Kumanikidzwa Kunoitwa Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo muUnited States

Mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu inoumba mavambo edziviriro dzapamutemo parusaruro muUnited States. Iyi mitemo yehurumende nebvumirano dzebumbiro remitemo zvinovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu anonyimwa kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo wakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, mavambo evatano, dzinza, urema, kana kuti zera. Asi kuziva icho mitemo inotaura inongova hafu bedzi yemipimo inodzivirira yakanyorwa inochinja dziviriro kuva zvinhu zvipenyu zvakaenzana. Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anofambisa gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, anonzwisisa kuti mitemo inovapa simba sei kusimbisa kodzero dzavo uye kuita kuti masangano azviito azvipikire. Nyaya inopa kupiwa chiremera, mukuongororwa kwakakwirira kwamasangano, mitemo, mitoo, uye denho izvo zvinorondedzera kodzero dzevagari vemo nhasi.

Mavambo Enhau Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kuchengetwa kwemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu hakuna kuoneka pasina chinhu. Kwakavakirwa murwisano refu kushandura mirangariro yebumbiro remitemo kuva maruramiro anogombedzerwa. Rwechi 13, 14, uye Rwendo rwechi 15, rwaisimbiswa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, rwakabvisa uranda, hwakatanga kuva mugari wemo woudangwe nedziviriro yakaenzana, uye kusarura dzinza kwakarambidzwa mukuvhota. Bva kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore, idzi gadziridzo dzakashorwa nenzira yakarongwa nemitemo, masimba masimba masimba, uye kusaita rutongeso.

Zvakada kutsigira kutsiga kweChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzevagari vemo kuti chisimbise kuti chiite miitiro yokuita kuti zvinhu zvirambe zviripo.Murayiro wema1960 unoratidza kuti vanhu vatevedzeri vasare varavi urongwa hwehurumende kupa masangano ehurumende chiremera chokuongorora zvichemo, kuunza kukwirirana, uye kurega kupa mari kubva kumasangano asina kubatana.

Mitemo Mikuru Yakasika Zvirongwa Zvokumanikidza

  • Civil Rights Act ya 1964 - Umutwe VII yakatanga Aumemblic Opportution Commission (EOC) kuti itsigire mitemo inorwisana nedzorranisiro pabasa. Umutwe VI wakarambidza rusaruro mumapurogiramu anotsigirwa nehurumende. Umutwe II wakarambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose.
  • Voting Rights Act ya 1965 - Authority anotarisira miitiro yesarudzo mumativi ane nhau yorusaruro, uye akapa Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro maturusi akasimba kudenha mhinganidzo dzokuvhota.
  • Fair House Act ya 1968 – rusaruro rwakarambidzwa mukutengeswa kwedzimba, marendi, uye mari, runodzorwa neBato reHouse and Urban Development (HUD) uye kupomera mhaka kwapachivande.
  • American neUremalce Act ya 1990 (ADA) - dziviriro dzinowedzera dzamaruramiro avagari vemo kuvanhu vane urema munhambo yebasa, mabasa avose, uye pokugara, dzinomanikidzirwa namasangano akawanda kubatanidza EEOC neBato reRuramisiro.

Mitemo iyi pamwe chete yakaita kuti pave nezvivako zvinochengetedza zvinotsamira pazvose zviri zviviri chiito chehurumende nekodzero yakavanzika yokukwirira mhaka.

Varongwa Vanokosha Vane Mutoro Wokutsigira

Kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States kunoparadzirwa pakati pamasangano ehurumende anoverengeka, rimwe nerimwe rine simba chairo.

Basa Rokuwana Mabasa Akaenzana (EOC)

EEOC inodzika mitemo yehurumende inorambidza rusaruro rwemabasa. Inoongorora kupomerwa kworusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano (kubatanidza kuva napamuviri, vatano, uye kuzivikanwa kwevarume nevakadzi), mavambo orudzi, urema, uye zera. Mugore regore regore ra2023 roga, EEOC yakagamuchira pomero dzinopfuura 81 000 dzerusarurano rwebasa. Kombicha yacho inoitawo mapurogiramu okubudisa mashoko, nhau, uye inogona kunyora mhosva dzinorwisana navashandirwiwa vanowanikwa kuva vanopunzwa kuva vanopunzwa. Basa rayo rinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwavashandi pasina mari yokubhadhara magweta.

Department of Justice (DOJ) – Kukamukana Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

DOJ Civil Rights Division isangano guru rehurumende rokumanikidzira kodzero dzevagari vemo munharaunda dzakafara dzakadai seruramisiro youtsotsi, pokugara, dzidzo, kuvhota, uye kodzero dzokuremara. Rinounza kupomera mhaka kutemwa kwetsika mumadhipatimendi emapurisa, kupomera kuvenga mhosva, kudenha mitemo yokuvhota, uye kushanda kuti kubvise miganhu yevanhu vane urema. Boka rinobatanidzawo kuchengetwa kweTitlet VI neTit IX mumapurogiramu anobhadhadhadhadhadhairwa nourema. Simba raro rinokuita kuti kurege kudzosanonetswa apo mimwe miitiro inokundikana.

Department of Education – Office for Civil Rights (OCR)

OCR inomanikidza kuti musoro weIX weEducation Amendments ye1971, inorambidza rusaruro rwevatano mumasangano edzidzo achigamuchira mari yehurumende. Inobatawo nhevedzo pamusoro pedzinza, urema, uye rusaruro rwezera muzvikoro napakoreji. OCR inonzvera pomero, inokurukura zvibvumirano zvechisarudzo, uye inogona pakupedzisira kunyima mari yehurumende kumasangano asina kuwirirana. Nzvero dzakakwirira dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mumiitiro yevatano yechikoro uye misiyano yedzinza muchirango chechikoro zvinoratidza ukoshi hweOCR hunopfuurira.

Mimwe Miviri Inokosha

  • [[[NHAU: 0] Nzvimbo dzedzimba neProject yeUrban (HUD) – Endicts the Fair House Act kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kuwirirana, uye kutonga.
  • Office yeFederal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) - inosimbisa kuti makambani anoita bhizimisi nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende haasaruri.
  • [ Comment=Nhamba yekurukurirano yeFCC) – Inomanikidza kodzero dzavagari vemo mukurukurirano nefoni, kubatanidza kusvika kwaurema uye mukana wakaenzana webasa nokuda kwavashambadzisi venhau.

Masangano aya anogoverana mashoko, anoronga zviitiko zvinofambidzana, uye pane dzimwe nguva anopa nhungamiro yakabatana yokuvandudza kusachinjana.

Basa Repamutemo Rinotungamirira Kumanikidzwa

Mitemo mizhinji inokosha inorondedzera mufambiro wakarambidzwa nemipimo zvinoshandiswa kubvumikisa rusaruro.

Zita reChitayera reViI reMutemo Wekodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika ya1964

Title VII inofukidza vashandirwi navashandi 15 kana kuti vakawanda uye inorambidza rusaruro mukupinza basa, kupfura, muripo, uye mipimo yebasa. Inorambidzawo kutsiva vashandi vanonyunyuta pamusoro porusaruro. Dare rakadudzira Title VII kufukidza kurapa (kusarura kwemaune) uye kubvisa pesvedzero (masangano anokuvadza zvikuru mapoka akadzivirirwa, pasinei zvapo nedonzo). HEEOC’S peji yeViI

Vanhu vokuAmerica Vane Chirango Chourema (ADA)

ADA inorambidza rusaruro mumabasa, pokugara pavose, zvokufambisa, foni, uye mabasa ehurumende. Inodawo pokugara pakafanira kuvanhu vakakwaniriswa vane urema. ADA National Network inopa rovedzo nebetsero yemichina nokuda kwavashandirwi navanhu vamwe navamwe. Kudzorwa kunogoveranwa pakati peEEOC (basa), DOJ (masangano nenzvimbo inoshandira hurumende nepokugara vanhu vose), uye Department of Trast (kufambisa vanhu vose).

Musoro weIX weMitemo yeDzidzo ya1971

Iwot IX inorambidza rusaruro runotsigirwa nevatano mupurogiramu ipi neipi yedzidzo kana kuti mubato unowana mari yehurumende. Inofukidza kunetswa kwevatano, kudenha muvatano, mikana yemitambo isina kuenzana, uye rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamimba kana kuti mugariro woubereki. Office for Civil Rights of the Department of Education[[FL:1] inotarisana nezvichemo nenhungamiro yetsika kuzvikoro nekoreji munyika yose.

Chikamu 504 cheChibvumirano Chokudzorera Kukanganisika cha1973

Mutemo uyu unodzivirira vanhu vakaremara pakusarurana mumapurogiramu anogamuchira mari yehurumende, uye unobatira somuenzaniso weADA. unogombedzerwa neOCR neDOJ, uye unofukidza zvikoro, zvipatara, uye mamwe masangano anobhadharwa nehurumende.

Muitiro Wokunyepedzera Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa kunyunyuta kunokosha kumunhu wose anodavira kuti kodzero dzavo dzakaputswa, kunyange zvazvo nzira dzokuita zvinhu dzichisiyana - siyana maererano nesangano uye mutemo, vakawanda vanotevedzerawo zvawo.

Nhano 1: Kupomera Agency Yakakodzera

Kusarura mabasa, nhanho yokutanga ndeyokunyora pomero nesangano reEOC kana kuti zvirongwa zvehurumende zvokushanda zvakanaka. Zvirango zvinofanira kuiswa mumazuva 180 ekarenda okuputsa kunonzi (kubatanidza mazuva 300 muhurumende nesangano rehurumende rinorwisa kusarura vanhu). Kunyunyuta kwedzidzo, kunyunyuta kunofanira kupiwa neOCR mukati memazuva 180. Rusarura rwedzimba runoenda kuHUD mukati megore rimwe. Sangano rimwe nerimwe rine kombiyuta, giramu yemafoni, kana kuti hofisi yeruwa apo kupinza zvinhu kunoitika.

Nhano 2: Kunzvera Kwakaitwa Nesangano

Kana munzveri wacho angobvuma, sangano racho rinounganidza ufakazi, bvunzurudzo, hwirudzuro, uye angaita pashanyo dzechitsoropodzi. Vose vari vaviri vanyunyuti navapinyi vanopiwa mikana yokupa rutivi rwavo. Masangano mazhinji anokurudzira kukurumidza kuzivisa mukuitwa kuti asvike nzvimbo yokuzvidira pasina kuwanwa.

Nhano 3: Kutsunga Nechisarudzo

Kana kunzvera kwacho kukawana chisakiso chine mufungo chokudavira kuti rusaruro rwakaitika, sangano racho rinopa tsamba yokutsunga nokuedza kuvhozhokera. Kana kuwirirana kukakundikana, sangano racho ringaisa mhaka (mumhaka yeEOC kana kuti DOJ) kana kuti kupa tsamba yakarurama kumunhu kupfurikidza nenhau inobvumira kuunza dare rapachivande mudare rehurumende. Kana pasina chisakiso chinowanwa, munyunyuti anoziviswa uye angangorondazve kupomera mhaka kwapachivande (anovimba nomutemo).

Mitemo Yavoga

Mitemo yakawanda yekodzero dzevanhu inobvumira vanhu kukwirirana zvakananga pashure pokurapwa kwokutarisira kunonetesa. Kupomera mhaka kwapachivande kunogona kuguma nekuvadziko yemari, nyaradzo yehurumende (mirairo yedare yokurega miitiro yorusaruraganda), uye mibhadharo yegweta. Zviito zvekirasi zvakarovedzeka mumhaka dzorusaruro, zvikurukuru mumabasa, dzimba, uye kukweretesa.

Matambudziko Nemhinganidzo Mukumanikidzwa

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro dzakasimba dzepamutemo uye dzesangano, kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvikuru zvinoderedza kusvika kwaro uye kubudirira kwaro.

Zvikamu Zveshure Nezvipingamupinyi

EEOC, OCR, uye mamwe masangano anobata makumi ezviuru zvenyunyuto gore rimwe nerimwe nemari yakaganhurirwa nevashandi. Ikoku kunoparira zvikamu zvinogona kunonotsa kunzvera kwemwedzi kana kuti kunyange makore. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kweEEOC kazhinji kazhinji kwakapfuura zviitiko zvakaringana 50 000. Kuganhurirwa kwemanyuko kunorevawo kuti mhaka dzakawanda dzinokudzwa kana kuti dzakavakirwa patsika dzinopfuudzwa, kuchisiya vanyajambwa vazhinji pasina mushonga.

Kushaikwa Kwokungwarira Nokuwana

Vanhu vazhinji havazivi kuti maruramiro avo evagari vemo akapunzwa, kana kuti havazivi nzira yokuita nayo nyunyuto. Miganhu yemitauro, rutyo rwokutsiva, kushaikwa kwamasangano ehurumende, uye kushaikwa kwemiriri yapamutemo zvinowedzera chinetso ichi. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vashandi vakaderera, vatami, uye vanhu vane ruvara havawanzoronda nyunyuto kunyange apo vanowana rusaruro rwakajeka.

Kutsiva Nokutya

Kudzorera nderimwe ramashoko anozivikanwa zvikurusa anoiswa neEEOC (idikanwo), rave riri rudzi runowanzonzi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa rworusaruro mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya.vashandi vanonyunyuta pamusoro porusaruro vangatarisana nokuderedzwa, kupfurwa, kutambudzwa, kana kuti kupanikirwa. nepo mutemo uchirambidza kutsiva, kubvumikisa kuti kunogona kuva kwakaoma, uye tyisidziro yacho kazhinji kazhinji inodzivisa vanhu kufambira mberi.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika Nezvemitemo

Kududzira uye kudzikamiswa kwemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu kunogona kuchinja zvinoshamisa nokuchinja kwezvirongwa zvehurumende, zvokutonga, uye utungamiriri hwesangano.

Rusarura Runopesana

Vanhu vari mumapoka akadzivirirwa kakawanda (muchibvei, mukadzi mutema, mutami akatamira kune imwe nyika) vanowanzosarurwa zvisina kukodzera kuva boka rimwe chete.

Basa Redzidzo Mukumanikidzwa Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Dzidzo haisi nhauwo zvayo yomutemo wekodzero dzevanhu, uye inoshandiswa kusimbisa kuti mutemo wacho ushande.

Dzidzo Yezvikoro

Kudzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro peCivil Rights Movement, mutemo wechiratidzo, uye kushanda kwegadziriro dzazvino uno dzokuita kuti nzanga ivepo chinhu chinotsigira bvumirano youpenyu hwose. Mitezo inoraira dzidzo yavagari vemo ine mwero yakakwirira yokutora rutivi nengwariro dzapamutemo. Curcula inofanira kubatanidza mashoko anoshanda pamusoro penzira yokuonana nayo neEEOC, DOJ, kana kuti OCR, pamwe chete nenzira yokuziva nayo rusaruro mumigariro yezuva riri rose.

Kurovedza Nokushandira Pamwe Kubasa

Vashandirwi vanodikanirwa nomutemo kunyora zviziviso pamusoro pekodzero dzinorwisana nokusada kubatana uye kugovera rovedzo munyika dzakawanda. Kurovedza kunobudirira kunopfuura kuwirirana kwapamutemo kusimudzira tsika dzinobatanidza uko vashandi vanonzwa vakachengeteka vachishuma. EOC inogovera mamodura okurovedza apachena paIndaneti nezvinyorwa zvinogona kushandiswa namabhizimisi uye asingapinduri.

Kutendeseka Munzanga Neyamuro Yapamutemo

Masangano asingawani mhindu akadai seAmerican Civil Liberies Union, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, uye National Accouls Lawyers Association anogovera dzidzo, kumirira, uye kukumbira kuti vatsigire zvakasimba. Makambani enzanga, midziyo inoziva kodzero dzako, uye mitauro yakawanda zvinobetsera kuvhara mukaha pakati pedziviriro dzapamutemo nechinoitika chezuva riri rose.

Zviitiko Zvazvino Uno Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunoramba kuchichinja - chinja mukugamuchira ruzivo rutsva rwezvokugadzira zvinhu, masangano emagariro evanhu, uye marudzi ari kutanga orusaruro.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Mirayiro

Vashandirwi vari kushandisa nenzira inowedzera maturusi eAI drive kurovha, kuyera, uye zvisarudzo zvokusimudzirwa. Iyi gadziriro inogona kupfuuridzira nokusaziva shanje dzedzinza, vatano, kana kuti zera. EEOC neDOJ vakabudisa nyevero ndokutanga kunzvera murusaruro rweathom. EOC’S AIP neDRIMORIC Bias peji inoratidzira gadziriro yapamutemo inoshandiswa.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re2020 mu Bostock v. Clayton County chaidavira kuti Thit VII inorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nezivikanwo yemunhurume. Iyi chisarudzo chakatambanudzirwa kumimwe mirau neEEOCR, OCR, uye HUD. Masangano anofemera kunzvera nokushingaira kunyunyuta kunobva kuLBTQ, kunyange zvazvo denho dzedare dzichipfuurira.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Pashure pe [[[FLT] Shelby County[

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra2013 mu Shelby County v. Hoder yakamisa mutoo waishandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoi hurumende dzaida kuziviswa pachine nguva mberi paPurome Ganhuriro yeRevoting Rights. Congress haina kuvandudza mutoo, naizvozvo kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzokuvhota zvino kunotsamira zvikuru pamhaka nekamwero nekamwero nepati dzakavanzika. Do Dojang Voting Comment [[[FLT]] Commation Idrogit] Kudenha reza miraudzo yemipo revhotera, gegermerman, uye kuvhotera.

Kuchinja Kwemapurisa Nokuzvidavirira

DOJ Civil Rights Division yakanzvera madhipatimendi emapurisa mumaguta akadai seMinneapolis, Louisville, uye Seattle, kuwana mitoo yokumanikidza kwakanyanyisa uye kusarurana kwedzinza. Mirayiro nemirau yedare inoda kuchinja mavakirwo ezvivako, asi kuita kunononoka uye kunokwikwikwidzana mune zvematongerwe enyika. Nhamburiko dzokusimbisa kutarisirwa kwomunhu uye kuoneka kwekamera dzomuviri dziri kupfuurira munyika uye munzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo.

mhedziso

Kuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo muUnited States igadziriro ine simba, inovharwa-tsarukana inotsamira pamasangano ehurumende, matare avanhu voga, uye vanhu vanoziva. Nepo gadziriro yapamutemo yakasimba, inoita kuti irambe iripo (mazango), kutsiva, mazambiringa, miganhu yemipinduro yemitengo, uye madhipatimendi ematongerwe enyika. Bva gadziriro inoramba iri chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvokuwana kuenzana neruramisiro. Vadzidzi, vanonzwisisa nzira yokushandisa gadziriro ino haisi bedzi dzidzo; chimiro chokuva nesimba. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza mitemo, kuziva masangano, uye kushandisa kudzora, vanhu vanoshingaira mubasa rinopfuurira rokuita maruramiro evagari vemo ehurumende nokuda kwomunhu ari wose.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda, nzvera zviwanikwa zvapamutemo zve EOC, .DOJ Kodzero dzevagari vemo Chikamu, uye Office for Civil Rights [.