Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati pehurumende yomunzvimbomo nehurumende ipfungwa yehwaro mudzidzo yevagari vemo. Kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi zvakafanana, vachiziva kuti aya mwero miviri yokutonga inoshanda sei zvakasiyana asi nenzira yokutsamirana inozivisa kuti mabasa avose anoitwa sei, kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, uye kuti vagari vomunyika vanogona sei kubatana navamiririri vavo. Nepo mwero yose iri miviri iripo mugadziriro yeUnited States yehurumende, ine mavambo akasiyana, masimba, mitoro, uye mibato yemari. Nyaya inokudza misiyano huru, kunzvera miganhu yemitemo inovarondedzera, uye inogovera mienzaniso chaiyo kuita kuti pfungwa ive inojeka.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo Chii?

Hurumende yomunzvimbomo inonongedzera kumasangano anodzora nharaunda yenzvimbo yapasi chaidzoidzo . yakadai seguta, taundi, taundikishi, ruwa, kana kuti ruwa chairwo. Idzi hurumende dzinosikwa nehurumende uye dzinowana chiremera chadzo kubva ku systems uye [[FLT]] mitemo yemitemo [. Kusafanana nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo hadzidudzwi muU.S. Constitution; panzvimbo pezvo, dzinorangarirwa pamutemo "kugadzira nyika, gadziridza, kana kuti kunyungutsa Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, muganhu womutemo.

Hurumende dzemo dzinouya nezvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana, chimwe nechimwe chichibatira donzo rakasiyana:

  • [[[NUNTIPA] Hurumende dzeMonicipa[[FL:1] (maguta, mataundi, misha) dzinogovera mabasa akadai sedziviriro yamapurisa, kudzima moto, mugove wemvura, uye kutarisirwa kwetsvina.
  • Hurumende dzechiverengero dzinobata nenzira yegamuchidzanwa mabasa makuru omunharaunda akadai sokuyera zvinhu, kutungamirira sarudzo, uye utano hwavanhu.
  • maruwa ezvikoro ihurumende dzine donzo chairo dzakanangidzirwa chose chose padzidzo yavose, namasangano adzo akasarudzwa nechiremera chinorevesa.
  • Mamwe maruwa chaiwo anotarisira mapaka, kufamba, zviwanikwa zvemvura, dziviriro yomwoto, kana kuti kukura kwenzanga.

Kukurukurirana kwemunhu nehurumende kunowanzotanga panzvimbo yomunzvimbomo ($_______) kubhadhara mitero, kuwana mvumo yokuvaka, kutumira vana kuchikoro chehurumende, kana kuti kudana vedhipatimendi rokudzima moto.

Chiremera Chapamutemo Chehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo: Kutonga Kwomusha kunopesana nokutonga kwaDillon

Masimba ehurumende dzomunzvimbomo anoumbwa nedzidziso mbiri dzapamutemo dzinokwikwidzana. DILLON’S ULALE [, inotumidzwa zita raMutongi John Dillon, inodavira kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine masimba bedzi anopiwa nenzira yakajeka nehurumende, masimba anorehwa kubva kune idzo dzakabvumirwa, uye masimba anokosha kuita mabasa adzo. Mamwe masimba ose anokosha kuhurumende. Munsi yaDillon’s Relage, kana mutemo womunzvimbomo ukashorwa, mutemo wenyika unotora nzvimbo yokutanga kana hurumende ikasagovera zvakananga simba iroro.

Mukupesana, Kutonga kwapamusha [[FLT: 1] kunopa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo utongi hwakawanda. Nyika zhinji dzinobvumira maguta nenhamba kugamuchira chibvumirano chemitemo yapamusha, icho chinovapa chiremera chokutarisira zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo pasina kutsvaka mvumo kubva kudare rehurumende nokuda kwechiito chiri chose. Kutonga kwomusha kunowanzopiwa kuvakuru vakuru vezvikamu, kunyange zvazvo mwero chaiwo unosiana nehurumende. Inenge nyika 40 dzine chimiro chakati chomutemo wepamusha nokuda kwemanisi.

Somuenzaniso, guta rinotonga remusha muColorado rinogona kupfuudza mitemo yomunzvimbomo paruzha, kushandiswa kwenyika, uye mirau yebhizimisi chero bedzi isingapesani nomutemo wehurumende kana kuti bumbiro remitemo rehurumende.

Hurumende Chii?

Hurumende ndiyo dare rinodzora rinotarisira kutarisirwa kwehurumende. Kusafanana nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, hurumende dzehurumende ihurumende zviremera zviri mukati megadziriro yehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinochengeta kuhurumende masimba ose asingagoveri kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kuarambidza. Ikoku kunopa ruwara rwakawanda rwechiremera panzvimbo dzakadai sedzidzo yavose, zvokufambisa, utano hwavanhu vose, mutemo woutsotsi, uye mutemo wemhuri.

Hurumende imwe neimwe yehurumende inotevera bumbiro rayo imene uye inokamurwa kuva mapazi matatu:

  • Bazu reBazu reBasa — rinotungamirirwa nagavhuna, anosarudzwa munyika yose. Mutungamiriri anobatanidza masangano akawanda, madhipatimendi, uye mamishoni anoshandisa mitemo yenyika.
  • Bazu reRegitoriti[[FL:1] — chigaro chebumeral (kunze kwegwetameral yeNebraska) inoumbwa nesenate neimba yavamiriri. Dare rinopa mitemo, rinotendera bhajeti rehurumende, uye ringakunda giberneratorial vetoes.
  • ``Judicial'' [ — muitiro wematare ehurumende anodudzira mitemo yehurumende nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Dare rapamusorosoro rinowanzonzi dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende.

Hurumende dzinewo simba rokukwidza mari kupfurikidza nemhatsa yemitero: mitero yemari, mitero yokutengesa, mitero yemakambani, uye mitero yemitero. Dzinogamuchirawo mari yakatanhamara kubva kuhurumende yehurumende kupfurikidza nezvipo negadziriro dzeyamuro. iyi mari yemari yemari yehurumende yose namapurogiramu, kubatanidza mayunivhesiti ehurumende, mibatanidzwa yemigwagwa mikuru, matorongo, uye mapurogiramu outano akadai seMedicaid.

Kusiyana Kukuru Pakati Pehurumende Yomunzvimbomo Nehurumende

Nepo dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende dzichigoverana nharidzano yokubatira ruzhinji, misiano yadzo yakakura.

1. Chiremera

Hurumende dzenzvimbo yapano-papopo dzine chiremera chakaganhurirwa chinogoverwa zvakananga nehurumende. Simba radzo rakaganhurirwa kunharaunda inorondedzerwa yenzvimbo nenzvimbo(a guta, ruwa, kana kuti ruwa. Hadzigoni kupfuudza mitemo inoshanda kunze kwemiganhu iyoyo.

Hurumende dzeruwa[, mukupesana, dzine chiremera chakagadzwa choumambo pavanhu vose nenhumbi mukati memiganhu yenyika, pasi pogaro yeU.S.. Vanogona kuita mitemo yenyika yose, kuita masangano ehurumende, uye kubvisa mirau yemo kana vachida.

Kubereka Mubasa

Hurumende dzepano-pachaicho dzinonangidzira ngwariro pamabasa e akananga : kuunganidzwa kwamarara, kugadzirirwa kwemigwagwa, mapaka omunzvimbomo, mapurisa anorinda, uye mvumo dzenzvimbo. Idzi ndimabasa anofanira kugadzirirwa zvinodikanwa nezvisarudzo zvechiverengero chavagari vomunzvimbomo.

Hurumende dzeruwa[ dzinobata nhau dzomunyika yose[ dzinoda mipimo yakafanana kana kuti mwero mukuru wedzidzo: kugadza mipimo yedzidzo, kuvaka nokuchengeta migwagwa mikuru yeruwa, kutungamirira inishuwarenzi nezvinoiswa mumvura, uye kufambisa mapaki ehurumende.

3. Mufananidzo

Hurumende dzenzvimbo yapano dzinowanzomirira chiverengero chiduku chavagari vemo, chakafanana zvikuru. Mitezo yeguta inowanzomirira mawiro evagari vane zviuru zvishomanene, ichiita kuti zvisvike zvikuru kumibatanidzwa. Mitezo yeboka rechikoro inosarudzwa zvakananga kutarisira dzidzo muruwa rwakati.

Hurumende dzeruwa dzinomirira zviverengero zvavagari vemo zvakakura uye zvakasiyana- siyana. Masangano ehurumende anowanzomirira maruwa ane makumi ezviuru zvavanhu. Vagari vose vemo vanosarudza gavhuna. Uku kukura kunoda zvimiro zvakasiyana zvenhimbe nedzokunyora.

4. Kutsigira Kunotsigirwa

Hurumende dzekoreni dzinovimba zvikuru nemitero isina kufanira [, mitero yomunzvimbomo yokutengesa, mitero youshandisi (yakadai semari yemvura kana kuti kuvaka mari inobvumira), uye kusiiwa kwehurumende kubva kuhurumende. Mitero yenzvimbo igwema rakatsiga asi inowanzova inotapurwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Hurumende dzakawanda dzinovimbawo nemitero yezvisungo zvemari yezvikoro zvikuru zvakadai sezvikoro kana migwagwa.

Hurumende dzeruwa [[[FLT: 1] dzine mitero yemari yakasiana zvikuru: mitero yemari yomunhu oga neyebhizimisi, mitero yokutengesa munyika yose, mitero yokubvisa (papetrori, zvinodhaka, fodya), uye mari yehurumende. Iyi mhatsa inopa kuchinjika kukuru zvikuru asi inoiratidzirawo kuderera kwemari kunoderedza mari inotakurwa nemitero yokutengesa.

5. Kuitwa Kwomutemo

Hurumende dzenzvimbo inopa dzinowanzoshanda ne council-manager kana getsi rakasimba[ tsika. Hurumende dzinopfuudzwa nedare uye dzingava pasi pemagukutindiro eguta. Mitemo inodzora muchisiko [=5] miraudzo yemoto, mavhiri, mapepa anoshanda.

Hurumende dzeruwa [ dzinotevera muitiro wakaoma zvikuru wemitemo wakafanana neCongress yehurumende: zvikwereti zvinofanira kutangwa, kupfuudzwa kupfurikidza namatare, kukurukurwa uye kuvhoterwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri, uye ipapo kusinwa (kana kuti kuiswa) nagavhuna. Hurumende dzinowanzosangana nokuda kwerusando rwakaganhurirwa gore rimwe nerimwe (pane mazuva 60 kana 90 bedzi).

6. Ukama Nebumbiro Remitemo

Hurumende dzenzvimbo yapano hadzidudzwi muBumbiro remitemo reU. Kuvapo kwadzo namasimba zvinosarudzwa chose chose namabumbiro emitemo enyika. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. rakasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti nyika dzine simba rakakura pamibatanidzwa yadzo yomunzvimbomo.

Hurumende dzeruwa dzinozivikanwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. (Article IV, Chikamu 4 chinovimbisa chimiro chehurumende yehurumende). Mabumbiro emitemo adzo haagoni kuputsa Bumbiro remitemo reU.S., asi anogona kupa kodzero dzokuwedzera kuvagari vemo kupfuura avo vari muGwaro reHurumende rekodzero.

Ukama Huri Pakati Pehurumende Yomunzvimbomo Nehurumende

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nehurumende hwakaoma uye hunowanzorondedzerwa se system yakaumbwa nomutemo. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzichishanda dzakazvimirira munharaunda dzakawanda, dzinoramba dziri pasi pedzoudzori hwehurumende. Hurumende dzinogona kuchinja miganhu yomunzvimbomo, mabasa epeyi yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kana kuti kunyange kubvisa chose chose. Uku kuoma pakati peidzomugaro nehurumende ndiwo musoro mukuru mukuru muhurumende uye udzori hwomunzvimbomo.

Kusunungurwa Nehurumende

Humwe hwohumwe hunokosha zvikurusa ndi rudzikinuro rwechikamu chevhu.]

Kushandira Pamwe Kwehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nenhamo idzi, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende dzinobatira pamwe zvikuru. Mitemo inowanzogovera mari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nezvipo kana kuti zvikwereti. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshandisa mapurogiramu ehurumende akadai sokushandisa bvunzo dzeraisensi yokutyaira, kuronga makiriniki outano akagadzirwa nehurumende, kana kuti kuunganidza mitero yokutengesa yehurumende nokuadzosera. Mitemo mizhinji yenyika inotsamira zvakajeka pakushandiswa kwomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, masangano ehurumende emhoteredzo anoshanda namadhipatimendi okuvaka omunzvimbomo kuti atsigire mipimo yemvura inoputika.

Ukama Hwevanhu

Hurumende dzinopesvedzerawo mari yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza ne yamuro yeruwa uye ganhuriro dzemutero [. Nyika zhinji dzinotumira mari yakawanda kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo nokuda kwedzidzo, utano hwavanhu vose, uye zvokufambisa. Mukudzoka, masangano anoisa miganhu pamusoro pokuti mitero mizhinjisa yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo inogona kuwedzera kana kuti kurayira muvhoti nokuda kwemwe miraunziro yezvisungo. Dzimwe nyika dzakaisa mirayiro inodzo isina kunyorwa Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kugovera mabasa pasina kugovera mari iri madikanwa.

Mienzaniso Yemabasa Ehurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzemo dzinoita mabasa akawanda anoumba zvakananga kunaka kwoupenyu hwomugari wemo.Hedzi dzimwe dzinooneka zvikurusa:

  • Public Safety:[ Madhipatimendi omunzvimbomo omwoto anoita chiito kumigariro yekurumidziro, kumanikidzira mitemo yemotokari, uye kunzvera kudzivirira mwoto. Maguta mazhinji anoshandisawo mabasa ezvokurapa anokurumidza kukurumidza kutsva kupfurikidza namadhipatimendi awo omwoto.
  • Traxation: maruwa ezvikoro (kazhinji kazhinji] maruwa ezvinangwa chaizvo zvehurumende dzomunzvimbomo(8) vadzidzisi, vanotarisira zvivako, uye vanoisa nhungamiro dzepashure rehurumende. Vane chiremera chokubvisa mitero yenzvimbo uye kubudisa zvisungo zvokuvaka chikoro.
  • Indaneti: Migwagwa, mapaka, kutakura vanhu vose, miunganidzwa yetsvina, kurapa nemvura, uye mwenje mumugwagwa zvose zvinodzorwa pamwero womunzvimbomo. Madhipatimendi avose omunharaunda anoshandisa migwagwa, migwagwa inogadzira migwagwa, uye anochengeta mvura inobuda mudutu.
  • Madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo anogovera kudzivirira, kunzverwa kweresitorendi, kunzvera hosha, uye dzidzo youtano yavose. Mamwe makiriniki enzanga evagari vemo vanotambira mari shoma.
  • [ Kuronga uye Nyika Inoshandiswa: Mapurai enzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo nepokugadziridza anosarudza uko misha, mabhizimisi, uye mafekitari zvinogona kuvakwa. Vanomanikidzira mabumbiro okuvaka, vanoisa miganhu yezvikero zvoukuru, uye vanotendera zvikamu zviduku.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nzanga:[[[FLT: 1] Mapaki, nzvimbo dzenzanga, maraibhurari, uye madziva okushambira zvinoshandiswa zvakakurumbira nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kazhinji kazhinji zvinotsigirwa nemitero yakatsaurirwa kana kuti mibhadharo.

Mienzaniso Yemabasa Ehurumende

Hurumende dzinoshandisa masimba anotapura munhu ari wose ari mukati mehurumende. Mabasa adzo akafara uye akarongwa zvikuru:

  • pamutemo: Hurumende inoita mitemo inofukidza ruramisiro youtsotsi, kodzero dzezvinhu, roorano nechatanuro, murairo webhizimisi, uye zvakawanda. Mitemo yehurumende inofanira kuwirirana nezvose zviri zviviri mabumbiro emitemo nehurumende.
  • Kupinza utarisi: Madhipatimendi eHurumende edzidzo anogadza mipimo yedzidzo, anogovera kuedza kwakafanira, anoparadzira mari yehurumende kumaruwa echikoro, uye vadzidzisi verezinesi. Anotarisirawo mayunivhesiti ehurumende nekoreji dzenzanga.
  • transport: Madhipatimendi eHurumende ezvokufambisa (DOT) anovaka nokuchengeta migwagwa mikuru yehurumende, mabhiriji, uye nhandare dzendege. Anoshandisawo chikamu chehurumende chemari yomumugwagwa mukuru.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kurapa:[[FLT: 1] United States inoshandisa zvirongwa zvayo imene zveMedicaid (kazhinji kazhinji mubatira pamwe nehurumende yehurumende), inodzora inishuwarenzi youtano, nyanzvi dzezvoutano dzerezenisi, uye inotarisira zvipatara zvehurumende.
  • ... Masangano eHurumende anoshandisa mapurogiramu akadai seinishuwarenzi yokushaikwa kweurovha, Translation for Needy Families (TANF), uye yamuro yezvokudya (SNAP).
  • dziviriro yezvakatipoteredza: Masangano ehurumende emhoteredzo anomanikidzira mhepo nemipimo yakanaka yemvura, anotarisira mapaki ehurumende namasango, uye anodzora kuraswa kwetsvina. Masangano akawanda akapfuudza mitemo yemhoteredzo yakakomba zvikuru kupfuura ayo ari pamwero wenyika.
  • Sarudzo: nyika dzinotarisira kutarisirwa kwesarudzo(- zvinovhota zvinonyoresa, zvinosimbisa mavhoti, uye kunyora miganhu yoruwa (kudzosa). Ivo vanogadzawo mitemo nokuda kwemibato yenhimbe nemiitiro yokuvhota.

Nei Kusiyana Kwezvinhu Kuchikosha?

Kunzwisisa kukamukana kwemitoro pakati pehurumende yomunzvimbomo nehurumende kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva kwaizotungamirira itiro hanya dzavo[. Somuenzaniso, chivara pamugwagwa womunzvimbomo iguta (kana kuti nyika), nepo mugwagwa wehurumende usina kuchengetwa iri nhau yehurumende. Kunyunyuta kutambanudzwa kwakaipa kwenguva nenhamburiko. Nenzira yakafanana, kana nzanga ichida kurambidza mapepa epurasitiki, vanofanira kuziva kana hurumende yavo ichibvumira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kudarika mirairo yakadaro kana kuti kana hurumende yakabvisa simba iroro.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi vanodzidza nezvevagari vemo, kuenzanisa hurumende yomunzvimbomo nehurumende kunopa magirazi anoshanda okuona nawo kushanda kwehurumende. Kusawirirana pakati pezvigaro zvomunzvimbomo nechiremera chehurumende kunoratidzira kusawirirana kukuru pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nesimba rehurumende. Kunoratidzawo kuti kudzora haisi piramidhi imwe asi igadziriro inotsamirana, inowirirana pamwero uri wose.

Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa enzanisiro yacho kunyandura kurukurirano pamusoro pemireza, mitero, uye kushambadza pakati pekufanana nokuchinjika kwomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, nei hurumende ingada kugadza mubhadharo mumwe wakaderera mumaguta ose? Nei guta guru ringada kuzvigadzira raro rimene? Ndedzipi dziri purofiti nedzisina kufanira dzokurega hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzichisarudza mitemo yadzo dzimene yenzvimbo? Iyi mibvunzo iri mumwoyo mekurukurirano dzenyika chaiyoiyo pamusoro penzvimbo, miraudzo yemhoteredzo, uye utano hwavanhu.

mhedziso

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende ishamwari dzinokosha mugadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica. Kunyange zvazvo dzose dziri mbiri dzichibatira nzanga, dzinosiyana zvikuru mumavambo adzo, chiremera, mitoro, uye mari. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvisikwa zvehurumende, zvinonangidzirwa pamabasa akananga nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Hurumende masangano anodzora mutemo wakafara, dzinotarisira gadziriro huru dzemwero, uye dzinotarisira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo mukati memiganhu yadzo.

Vagari vemo pavanoziva kuti chinetso inhau yeguta kana kuti nhau yehurumende, vanogona kutsigira kuchinja zvakarurama zvikuru kana kuti apo vadzidzisi vanobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa misiyano iyi, vakagadzirira chizvarwa chinotevera kutora dare rezvikoro zvine chinangwa kuti chipupurire pamberi pedare rehurumende.

Kuti uwedzere kuverenga, ongorora zvinhu izvi zvakavimbika: