagoni kudzivirira vanhu kubva kumagumo. Pasinei zvapo nechisarudzo ichi, kumira kunoshanda kunopfuurira. Kurava Gonzales v.[Act:]

Iyi nhau fundo inosimbisa ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende mukutarisana noukuru hwehurumende, basa rokungwarira kwomuchuchisi, uye bviro yechinjo yomutemo (zvakadai seSafe Banking Act kana kuti nhamburiko dzinoziviswa nehurumende) kupedza kuoma. Inoratidzirawo kuti hurumende dzinogona sei kushanda semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, dzichisunda muitiro wehurumende kupfurikidza nomurangariro wavose nokuedza kunoshanda.

Kupa Kodzero

Chiratidzo cheSarudzo zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende pasi peBumbiro reMitemo. Chikamu I, Nhume 2 dzinotaura chiremera chokugadza "Nguva, Nzvimbo neManner zvokuita zvisarudzo nokuda kwaVasarudzo," neCongress inochengeta simba rokuchinja mirau yakadaro. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende inoita sarudzo yapurezidhendi pasi pomutemo wehurumende, mudzorerwo yemitemo nemirau. Iyi Hurumende inobatanidza miitiro yokuvhotera, kuvhotera nzvimbo, zvishandiso zvokuvhotera, zvishandiso zvokuvhotera, zvinoshata, zvinoshairwa, zvinoshairira nokuvhotera zvapakuvamba.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, hurumende yehurumende yakaita basa rokushingaira mukudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota, zvikurukuru mukurwisana norusaruro. IPrandment yechi15 inorambidza kurambwa kwekodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yedzinza, Concerlinegyth Amendment inorambidza kusarura kwevatano, Amakumi maviri namashanu Amendement inorambidza mitero yokuvhota mukuvhota, uye Computement yechitanhatu inoronga kuvhota pazera re 18. VRA mutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota, une gadziriro dzinorambidza kunzvera kuvhota (senzvero dzetsika) uye inoda kudzora nhau yokusarura kuti uwane mavambo okuvhotera muhurumende isati yachinja mitemo yokuvhota (Vection 5).

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Shelby County v. Hoder (2013) yakarova mutoo waishandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoi hurumende dzakanga dziri pasi pekurongwa, nenzira inobudirira Chikamu 5 kusvikira paParamende yaita mutemo mutsva. Kubvira panguva iyeyo, hurumende dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yakadzika mitemo yevhoti, kuderedza mazuva okuvhota, kuvhota marobhora, uye kuganhurira mira mirayiridzo. matare ehurumende akatsigira mimwe mitemo iyi apo aikwidza mimwe mitemo yaiwanikwa ichiita nenzira yamaune kuti itsaure pahwaro hwedzinza. John anoisa Gastion Activement, aisudzwazve, asi asina kudzosa, achidzorerazve nzira yokuvhota.

Iyi nzvero inoratidzira kusawirirana pakati poutariri hwehurumende noudzori hwehurumende. Vatsigiri vedzoro rehurumende vanotaura kuti magariro akanakisisa kugadziridza mitemo yesarudzo kumigariro yomunzvimbomo uye kuti kupindira kwehurumende kunoitwa navanonyengera. Vashori vanotaura kuti pasina dziviriro dzakasimba dzehurumende, masangano achagadza mitemo iyo inoparadza vavhoti vashomanene ndokusekesa kutora rutivi rwedemokrati. Kurava [FLT:] Shelby County[FF:2] chisarudzo pa Cornell LII[FLT].]

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Mutemo wokutora inzvimbo yechiremera chakakwana chehurumende muBumbiro reMitemo. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura rataurazve kuti simba rokudzora kutama rinogarwa mumo muuchangamire hworudzi uye kuti nyika hadzigoni kugadza mitemo yadzo dzimene yokutama inorwisana nemitemo yehurumende. Immigration and Nationality Act (NA) inodzora kugamuchirwa kwapamutemo, mapoka evhisa, kubviswa kwenhau, uye kuitwa kwomusikirwo. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), kupfurikidza neU.S.

Bva Hurumende dzazova dzinobatanidzwa nenzira inowedzera, zvose zviri zviviri mukubatira pamwe napamutemo wehurumende uye mukuidzivisa. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naArizona, dzakapa mitemo (mutoo, SB 1070) inoda kuti kuteererwa kwehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo zvibvunze pamusoro penzvimbo yokutama mukati mokumira kwapamutemo uye kubatira pamwe nenhamburiko dzehurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro mu Arizona v. United States [20] yakarova gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzeSB 1070 sedzinobviswa nomutemo wehurumende, asi yakatsigira "Ndiratidzei mapepa enyu" gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende, inodzorwa kupfuurira. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira "anclue" muganhu womunzvimbomo nebatira pamwe chete, sedzinoramba kusunungura vanhu vadzose.

Mutambo unobatanidzawo murairo wehurumende webasa, uko hurumende dzingada kuzivisa vashandirwi vose (kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa), uye gadziriro yehurumende yebetsero (serezero reraisenzi romutyairi uye muruwa nokuda kwavagari vasina kunyorwa). Ruvimbiko rwehurumende pabatira pamwe yehurumende nokuda kwokusungwa (kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvokuvharirwa mutorongo) uye kuziviswa kunoparira kuva negadziriro yakaoma yokuita zvakagoveranwa pasinei zvapo noukuru hwehurumende.

Nyaya iyi inoratidza kuti kunyange zvazvo nyika dzisingagoni kudzora zvakananga kutama, dzinogona kupesvedzera zvikuru kuchengetwa uye kubatana kwevatami kupfurikidza nemasimba avo amapurisa uye zvisarudzo zvemitemo.

mhedziso

Kupindirana kwamasimba ehurumende nehurumende hakusi musimboti asi ukama husingachinji asi hunochinja upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevaAmerica. Kuvambira mukirasi kusvikira kuchipatara, kuvambira pabhokisi rebhorati kusvikira kudare, kupesana nokugoverana kwechiremera pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende zvinoparira gadziriro iyo yose iri yose iri miviri inotsungirira neinokakavara. Federalism inobvumira mhatsa yemiitiro / Hurumende dzingaedza nemitoo yakasiana - siana kuutano, dzidzo, kana kuti ruramisiro youtsotsi (panguva inochengeta gadziriro yenyika inodzivirira maruramiro makuru uye inopedza zvinetso zviri kunze kwemiganhuro yenyika.)

Kunzwisisa ukama ihwohwu kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera fandesheni yehwaro hwehwaro, asi kushanda chaikoiko kwehurumende kunotsamira pakududzira kwedare, chiito chomutemo, uchenjeri hwehurumende, uye kutaurirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Sezvo nhau dzakadai sokunyoresa pamutemo kwembanje, kodzero dzokuvhota, kubuda munyika, uye tarisiro yezvoutano zvinopfuurira, dzikamo pakati pesimba rehurumende nerenyika dzicharamba dziri musoro mukuru wehurumende yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokufunda nheyo, nzvimbo dzinokosha dzemhara, uye zvidzidzo, munhu anowana maturusiro okuyera zvakashata kunharo dzinopfuurira uye kutora rutivi rune revokate nemutooruzhinji.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, U.S. Bumbiro reMitemo rinobva kuNational Archives nepfuma zvinobva ku Conference of State Legislatures [ inogovera mativi okutanga akaisvonaka okunzvera zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvinoshanda zvehurumende.