Geneth Amendment kuUnited States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1868, inomira senheyo yomutemo wekodzero dzevanhu weAmerica. Gadziriro dzayo dzakaumba zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende, nyika, uye vagari vemo. Hakuna nzvimbo yakatapurwa nako kwakadzika kupfuura mudzidzo yavose, umo vimbiso dzekugadziridzwa dzedziviriro yakaenzana uye muitiro wakafanira zvave zviri nhau yezivikanwa yetsika yetsika kwerinopfuura zana rimwe ramakore. Kunzwisisa Kutevedzerwa kweDramende ye145 kunokosha mukunzwisisa pamutemo mikana yedzidzo nekodzero dzevagari vemo muAmerica.

Kugadziridza kwakaitwa mukati menhambo yokugadziridza. Zvakaitirwa kuputsa chigadziko chapamberi pedare guru mu Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), iyo yaidavira kuti vaAmerica vakanga vasiri vagari vemo. Gadziriro huru dzokugadziridza dzinowanikwa murutivi rwayo rwokutanga, idzo dzinogadza kuva mugari wemo uye dzine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: Roparo kana kuti Immunites Clausce, Mutezo weClausce, uye Kudzivirira Claus E. Gutsikation Claus inodzivisa kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma isina pamutemo. Kudzivirira Classium kunoda kugovera mamiriro ose okudzivirira pasi pomutemo kuti ashatiswe.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nebanza Redzidzo

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuri gadziriro yakakurumbira zvikurusa yeKineth Amendment mumashoko edzidzo. Kwave kuchishandiswa kudenha kusarurana kwedzinza, kusawirirana kwemari kwechikoro, uye kubvumira utsotsi. Mubvunzo mukuru muidzi nhau ndewokuti chiito chehurumende chinobata vanhu nenzira yakasiana chinogona kururamiswa nedonzo rapamutemo ravose. Matare anoshandisa mwero yakasiana- siyana yokunzvera zvichitsamira parusarudzo runobatanidzwa, nemapoka edzinza anowana mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wehwirudzuro.

Kugumisa [[Njere: 0] Dere[[FLT]]

Kushandiswa kukurusa kweFoold Protection Claus mudzidzo kwakauya Brown v. Board of Educa [1954]. Muchisarudzo ichi chakabatana, Dare Gurusa rakaramba kuti kusarurana kwedzinza kwavana muzvikoro zvehurumende kwakaputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwaClaus. Dare rakaramba dzidziso yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana yakagadzwa mu Pletsby v. Ferguson (1996]), rikawana kuti zvikoro zvaishatiswa zvakanga zvisingaenzaniswi nokuti zvakaparira kunzwa kwokuzvidzwa muvana vashoma. Chisarudzo chakanga chiri rukundo rwekodzero dzavagari vemo uye yakarongwa nokuda kwenzvimbo dzehurumende dzehurumende muUnited States.

Zvisinei, kuitwa kwe rown kwakanga kusiri nyore. Mu rown II (1955], Dare rakaraira desecoration kuti ipfuurire nemhanza yose yamaune, mashoko akabvumira nokuda kwokuramba kukuru nokunonozeka. Maruwa mazhinji echikoro muSouth akabatanidzwa mukudzivisa kukuru, kuvhara zvikoro zvavose panzvimbo pokuzvibatanidza. Yakaita kupindira kwehurumende uye kupfuudza zviitiko zvakadai se [[FT:] Cooperper v.[FLD:5]] [195]]] [1988] kubatira murayiro wacho. Kunyange makumi amakore, zvikoro zvakawanda zveAmerica zvinosara zvinobudirira kudzikamiswa nenzira inopfuura mitoo inofamba, mibvunzo inopfuurira pamusoro pezvisarusarudzo pamusoro pezvisaruso:[FF]]][7]]

Kutsigira Kushandisa Chikoro Nokuenzana Kwezvinhu

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuchikumbirwawo kukurukura kusawirirana kwemari muchikoro. Muhurumende zhinjisa, zvikoro zvehurumende zvinobhadharwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, iyo inoparira misiano mikuru mukushandisa mari pakati peruwa rwavapfumi navarombo. Mu San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [7973] Dare repamusoro renyika rakatonga kuti dzidzo haisi maruramiro anokosha pasi peU.S. Constitution uye kuti mari inobvisa pamitero yemari inotsamira pamitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo haina kuputsa dziviriro yeSacial Protection Claus. Chisarudzo ichi chakapfiga jiro chapasuo kuzvinetso zvehurumende zvemari.

Pashure pa Rodriguez, vatongi vakatendeukira kumatare ehurumende nebumbiro remitemo kuti vapikire kutsigira mari nokusaruramisira. matare makurusa ehurumende akarangarira kuti mirau yavo yehurumende inoda kuparadzirwa kwemitemo yedzidzo yakaenzana zvikuru, ichitungamirira kuchinjo huru munyika dzakadai seNew Jersey, Kentucky, uye Washington. Izvi zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinowanzodudzira nheyo dzakafanana mumitemo yavo vamene yakarongwa yakafara zvikuru kupfuura U. Dare gurusa rakadudzira Hurumende inopfuudzira Hurumende yeMitemo yeMitemo yeChine. Kukurukurirana Zvikuru kunopfuurira pamusoro pemari pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvechikoro kunoramba kuri imwe yenzvimbo dzinoshingaira zvikurusa dzedzidzo nomutemo.

Chiito Chinosimbisa Mudzidzo Yakakwirira

Imwe nharaunda huru yeKine8 Amendment yave iri kushandiswa kwedzinza muvapindi vekoreji. Mubvunzo mukuru ndowokuti kana mitemo yedzinza isingazivi yakagadzirirwa kusimudzira mhatsa inoputsa Kudzivirira kwaExponete Claus. Mu Regents dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke[[FLT]] [19978], Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti nepo mipimo yedzinza yakanga isingawiriraniswi, dzinza ringagona kushandiswa sechinhu chimwe pakati pezvisarudzo pakati pezvisarudzo zvizhinji mukupinda kuti iwane betsero yedzidzo yeboka ravadzidzi rakasiana - siyana.

Kwemakumi amakore, Dare rakapfuurira kuvandudza ukuru hunobvumirwa hwekubvuma kwedzinza. Mu [FLT: 0] Gridge v. Bollinger [2003], Dare rakatsigira University of Michigan Law School yokubvuma, iyo inorangarira rudzi sechinhu chimwe mukuhwirudzura kwakasiyana zvikuru. Zvisinei, Dare rakarovawo Yunivhesiti yeMichigan's system system, iyo inopa mifungo yakavakirwa padzinza nenzira yokugadzirwa. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, [[FGOF:] mu [FLT2]]]. [FT]

Kugadzirira Kwakafanira Namaruramiro Omudzidzi

Kushandiswa kwenheyo dzakakodzera kuzvikoro kwakaparira mubatanidzwa mukuru womutemo unorondedzera kodzero dzevadzidzi vanotarisana nokudzingwa, kudzingwa, uye zvimwe zvirango.

Kugadzirira Kunoita Kuranga Kunoitwa Kuchikoro

Mu Gos v. Lopez[FLT:] [1997], Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti vadzidzi vechikoro vane zvinhu zvapamutemo nefariro yorusununguko mudzidzo yavo. Naizvozvo, zvikoro hazvigoni kumisa vadzidzi kwaanopfuura mazuva gumi pasina kuvapa dziviriro dzinokosha. Dare raida kuti vadzidzi vapiwe ziviso yepo pavari uye mukana wokupa rutivi rwavo rwenhau vasati vamiswa. Iyi mhaka yasimbisa kuti kunyange mumashoko akapoteredza echikoro chirango, hurumende inofanira kuita zvakanaka uye kugovera kunzwa kune revo pamberi pokunyima munhu wefariro huru.

Nheyo dze Gos dzinoshanda kudzinga chikoro, uye matare akawanda akatambanudzira dziviriro dzamagamuchidzanwa kudzingwa uye zvimwe zvimiro zvechirango. Zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvemuitiro wakafanira zvinosiana zvichitsamira paukombi hwechirango. Nokuda kwekurukurirano pfupi nomudzidzi ingava yakakwana. Kudzingwa kwenguva refu, kunzwa kwapamutemo zvikuru nebanza rokudana zvapupu uye ufakazi huripo zvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti vadzidzi havarangwi zvisina kururama uye kuti vakuru vechikoro vashandise chiremera chavo nenzira ine mufungo.

Dziviriro Nokuda Kwavadzidzi Vane Urema

Windows Processom Claus neFeancial Protection Clause pamwe chete zvinopa fandesheni yemitemo inodzivirira vadzidzi nourema. Vamiririri vane ruzivo rwedzidzo yemapapu (IDEA) vanovimbisa kuti dzidzo yavose yakakodzera kukwanirisa vana vane urema. IDEA inopa gadziriro yakasimba yokudzivirira vana, kubatanidza kodzero yokunzwa zvisina muganhu apo vabereki nezvikoro zvisingabvumirani nezvirongwa zvedzidzo yemwana.

Iyi gadziriro yakafanira inobvumira mativi ose ari maviri kupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye kuitisana nharo nhau yavo pamberi pomukuru mukuru anozvimirira wedare. Gadziriro yeIDEA inoratidzira mipimo yakabatanidzwa muMenderero-pasi yeMirefu ye14, ichivimbisa kuti zvisarudzo pamusoro pedzidzo yavana neurema zvinoitwa nenzira yakaenzana uye nokurangarirwa kwakafanira kwezvinodikanwa zvomwana mumwe nomumwe. Kurongwa kwomutemo wehurumende nemitemo yapamutemo yakarongwa zvakaparira mutoo une simba wokudzivirira maruramiro avadzidzi vanotapukirwa.

Kubatanidzwa kweBhiri reKodzero

Chitendero che14th Amendment chakashandurawo dzidzo yeAmerica kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza.

Dzidziso yokubatanidza yakava netapuro huru paratidziro yavadzidzi. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District [1969], Dare rakaramba kuti vadzidzi havaregi kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi reimba yechikoro. Dare rakaziva kuti First Amendment, inoshandiswa kuhurumende kupfurikidza ne 145th Amendment, inodzivirira kutaura kwevadzidzi kutoti kuidzoredzere mune zvokunyama uye zvikurukuru kudzodzo nekodzero dzechikoro kana kuti kuvhozhozhokera kodzero dzevamwe. Uyu mutsika wakashandiswa uye wanatswa muzviitiko zvakawanda zvinobatanidza mapepanhau evadzidzi, kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kutaura kwokufananidzira.

Kudzivirirwa kweGavhura reChina pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari kwakashandiswawo kuzvikoro kupfurikidza neKineth Amendment. Mu [FL:0] New Jersey v. T.L. [85], Dare raidavira kuti vakuru vakuru vechikoro vari pasi peFread Amendment yeChina asi kuti kunzvera muzvikoro kunoda kufungira bedzi kutendwa kwemitemo kwakakwana. Uyu mupimo wakaderera unoratidzira zvinodikanwa zvechienzi zvechikoro apo zvichiri kugovera dziviriro ine remitemo yetsika yavadzidzi. Kubatanidzwa kweaya kodzero huru mumugariro wechikoro kwakaumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwechinoitika chavadzidzi.

Mavambo Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Akapararira

Kupfuura dzidzo chaiyo, IPramende ye14 inogovera hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kweyakawanda yekodzero dzevanhu yemazuva ano. Mitemo yayo yakawedzerwa kuburikidza nomutemo wehurumende uye kududzirwa kwedare kuti zvidzivirire vanhu pakusarurana pabasa, padzimba, uye padzimba dzavose. Zvipikirwa zveIntement of the Reformation zvedziviriro yakaenzana uye gadziriro yakafanira ndeyehwaro umo mutemo wekodzero dzevagari veAmerica unovakirwa.

Zita romusoro IX Norusaruro Rwakatsigirwa Nevatano

Congress yaisiira musoro weIX weDzidzo Amendments ya1971 pasi pesimba rayo rokushandisa zvitsama zvemashoko, asi mutemo wacho wakabatana zvikuru nenheyo dzeMitemo yeMitemo ye14. Umutwe IX unorambidza rusaruro rwevatano runotsigirwa mupurogiramu ipi neipi yedzidzo kana kuti basa kugamuchira betsero yemari yehurumende. Uyu mutemo wave uri mutyairi mukuru wekukura mumitambo yavasikana navakadzi uye wave uri mutoo mukuru wokuita nawo kunetsa kwevatano nokudenha muzvikoro neyunivhesiti.

Fience Protection Claus amene anorambidzawo rusaruro rwevatano kunoitwa nezvikoro zvehurumende. Nepo mupimo wokuhwirudzura nokuda kwezvimiro zvevatano usina kusiana somupimo wezvikamu zvakavakirwa padzinza, Dare rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti kusarudzwa kwakavakirwa pavatano kunofanira kuva kune chokuita zvikuru nefariro inokosha yehurumende. Muiyi mirau, matare akakurira mitemo inobvisa vadzidzi papurogiramu kana kuti mikana yakavakirwa pamipimo yemipimo pamusoro pemabasa echirume necheni, kumwe kukura kaenzana mudzidzo.

Kudzivirira Vasingagari

Mu Plyler v. Doe [1998], Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Dare Rinoyera Kudzivirira Claus kuti ripedze mutemo weTexas uyo wainyima mari yedzidzo yavana vakanga vasingabvumirwi pamutemo kuUnited States. Dare rakaramba kuti vana havangagoni kurambwa dzidzo yavose nemhaka bedzi yomugariro wavo wokupinda munyika. Dare rakasimbisa tapuro inoparadza yokuti kurambwa kwedzidzo kungava nayo paava vana napanzanga, richishandisa mwero wakakura zvikuru wokunzvera mutemo weTexas.

Chisarudzo chinoramba chiri muenzaniso wakakomba wekodzero dzemhuri dzinotamira. Chinoziva kuti dzidzo ibasa rinokosha rehurumende uye kuti kunyima vana kusvika kudzidzo yakavakirwa pamugariro wavo wokutama kungaita kuti pave nedanho risingachinji. Mhaka yacho muenzaniso une simba weEncial Protection Claus anoshandiswa kudzivirira boka redhiscrinitation. Cornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute igovera kupetwa kwakakwana kwenhau yaPlyler uye kubatira kwayo kunopfuurira.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nenzwisiso Yazvino Uno Yevatano

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, revo yerusaruraganda pasi peFelt Claus Evention neTitle IX yakakudzwa zvikuru. Mu Bostock v. Clayton County [20]), Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti rusaruro pahwaro hwechimiro chevatano kana kuti mugariro wekuchinja chimiro irudzi rwevatano pasi peTitle VII yeChiteshi yekodzero dza Civil. Nepo BHOSC] yakaita basa, matare akaderera neBato redzidzo zvakashandisa kurangarira kwaro kugadziriro yedzidzo pasi peTitlet.

Iyi dudziro yakatungamirira kudziviriro huru zvikuru nokuda kwaLGBTQ+ vadzidzi, vachivimbisa kuti vanodzivirirwa pakunetswa norusaruro muzvikoro. Kududzirwa kunopfuurira kweKineth Amendment munharaunda ino ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzine simba zvikurusa nedzinokwikwidzanwa dzemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo, matare achipfuurira kurondedzera ukuru hwedziviriro nokuda kwevatano nokuzivikanwa kwavanhukadzi mumashoko edzidzo yavose.

Kuongorora Nguva Yemberi Nenhungamiro Dzenguva Yemberi

Dare reMitemo rechigumi namana rinoramba riri gwaro benyu rine revo inopfuurira kushanduka mukupindura zvinetso zvitsva. Muzana ramakore rechi 21, matare ari kushandisa nheyo dzaro kumibvunzo mitsva inobatanidza chisarudzo chechikoro, kutaura paIndaneti, uye chirango. Mibvunzo mikuru yeruramisiro, kuenzana, uye maruramiro avanhu izvo zvaiparira gadziridzo yacho zvinoshanda nhasi sezvakwakanga kwakaita muna 1868.

Zvirongwa Zvokusarudza Pachikoro Nezvirongwa Zvevaoucher

Gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvechikoro, kubatanidza zvirongwa zvekunyoresa zvinobvumira mari yavose kushandiswa nokuda kwedzidzo yechikoro chavanhu voga, zvinomutsa mibvunzo pasi peMutezo Wechikamu Chinodzivirira Claus neChigadziko chaClaus. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti iyi purogiramu inoita kuti mhuri dzive nesimba, zvikurukuru idzo dziri mumaruwa echikoro anokundikana. Vashori vanotaura kuti dzinobvisa pfuma muzvikoro zvavose uye dzingada kuti zvisaruve nezvikoro zvavanhu. Espizobv. Department of Nyurence, Dare rapamusoro rakashandisa Free Ex Express Classive Ex Classive Ex, kupfurikidza nomuGramend, kudition kudia zvibvumirano kuti zvibata zvikoro zvorudzidziso mumapurogiramu ezvero anowanika. Izvi zvinoratidzira kufambidzana pakati pemite yeGeneticpy-Genetic.

Kutaura Nekodzero Dzevadzidzi

Windows Procession Claus inotarisana nenzvero itsva muzera resocial media. Apo chirango chechikoro chingagona kuranga mudzidzi nokuda kwokutaura kwakaitwa paIndaneti? Mu Mahanoy Areat School District v. B.L.[[FL:1] [2021], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti chikoro hachigoni kuranga mudzidzi nokuda kwemapadhirekita enzanga anonyadzisira magariro anoitwa panzvimbo dzenzanga dzakabviswa, asi dzisingabvisi chose chose chose mubato wechikoro paIndaneti. Dare rakaziva denho dzechienzi dzinoparirwa nekurukurirano yemiitiro uye rakasimbisa ukoshi yokudzivirira kutaura kwavadzidzi kunze kwechikoro.

Kukurukurirana kuri pakati peKirasi ye14 nemuchina wemakombiyuta kuri kuramba kuchiitika. Mibvunzo ine chokuita nokuva pachivande kwevadzidzi, kuongorora makombiyuta, uye kukwanisa kupedza purogiramu yepaIndaneti ichaita kuti matare ashandise mitemo yepamutemo yemubatanidzwa kuti aenderane nezvinenge zvataurwa.

mhedziso

Mutengo we14th Amendment inheyo imwe inokosha zvikurusa yapamutemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo nedzidzo muUnited States. Vimbiso yayo yedziviriro yakaenzana yakashandiswa kuputsa kusarurana, kudenha kupesana kwemari, uye kusimudzira mhatsa. Vimbiso yayo yemuitiro wakafanira yakavamba kururama kukuru muchirango chechikoro uye yakadzivirira maruramiro avadzidzi vane urema. Kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza, yakatambanudzira dziviriro dzeBill of Rights mukirasi, ichivimbisa kuti vadzidzi vanofarikanya dziviriro yemitemo kunyange mukati mamasuo ezvikoro.

Kunzwisisa Dare reMitemo rechigumi namana kunokosha kuvadzidzisi, vatungamiriri, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo.