Hwaro Hwokutonga kweAmerica

Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende kunokosha zvikuru wegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeUnited States. Ichi chivako, chinozivikanwa sechiteshi chehurumende, chakavakwa namaune naMadzibaba Anosimwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera uye kubvumira nokuda kwehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakagadzirirwa vanhu vakasiana---- siyana. Kunzwisisa misiano mikuru pakati peiyi mitaro miviri yehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwokugona kurava nokunyora uye nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mitemo, mitemo, uye mabasa avose anoshanda muUnited States. Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa inokwevera muhwaro hwemitemo, mitoro yakasiana - siana, uye ukama hune simba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende.

Hurumende Yenyika Inombova Chii?

Hurumende yehurumende ichiremera chenyika cheUnited States, inoshandisa masimba anogoverwa kwairi neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. ine chiremera pamusoro penyika yose uye ine mutoro wenhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose, zvakadai somuitiro wokumwe, dziviriro yorudzi, kutengeserana kwenyika, uye gadziriro yemari. Chirongwa chehurumende yehurumende yehurumende chinokamurwa kuva mapazi matatu emwero:

  • Bazu reRegional:[[FLT: 1] Rakanyorwa reDare neImba yavamiriri (mukuwirirana, Congress), iri bazi rine mutoro wokuita mitemo yehurumende, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora nyika nekutengeserana kwokumwe, uye kudzora mitero nokushandisa.
  • Bazu reBazu reBazi reBazi: rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, iri bazi rinomanikidzira nokushandisa mitemo yehurumende, rinoitisa ukama hwokumwe, rinoraira mauto ane zvombo, uye rinogadza vakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa (pamberi pokusimbiswa kweDare).
  • [[FLT: 0] Bazu reJudicial: Kutsigira Dare Rapamusorosoro nematare ehurumende akaderera, iri bazi rinorondedzera mitemo yehurumende, rinohwirudzura kuva pamutemo kwaro, uye rinopedza kakavadzano dzinobatanidza mitemo yomubatanidzwa kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo.

Masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende anorongwa zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinoronga zviremera chaizvo zvakadai sokuumba mari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, uye kudzora kutengeserana pakati pehurumende.Tenth Amendment inochengeta masimba ose asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika kana kuti vanhu.

Hurumende Chii?

Hurumende dzinoshanda mukati memiganhu yenyika makumi mashanu. Dzine bumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene, iro rinowanzoratidzira chivako chehurumende nemutungamiriri wehurumende (governal), mutumbi wewigio (kazhinji kazhinji bimadral, kunze kweNebraska iyo iri unigaral), uye gadziriro yokutonga (matare enyika). Hurumende dzine chiremera chakafara pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo uye dzinobata kutonga kwezuva nezuva kunotapura zvakananga upenyu hwavagari vemo.

  • State Legislature: Mitemo yehurumende panhau dzakadai sedzidzo, utano, zvokufambisa, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye mirau yenzvimbo. Misangano mizhinjisa yemitemo yehurumende inoumbwa neimba yakaderera (inowanzonzi Imba yavamiriri kana kuti Magungano) uye imba yapamusoro (Sante).
  • Governor: Mukuru mukuru wehurumende, ane mutoro wokusaina kana kuti kuisa mutemo wehurumende, kutungamirira masangano ehurumende, uye kuraira National Guard (kana asingadaidzwi mubasa rehurumende).
  • Dare reChitatiko: rinobata mativi mazhinjisa enhau dzapamutemo muU.S., kubatanidza kakavadzano dzebvumirano, kutaura kwokukuvara kwomunhu oga, nhau dzemhuri, uye kukwirira kwapamhosva kwakawandasa (kunze kweidzo dzinobatanidza mhaka dzomubatanidzwa).

Hurumende dzinowana chiremera chadzo mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende uye mumasimba akachengetwa eBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. dzinoshandisawo masimba amapurisa (8) chiremera chakaberekerwa chokudzivirira utano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika zvavagari vemo. Iri simba ramapurisa rinopa rusununguko rwakafara mukutungamirira nharaunda dzakadai semabasa okuvaka, kugadza mitemo yokuvaka, uye kuisa miganhu yezera rokunwa doro.

Masimba eHurumende Anoumbwa neBumbiro reMitemo

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende yehurumende hunorondedzerwa neSupremacy Claus (Article VI, Claus 2) yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iyo inotaura kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, mutemo wehurumende unokunda.) Chinoiswa chiito chehurumende chiri mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, Ten Standard Reformation inoshanda sedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende: “ masimba asingarongwi neUnited States, kana kuti anorambidzwa neUnited States, anochengetedzwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.̵

Mumazana amakore, kutsanangurwa kweidzi nhamba kwakavapo. Kutonga kwapakuvamba kwakatsamira kuhurumende mbiri dzehurumende, gadziriro umo hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzakashanda munzvimbo dzinoparadzana zvikuru. Nhasi, U.S. inoshanda pasi poudzori hunobatira pamwe, umo mwero miviri yehurumende inogoverana mitoro uye inoshanda pamwe chete pakushandiswa kwemashandisirwo emitemo (zvikurukurukuru kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwechipo chehurumende. Landmark Supreme Court yakadai se MCloch v. Maryland] [18]) akasimbisa ukukura kwemitemo yehurumende yehurumende uye yakagadzwa nedzidziso yemasimba anorehwa, nepo payatiro.[FOLD] United States v[FFFFF]

Misiyano Huru Pakati Pehurumende Dzehurumende Nehurumende

Kunzwisisa kusiyana kunoshanda kuri pakati pemipimo miviri iyi kunobatsira kujekesa chikonzero nei mimwe miitiro ichisiyana - siyana munyika uye nei dzimwe nhau dzichikurukurwa muWashington apo dzimwe dzinobatwa munharaunda.

Nzvimbo Yechiremera

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa chiremera chenyika yose pamusoro penhau dzakarongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo kana kuti nenzira ine mufungo kubva kumasimba iwayo. Mukupesana, hurumende dzehurumende dzine chiremera chakafara pamusoro penhau dzomubatanidzwa. Chinoyera chinobetsera: kana chinetso chakayambuka miganhu yenyika kana kuti kubatanidza marudzi okumwe, sezvingabvira ndechomubatanidzwa; kana chakaganhurirwa mukati mehurumende imwe ̱ miganhu, ibhizimisi rehurumende rakakurumbira.

Kuita Mutemo Nokushandisa

Mitemo yehurumende inoshanda zvakafanana munyika dzose nenzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, mirau yezvakatipoteredza yakadai seCeaner Air Act inogadza mipimo miduku munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzingagamuchira mitemo yorumano. Mitemo yehurumende, kune rumwe rutivi, inoshanda bedzi mukati memiganhu yehurumende. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei kutyaira, zera reroorano, uye zvinodikanwa zvemari inodzorwa zvinosiana munyika imwe neimwe. Mukuwedzera, hurumende yehurumende inogona kupomera mhaka dzinoitika panzvimbo yehurumende kana kuti idzo dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvehurumende (g., kutengesa mirimo mumitsetse yehurumende) apo utsotsi huzhinjisaririra hw.

Kubhadhara Mutero

Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinotora mitero yehurumende, asi nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana uye nezvivako zvakasiyana. Hurumende yehurumende inotsamira zvikurukuru pamitero yemari inotambirwa (zvose zviri zviviri munhu oga oga nesangano ramabasa) kutsigira dziviriro yorudzi, Social Security, Medicare, uye fariro pachikwereti chenyika. Hurumende dzinounganidza mubatanidzwa wemitero yemari, mitero yemari, uye mitero yemitero yenzvimbo kuti itsigire dzidzo, migwagwa mikuru, chengeteko yavose, uye mapurogiramu outano. Hurumende dzomunharaunda (zvikamu, maruwa ezvikoro) dzingaisawo mitero, uye zvingarangarirwa sezvikamu zvehurumende zvehurumende.

Kuzvimirira kweBumbiro reMitemo

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene remitemo, iro riri gwaro rapamusoro zvikurusa mukati mehurumende (pasi peganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende). Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji akarefu zvikuru uye ane udzame zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende, achikurukura nharaunda dzakati semari inotsigirwa yedzidzo, ganhuriro, uye kunyange maruramiro okuvhima kana kuti hove. Zvinogoverawo maruramiro anopfuura dziviriro dzehurumende (somuenzaniso), mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anovimbisa zvakajeka kodzero dzemhoteredzo kana kuti kodzero yokuva voga.

Nzvimbo Dzomutoro: Kuparara Kwakakwana

Kukamukana kwemitoro pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende hakusi kuongorora kwakasimba.Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinobatanidza chiremera chimwe chete kana kuti kushandira pamwe kwehurumende.

Mitoro Yehurumende

  • National Defense and Foreign Affairs:[[FLT: 1] Kuchengeta mauto, kuitisa kurukurirano dzamabhizimisi, kupinda muzvibvumirano, uye kudzora kutengeserana kwokumwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Entestate Exchange and Economic Policy: Kudzora kutengeserana pakati penyika, kugadza muitiro wemari kupfurikidza neFederal Reserve, uye kutarisira kubhuroka nepfuma yendangariro.
  • Kupinda nokuchinja: Kugadza mitemo yokupinda, kuva mugari wemo, uye kudzingwa (nyika dzine rutivi rwakati mukuchengetwa kwevatami kupfurikidza nezviremera zvomubatanidzwa).
  • [[[FT:0] Kubhadharwa neMahofisi ePosi: kutengesa mari, mari yokutsikirira, uye kushandisa basa repositi yeU.S.
  • Chivil Rights Dziviriro: inoraira mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yehurumende, yakadai seCivil Rights Act ya1964 uye Chiratidzo cheKodzero.

Mabasa Ehurumende

  • Tsika:[[FLT: 1] Kugadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, kutsigira nezvikoro zvehurumende, uye mayunivhesiti ehurumende anoshanda (kunyange kuti mutemo wehurumende unoraira zvinodikanwa zvakati kufanana namabasa chaiwo edzidzo).
  • Kuvaka nokuvaka: migwagwa yehurumende, mabhiriji, zviteshi zvengarava, uye nhandare dzendege (nemari yehurumende inokosha kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzakadai seInterstate Highway System).
  • Public Safety and Law Enictment: Makambani ehurumende amapurisa, madhipatimendi enzvimbo inomirarira, uye nzvimbo dzokuranga. Mitemo mizhinjisa yamatsotsi mitemo yehurumende.
  • Health neWelfare:[[FLT: 1] Addisiting Medicaid, Childreṉs Health Inishuwarenzi Program (CHIP), yechinguvana Rupatara rwePrevey Families (TENF), uye kutungamirira mativi ezveutano mukati mehurumende.
  • Sarudzo: Kuitisa pamutemo, hurumende, uye sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza kunyoresa kwomuvhoti, rongedzero, uye tarisiro yenzvimbo dzokuvhota (dzinozviisa kumitemo yekodzero dzehurumende yokuvhota).

Simba Riri Kubatanidzwa (Rakatsigirwa Nemakore Ose Ari Maviri)

Mamwe masimba anoshandiswa panguva imwe cheteyo nehurumende dzehurumende. Aya masimba akabatana anobatanidza mano omutero, kukwereta mari, mabhangi ehadhi, kutanga matare, uye kumanikidzira mitemo. Apo mwero yose iri miviri inoshanda munharaunda imwe cheteyo, mutemo wehurumende unowanzova wenzvimbo yokutanga pasi peSupremacy Claus. Zvisinei, masangano angaisa zvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera chero bedzi asingapesani nomutemo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, dzose dziri mbiri hurumende nehurumende zvinogona kushora mhaka dzemhoteredzo, asi kupomera kwehurumende kungabvisa chiito chehurumende mumigariro yakati.

Kushanda Kwoukama Hwokushandira Pamwe

Kushandira pamwe uku kunooneka zvikuru munzvimbo dzine mitemo umo hurumende yehurumende inogadza nharidzano dzakafara asi nhume dzichiita maererano nenyika dzacho, kazhinji dzichishandisa zvikarakadzo zvemari.

Grants-in-Aid

Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mazana amabhirioni amadhora gore negore kuti agotonga uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nezvipo. Izvozvi zvinouya mumarudzi makuru maviri: zvinopa mvumo yakananga kupurogiramu dzakafanana nokuvakwa kwomumugwagwa mukuru kana kuti gadziriro dzechikoro dzezvokudya zvemasikati) uye mari inodzorwa (kusimbisa kutsigira mari yakawanda nokuda kwamadonzo ose, zvakadai sokukura kwenzanga). Mitezo inofanira kuwirirana nemigariro kuti igamuchire aya mari, inogona kuparira kusawirirana apo nyika dzinopesana nezvinotanhanhanha. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa tyisidziro yokubvisa mari yomumugwagwa mukuru mukuru kukurudzira maruwa kukwidza zera rezvo kukwidza rapamutemo kusvikira kuzera rechi 21.

Kushandiswa Kwemitemo

Mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inotsamira zvakajeka pamasangano ehurumende nokuda kwokuchengetwa. Ceaner Air Act inoda nyika kuti dziise gadziriro dzeHurumende dzeItting Iption Game (SIP) dzinoratidzira kuti dzichawana sei mipimo yemipimo yemhepo yehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, Affordcable Care Act yakawedzera Mdhicaid (purogiramu yehurumende inobatana) uye yakavambwa yeinishuwarenzi youtano yakavakirwa pahurumende. Uku kuyanana kunobvumira kuchinjika, sezvo nyika dzinogona kugadzira mapurogiramu ehurumende kuidzororo kumigariro yomunzvimbomo, asi kunogonawo kutungamirira kumiuyo yamarudzi isina kuwiriranwa apo zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinosarudzwa kunze kwegadziriro dzakati.

Kunetsa Nerwisano Mumatunhu Ehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nevavariro yebatira pamwe, rwisano pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzakarovedzeka.Framers vakakarira uku kunyanduka ndokugovera miitiro yakafanana nechikamu chamashoko chikurusa nematare ehurumende kupedza gakava. Dzimwe dzenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa mumatongerwe enyika eAmerica nhasi dzinotsamira pamiganhu yechiremera chehurumende nehurumende.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Muenzaniso mukuru werwisano yenyika ndeyechikanzuru. Kusvikira muna 2025, nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa mbanje kuti ishandiswe pakurapa kana kuti kuvaraidzwa, bva sangano rinodzora Substances Act rinoisa mbanje sechinodhaka cheSameya I, zvichiita kuti zvive zvisiri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende yakatosarudza zvikuru kusamanikidza mutemo kurwisana navatambi vehurumende, nemhaka yemiitiro yakadai seCole Meyarrandum (zvizvizvinenge zvave zvave zviripo kuti ichinjike). Iyi Hurumende inozviisa pasi pomutemo wehurumende inosimbisa zvinetso zvinoshanda munharaunda umo mahurumende akatora nzira yakasiana.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Nepo kutama kuri mutoro wehurumende, dzimwe nguva masangano akatsvaka kuita basa. Mitemo yakadai seArizona’ SB 1070 (2070) yakaedza kusimbisa kuchengetwa kwomutemo wehurumende kuti iongorore mugariro wokutama mukati mokumira kwenguva dzose. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakunda gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzomutemo iwoyo, richisimbisazve kuti kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika ndekwehurumende zvikurukuru. Zvisinei, masangano ane chiremera chokuita zvisarudzo kupfurikidza nemitemo yawo amene, achipa vadzidzi vasina kunyorwa kana kuti kuganhurirwa nezviremera zvehurumende zvokutama.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

SaCalifornia yave ichisundwa kare nokuda kwemipimo yemhoteredzo yakatsiga zvikuru kupfuura hurumende yehurumende. Pasi peCeair Act, California ine chirevo chechienzi chokugadza mipimo yayo amene yokubudisa muswe wepaipi, iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kutora. Ikoku kwakaparira mupimo wakaderera wenyika nokuda kwekubudisa motokari, kunoratidzira kuti chiito chehurumende chinogona sei kupesvedzera mitemo yehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, apo hurumende inodzongonyedza mirau yemhoteredzo, inotaura kuti kusabvumirana kumisa chinjo kana kuti kutora mitemo yayo imene yakakomba.

Mashoko Anoshanda Nokuda Kwevagari Vacho

Kukamukana kwesimba kwehurumende kunotapura anodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kazhinji kazhinji pasina vanhu vanoona. Somuenzaniso:

  • Driver ’ marezenisi anobudiswa nenyika, asi anofanira kusvitsa mipimo yezivikanwo yehurumende inofanira kushandiswa nokuda kwendege dzebhodhingi (Act yeID yeREAL).
  • Mitemo yemichato inorondedzerwa nehurumende, asi Dare Gurusa mu bergefell v. Hodges (20) (20) inoda kuti nyika dzose dzizive roorano dzevatano dzakafanana pasi pemaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuuenzani.
  • Tsitsiro inowanzovamba pamwero womunzvimbomo nowehurumende, asi apo ngwavaira inopfuura simba rehurumende, gavhuna anogona kukumbira ziviso yengwavaira yehurumende, achizarura zviwanikwa zveFEMA nemari.
  • .x secup inoda zvose zviri zviviri kudzoka kwemubatanidzwa (Form 1040) uye kudzoka kwehurumende (kana nyika isina mutero wemari, kufanana neFlorida kana Texas).

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende ndichinhu chikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji chinokwikwidzana nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chikurusa panhau dzorudzi nenhau dzomubatanidzwa, nyika dzinochengeta simba guru pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo uye dzinobatira semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu (inobatanidza mitemo ingagamuchirwa gare gare pamwero worudzi. Kunzwisisa misiyano mikuru pakati peiyi mwero miviri yehurumende inokosha yavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vemo. Kunojekesa chikonzero nei kurukurirano dzakawanda muUnited States dzichitenderera kunhau dzehurumende yohudzoro uye kubetsera kutevedzerwa kwemitemo namasangano izvo zvinoumba upenyu hweAmerica. Nokuda kweimwe nguva. [FLT]]