Apo ngwavaira inorovanya(davidzo kana kuti dutu, murakatira, kana kuti chiito chougandanga chinomuka ndeipi?) MuUnited States, mhinduro haisati iri yakananga nguva dzose nemhaka yegadziriro yenyika. Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri nehurumende dzine mabasa akasiyana, asi mitoro yadzo inowirirana uye pane dzimwe nguva inorwisana. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mwero miviri yehurumende inoshanda sei mukati menjodzi inokosha nokuda kwamaneja ekurumidziro, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vemo zvakafanana. Iyi nzvero yakakudzwa inochera munheyo yemitemo, nhau chaiyoiyo yenyika, uye denho dzinopfuurira kurondedzera njodzi muAmerica nhasi.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yemhinduro Yengwavaira

United States Constitution inosimbisa kukamukana kwamasimba pakati pehurumende yenyika nenyika. Muchikamu che Hurumende yeTententh , masimba asingagoverwi kuhurumende yehurumende anochengeterwa nyika. Ikoku kunobatanidza “simba rehurumende” kudzivirira utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vemo. Somuuyo, hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro munguva yekurumidziro hurusa. Hurumende yehurumende, panguva ino, yakadudza masimba anodzivirira nyika, kubatanidza kutengeserana kworudzi, uye ukama hwokumwe .[1] hunopinda mukutamba mukati memariro huru kana kuti njodzi.

Chirongwa ichi chebumbiro remitemo chinoita gadziriro yokupindura yakavharwa. Hurumende dzemo (matunhu, maverengero) ndidzo dzokutanga kuita chiito. Apo zviwanikwa zvomunzvimbomo zvinokurirwa, gavhuna wehurumende anogona kuzivisa masangano ehurumende ekurumidziro uye kuunganidza. Kana ngwavaira inopfuura simba rehurumende, gavhuna angakumbira betsero yehurumende kupfurikidza ne Stafford Act[[FLM] Act ya 1988], iyo inobvumira Purezidhendi kutungamirira mitengo yehurumende (Fema) inobatanidza Federal Eme Managency Management Agency (F).

Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama paStafford Act, ona FEMA Stafford Act recurecumment[[FLT: 1].

Mitoro yeHurumende Iri Munjodzi

Hurumende dzine mutoro mukuru wapamutemo nowebasa wokutarisira migariro yakakomba mukati memiganhu yadzo. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine sangano rokutarisira njodzi (zvakadai seTexas Division of Emergency Management kana kuti Gavhuna weCalifornia Office of Emergency Service) inotsinhirana nokugadzirira, mhinduro, uye kunaya. Gavhuna anobatira samukuru mukuru mukuru mukati menjodzi, ane masimba okubudisa zviratidzo zvevakuru vakuru vehurumende, anoshandisa National Guard, uye anokumbira yamuro yehurumende.

Masangano Ekurumidziro Nevagamuchiri Vokutanga

State nevomunzvimbomo vapinduri vomwoto .[FLT] , moto, mabasa ezvokurapa. (v] agadziridza muganhu wedanho renjodzi. Ava vashandi vanorovedzwa uye vanoshongedzerwa nehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Mumuenzaniso, madhipatimendi okudzima moto omunzvimbomo anoita kutsvaka nokununura, nepo mapurisa ehurumende anotarisira kudzora motokari. National Guard [ ichinhu chinobatsira chakatanhamara: mumigariro yenguva dzose, inowira pasi pomurairo womubati. Makambani edziro anogona kugadzirirwa nokuda kwetsigiro yavagari vemo, zviremera zvemitemo, uye mabasa echengeteko, achidzosa pakati pevoruzhinjiri.

Kugamuchira Ngwavaira Nokuronga Kunaya

Hurumende imwe neimwe inochengeta gadziriro inowirirana nokuronga kutarisirwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro iyo inoronga mabasa amasangano ehurumende (kushandurwa, utano, dziviriro yemhoteredzo) uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Zvirongwa izvi zvinokurukura chinhu chiri chose kubva munzira dzokubuda nadzo namabasa okudzivirira kukuvara kutsvindisa kubviswa nokunaya kwemari. Masangano anorongawo kurovedza kugadzirira kwavo. Somuenzaniso, Division of Emergency Management inoita basa regore negore rinobatanidza vanamuzvikepedzi veyamuchipameso, vawiriranisi, uye chikamu chisiri chevo.

Kutambura Kwoutano Hworuzhinji

Madhipatimendi ezvoutano hwehurumende anotungamirira mhinduro kukupararira kwehosha, dzakadai sefuruwenza kana kuti covid-19. Ane chiremera chokubudisa zvirango zvokuparadzana nokuparadzana, kuparadzira mishonga inobva kuCharatical National Stockpile. Mukati mede reCHOVAD, hurumende imwe neimwe yakagadza mitemo yayo pamirayiro yokuvhara, uye kuvharwa kwebhizimisi, zvichiratidzira mhatsa yechisarudzo chenzvimbo yakakwirira choutano.

Mamwe Matanho Aiva Nenhano Dzehurumende

  • Mutunial Aid Compatiations: United States inogona kugoverana zvinhu kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvakadai seEmergency Management Affect Compation (EMAC), iyo inobvumira nyika kukumbira vashandi nemidziyo zvinobva kune dzimwe nyika pasina kumirira chiito chehurumende.
  • Masimba eGovernor: Gavhuna anogona kumisa mirau, kubvumira kudzorwa kwemutengo, kana kuti kugadziridza migove yemari yehurumende kusunungura mari yekurumidziro.
  • State Expand Shelters neMigovero: Hurumende zhinji pamberi pechikuva (dzinogoverwa, zvokudya, macots) munzvimbo dzinoshanda uye dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzadzo dzimene dzepokugara.

Mitoro yeHurumende Yehurumende Iri Mumatambudziko

Hurumende yehurumende haitungamiriri chaizvoizvo mhinduro yenjodzi pamwero womunzvimbomo. Basa rayo nderokutsigira nokuwedzera nyika nenhamburiko dzomunzvimbomo apo ukuru hwengwavaira inokurira simba rehurumende. Sangano guru rehurumende nokuda kwemhinduro yengwavaira yemhuri ndi FEMA, asi mamwe masangano mazhinji anogovera (kubatanidza Dhipatimendi rezveutano neHS) nokuda kwemigariro youtano, Dhipatimendi reNheve reNhevero yehondo (DoD) nokuda kwetsigiro yehondo, uye Dhipatimendi reNheve reMazi yeMitemu yeMitengo (DO) nokuda kwedziviriro.

Kushandisa Mari uye Kurasikirwa Nepfuma

Stafford Act inopa simba Purezidhendi kuti azivise “ngwavaira huru” kana kuti“ njodzi,” inobudisa mipiro yehurumende nebetsero yakananga. Mari yeFederal inogona kufukidza 75% yemari yakakodzera yehurumende neyomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokubviswa kwetsvina, matanho okudzivirira, uye kuvakazve zvirongwa zvehurumende. FMA inoshandira vashandi, michina yekurukurirano, uye migove kupfurikidza negadziriro yayo. . [FLT:] DISASTER REAS REFYFY [, inodzoserwa neCongressworkers, inopas.

Nokuda kwamashoko pamusoro penzira iyo FEMA inoparadzira nayo mari, shanyira purogiramu FAMA YAMUTUNGANHU URI URI URI URI .

Kubatana Netsigiro Yokushanda

FEMA inoronga kuti masangano ehurumende anobatira pamwe nehurumende yomunzvimbomo, yomunzvimbomo, yemo yenzvimbo. NRF inogadza 15 Emergency Sutruction Tromment (ESTFs), yakadai sechokufambisa, kurukurirano, uye tarisiro huru, imwe neimwe inotungamirira nesangano rehurumende rakagadzwa. Mukati mengwavaira huru, Fediterating Coodinatizer [ Covertigatemps train ment jourment jourts jources [Foct:3] inoiswa kuruwa kuti ishande pedyo neHurumende. , imwe neimwe inotungamirira nesangano rehurumende rakagadzwa. [FLT][FFF] [FF]

Chengeteko Yorudzi Nemigariro Chaiyo

Muzvinoitika zvisingawanzoitiki zvinobatanidza chengeteko yorudzi − zvakadai sedenho yamagandanga kana kuti chinoitika chenyukireya — hurumende yehurumende ingava nebasa renhungamiro. Defense Tsigist of Civil Guence[ [DSCA] dzidziso inobvumira DoD kugovera mano akasiana (somuenzaniso, zvipatara zvehondo, zvokufambisa zvikuru, kana kuti masangano okubvisa tsvina) pakukumbira kwezviremera zvevagari vemo. Mutungamiriri anewo chiremera ku Hurumende yeNational Guard , kuitora kunze kwedzoro yehurumende kuti iite mutemo womubatanidzwa kana kuti ipedzike vhiringidzo huru dzemhuri dzakaitika munguva yezviwichamubatanidzwa nePututsurume.

Mitemo Youtano Hwavose Yamakurukota

  • CDC na HHS: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention yeU.S. (CDC) inogovera nzvero yehosha, tsigiro yerabhoritari, uye nhungamiro youtano hwavanhu. Administration for Strategic Limbreant and Response (ASPR) inotarisira National Stockpile[ yemishonga nemigove yemishonga.
  • National Disaster Medical System: Zvikwata zvinokwanisa kuitwa zvavanachiremba, vakoti, uye vatarisiri vemari izvo zvinowedzera gadziriro dzoutano dzomunzvimbomo dzakakurira gadziriro dzokurapa.
  • Kushambadza neNhengo: Hurumende yehurumende inotaurirana ndokuparadzira nhomba nokurapa, sezvinoonekwa nemishonga yeCHOVAD-19 yefuruwenza.

Fundo Dzavane Nhamo Dzokugamuchira Chitambudzo

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidza nhevedzano yemitambo (8) uye pane dzimwe nguva kukwikwidzana kwe(pakati pehurumende nenzvimbo dzehurumende).

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Kupindura kuHurricane Katrina kunowanzonzi kukundikana kubatana kwemativi ose ari maviri. Hurumende yeLouisiana yakanga isina kunyatsoshandisa zvirongwa zvayo zvekurumidziro, uye guta reNew Orleans rakatadza kukanganisa nenzira ine ngozi. Gavhuna akakumbira kubatsirwa nehurumende, asi mhinduro yaFEMA yakanonoka, yakavhiringidzwa nokunonoka kwebureacratic respective system. Hurumende yacho yakashorwa nokuda kwokusashandisa pfuma nokukurumidza zvakakwana, nepo nyika yacho yakapomerwa mhosva nokuti haina kubvisa kubuda kwakazara. Pashure pefit, Congress congress Resource FEma, yakasimbisa kukosha kwehurumende yePreparace Framey, uye yakasimbisa kukosha kwePreparacester uye yamuyamumwe.

“ Katrina akatidzidzisa kuti apo mano omunzvimbomo neehurumende anokurirwa, mhinduro yehurumende inofanira kudzorwa nokukurumidza uye zvakanaka. Kwakaratidzawo kuti nyika hadzigoni kuvimba bedzi neWashington(Zvo) inofanira kuvaka simba radzo rokugadzirira rakasimba.” – Congressional Research Service

COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)

Dambudziko racho rakasimbisa nzira yokushandisa. United States yakaita matanho outano hwakasiana zvikuru akaiswa, mamwe akaramba akavhurika. Hurumende yehurumende, kupfurikidza neCDC neHHS, yakabudisa mirau asi haina kuraira nyika yose. White House yakabatanidza [ Operation Warp Rade[[FL:1] kukura kwemushonga, uye Congress yakapfuudza zvikwereti zvinoverengeka zvinopa mibayiro inopa mibayiro yakananga kuhurumende, mabhizimisi, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe. Zvisinei, kushaikwa kwezvirevo zvehurumende kwakatungamirira kupfumbadza mativi ezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pezvifukifiti nemishonga, kunenge kune nhamburiko. [FLT:]

Hurricane Harvey (2017)

Harvey akaratidza kushanda pamwe chete kwehurumende. Texas yakanga yaita kurovedza kukuru kwedutu uye yakava noukama hwakasimba neFEMA. Hurumende yacho yakakurumidza kukumbira chiziviso chikuru chengwavaira, uye FEMA yakaisa zvinhu. Dare reCoast neNational Guard rakaitisa zviuru zvevanunuri. Njodzi yacho yakaratidza kuti apo mwero yose iri miviri inokurukurirana uye inoshanda kupfurikidza neIncidentide Leant System, kuita nokunaya inogona kuva inobudirira zvikuru.

Mwoto yokuMadokero (2020 - 2022)

Moto wetsvina muCalifornia, Oregon, uye Washington dzinoenzanisira ganhuriro dzezviwanikwa zvehurumende. Hurumende yemasango yeU.S. Inotarisira nzvimbo huru dzesango renyika, asi moto haumiri pamiganhu yevhu. Nyika dzinofanira kukumbira injini dzinodzima moto, tambo dzendege, uye mapoka anotarisira zvinoitika. National Multālemāge Coordinatifinitive Group[[[FL:1]] inopa mibato iyi mishato mishoma. Mukati memwaka yakakomba yemoto, makwikwikwidza pakati pemitengwa yemitengo dzemitengidzo inova yakakomba, inoratidzira utera mugadziriro yemitengo.

Zvinetso Zvinooneka

Pasinei nokujeka kwebumbiro remitemo uye kufambira mberi kwemakumi emakore, hurumende yacho inotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinoramba zvichiitika.

Kubatana Nokukurukurirana Zvinoparara

Mitengo yakasiyana - siyana yehurumende inowanzoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokukurukurirana nadzo uye mashoko. Kunyange neNIMS, kusabatana kunoramba kuri chinetso. Somuenzaniso, munguva yePhurricane Michael muna 2018, madhipatimendi okudzima moto omunharaunda akatamburira kusvika kumahofisi epamunda peFEMA nemhaka yokusawirira kweredhiyo. Kurovedzana kwemajoini nguva dzose uye kuisa mari muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvakavhengana kunodiwa kuvhara misiyano iyi.

Kusawirirana Kwemanyuko

Nyika dzakapfuma dzine zvivako zvemitero zvakakura dzinogona kukwanisa zviri nani kukwanisa kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu okukurumidzira, vashandi vakawanda, uye mari yokuchengetedza yakasimba. Nyika dzevarombo, zvikurukuru idzo dziri muGulf Coast neAppalchia, dzingashaiwa gadziriro neshambidziko yemari yokudavidza nenzira inobudirira. Miitiro yeyamuro yeFederal yakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo uye mari yegasi pajiputa inoedza kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba, asi hurumende 76bystate yakagadzirira inopfuurira.

Kurwisana Kwepamutemo Nekwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mukati menjodzi, kukakavadzana kwapamutemo kunogona kumuka pamusoro pemiganhu yechiremera chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Posse Comitatus Act Possitus Comitus Act inoganhurira kushandiswa kwehondo inoshanda nesimba nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo, uko kunogona kuomesa tsigiro yehurumende munyongano dzavagari vemo. Federal jambwa remitemo yehurumende yezveutano yadzikiswawo, nematare anowanzotsigira chiremera chehurumende mukati memigariro yakaoma kutoti mutemo wakajeka. Zvikatadzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvakadai seapo gavhuna webato rimwe rinoramba betsero yehurumende inogoverwa nehurumende yerimwe boka rehurumende.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Neruzhinji Kunopesana Nechokwadi Chepamutemo

Vagari vemo vakawanda vanotarisira kuti hurumende yehurumende itarisire njodzi huru ipi neipi, asi chokwadi chapamutemo ndechekuti inotungamirira. Apo FEMA haitori migove kana kuti vashandi nokukurumidza, vanhu vanowanzopomera hurumende. Uku kusanzwisisa kwekariro kunogona kuderedza chivimbo mumhinduro yehurumende.

Nzira Iyo Muitiro Unogona Kuvandudza Nayo

Kuchinja kunoverengeka kungagona kusimbisa mubatanidzwa wenjodzi yehurumende:

  • Ratidza Mutuant Aid Protocols: Kudziridza Emergency Management Consolation ndokukuita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwehurumende kukumbira yamuro mumitsetse yenyika.
  • .Kuwedzera Presaster Funding: Kugadzirwa kwemitemo kunowedzera mipiro, yakadai se Presaster Mitigation Program, inoderedza ndyiko dzenguva refu.
  • [ Kurovedza Madhiffikiti:[[FLT: 1] Kuda zvirovedzo zvenguva dzose zvemitengo mizhinji inobatanidza masangano ehurumende, omunzvimbomo, uye ehurumende anoshandisa gadziriro dzimwe chetedzo dzemirairo.
  • FEderammed Disaster Declaration Declaration:[[FLT: 1] Thunhurira nguva inotora chikumbiro chagavhuna chokusvika Purezidhendi, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuparadza ngwavaira dzinononoka dzakadai sokusanaya kwemvura kana kuti hosha.
  • [ Tsamba yakacherwa Isabata: Ita mufananidzo chaiwoiwo unoshandiswa panguva inosvikwa kumitengo yose, uchishandisa GIS uye fungidziro.

mhedziso

Tsinhiro yenjodzi muUnited States haisati iri nhau yakapfava ye “mav. communist". Iko kubatira pamwe kunotangira muBumbiro remitemo, kwakanatswa namakumi amakore oruzivo rwokuzviwanira, uye kuedzwa nezvinoitika zvinovambira padutu kusvikira kuzvirwere. Hurumende ndidzo vatungamiriri vaasingatengi, vanoshandisa zivo yavo yomunzvimbomo nechiremera chapamutemo, nepo hurumende yehurumende inogovera migariro yemari inodenha, yezvokushanda kwemari, uye tsigiro yezvoruzivo rwezvoruzivo apo mwero wengwavaira unoiraira. Simba rekubatana iroro rinotsamira pagadziriro dzakajeka, rovedzo inopfuurira, uye musero wokushanda kugura mitsetse yomugariro mumwe nomumwe. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa basa remari, nedenho dzinopfuurira kupfuurira, urongwa hwemari, uye kutsigira njodzi dzamangwana.