Fandesheni Yerusununguko rweAmerica: Chikonzero Nei Bhikiri Ramaruramiro Riripo

Bill of Rights, inoumbwa nekodzero gumi dzokutanga kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., yakatenderwa pana December 15, 1791. Inomira sechinhu chikuru chehurumende yeAmerica yokutonga, ichiganhurira zvakajeka simba rehurumende yehurumende kuti idzivirire rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Bumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba rakagovera gadziriro yerepublic itsva asi risina dziviriro dzakananga dzorusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Uku kusava kwakava muganhu mukuru wegakava mukati mekurukurirano dzechibvumirano. Anti-Federalist, kubatanidza nhamba dzakafanana naGenecry naGeorge Mason, dzakataura kuti pasina kodzero, hurumende inopa pasina maruramiro ekodzero, hurumende inodzokasa pasina kuteverwa kusingadzivisiki maruramiro avagari vemo. Kudzivirira, Federationss yakavimbisa kuisa kodzero dzemitemo. James Madelo, pakutanga anopanikirwa mukuita kudzodzodzodzo dzinoteswa, dzinopfumisa kudika, dzinobva kuidzwa kuidzwa kuruwa, dzinobva kuidzwa kuruwa rwehurumende dzinopiwa kuhurumende dzinopiwa kumbiri dzinopfurira kumbiri, dzinonzi dzinopiwa kumbiri.

Mutezo Wechibvumirano Wokutanga: Rusununguko Rushanu Runokosha

First Amendment ndiyo faundesheni yehurumende yeAmerica. Inodzivirira mano avagari vemo okubata, kutaura, uye kukurukura zvitendero zvavo pasina kuongororwa nehurumende. Conret haasati achizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwokutsiva zvigumbu.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokutaura

Dare repamusorosoro rakataura kuti hurumende ine simba rakaganhurirwa rokudzora zviri mumashoko akavakirwa pashoko rayo kana kuti pfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo kutaura kuchidzivirirwa zvakafara, mapoka akati anodzivirirwa panzvimbo dzinotevedzerwa nemitemo, kusanganisira kunyandurirwa kumasimba masimba, kusvibiswa, kusvibiswa, kusvibiswa, uye kutyisidzirwa kwechokwadi. Nheyo dzeFirst Amendment dzinoshanda nesimba rakazara paInternet; zviteshinamupiyuta zvenzanga zvazova nzvimbo yezvikamu zvavose zvavanhu vose. Hurumende haigoni kuranga mumwe munhu nokuda kwokutaura pfungwa isingadiwi paIndaneti, kunyange zvazvo makambani emunhu oga angadzikamisa zvikamu zvawo sezvaanoona zvakakodzera, achitanga kurukurirano dzinokosha pamusoro pokutaura pachena.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

Iyi dare rinobatanidza dziviriro mbiri dzakasiana. Kushandiswa kwaClaus. kunodzivisa hurumende kutanga rudzidziso rwapamutemo kana kuti kufarira zvisina kufanira rumwe rudzidziso kupfuura rumwe. Dare Gurusa rakashandisa miedzo yakasiana---shaiana kuyera izvi, kubatanidza Lemon Asting ku Lightman v. Kurtzman[[FLT]] [10] [1], iyo yakayera kana mutemo une chinangwa chenyika, muuyo mukuru uyo usingapfuudzi kana kuti kudzora rudzidziso, uye kudzivisa kuwiriraniswa nerudzidziso kwakanyanyisa. [FLT:] Kuzvidzora mutengo kwapa pamutemo vanhu kupfurikidza nemhindu yazvokushandisa kutenda kwavo pasina kupesana. Apo mutemo unoitika zvikuru kupfurikidza nokusatora mutoro worudzidziso.

Rusununguko Rwepepanhau

Chirongwa chemapepanhau chapachena chinoshanda sechinocherekedzwa chavose. Hurumende haigoni kunzvera mupepeti wenhau pachine nguva mberi, nheyo inozivikanwa sechinodzivisa. Muchina unodzivirira pakushuma pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavose, kunyange kana mashoko acho achimutsa nharo kana kuti kukwenudza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, sekwakagadzwa muNew York Times v. Sullivan [1964], inoda vanhu vakakurumbira kubvumikisa ruvengo chairwoirwo munhau dzinoshoorwa. Iyi dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazvidzore uye vasimbise muvhoshori anozivikanwa.

Kodzero Yokuungana Nokukumbira

Hurumende inogona kuisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye mutoo paiyi mibato, asi haigoni kurambidza kunyunyuta kwakavakirwa pashoko rayo. Kodzero yokukumbira inobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe namapoka kupesvedzera hurumende nokuda kwechinjo mumuitiro kana kuti kutsvaka gadziridzo nokuda kwezvigumbu, chishandiso chakananga nokuda kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende.

Dziviriro Yomunhu, Musha, uye Zvinhu: Gadziriro Yechipiri, Yechitatu, uye Yechina

Mutezo Wechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Kududzirwa kweiyi gadziridzo kwachinja zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. [[FLT: 0] A inosanodzorwa Militia, ichiva iri madikanwa kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa. Mu Mujinga yeColumbia yeColumbia v. Heller[FLT] [2008]], Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa kuti Pendementation inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu mumwe nomumwe yokuva nepfuti isingawiriraniswi nebasa, nokuti madonzo apamutemo se-effeefensi mukati me musha. Ichi chisarudzo chakatambanurirwa kumugariro nehurumende yomunzvimbomo [FLT] [5]

Kuchinja Kwechitatu: Varwi Vanotungamirira

Iyi ruramiso haisati ichitongopfuudzirwa mumatare azvino uno, asi inogadza nheyo yakasimba yokuvanda noudzori hwehondo. Dare guru rakanongedzera kuFirst Amendment mu Griswlver v. Connecticut sorutivi rwekodzero dzakavanzika dzazvino uno dzinodzivirira vagari vehurumende kupinda mumisha yavo.

Mutezo Wechina: Kunzvera Nokunyengedza Kusina Ungwaru

Kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha, haisati ichizoshatiswa, uye painobvira, asi painenge chikonzero, inotsigirwa neOath kana kuti kooct, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Iyi muganhu inoda kuchengetwa nomutemo kuti uwane chiremera chakavakirwa pachisakafanira pamberi pokutsvaka munhu kana kuti zvinhu zvavo. [[FLT:] Kufamba-nze kwedare kunofanira kuisa pamutemo pamutemo. [[FLT], kupfurikidza nemitemo inopfuudzwa naManyoro enhau matsva], inopfuumbika mashoko okuwedzera. [4]

Kodzero Mugadziriro Yeruramisiro: Gadziriro Yechishanu, Yechitanhatu, Yechi7, uye Yechisere

Kugadzirisa uku kunorondedzera kodzero dzevanhu vanopomerwa mhosva kana kuti vanopindira mumagakava epamutemo.

Mutezo Wechishanu: Muitiro Wakafanira Nokuzvipopotera

[[[FLT:] Hapana munhu achasungirwa kupindura nokuda kwenhau huru, kana kuti zvimwe utsotsi hwakaipa, kutoti kana paine mutongo kana kuti parakataro yeGrand Jury... uyewo munhu upi noupi haasati achizoiswa mungozi imwe cheteyo youpenyu kana kuti makumbo; kana kuti kumanikidzirwa mumhaka ipi neipi yetsotsi mukuva anozvipupurira amene, kana kuti kunyimwa upenyu, kana kuti pfuma, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; uyewo chinhu chipi nechipi hachizoitwi nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu vose, pasina muripo.[[FFF:] Game] Gamendi] Inopa dziviriro yakasiana. [FFFOF: 2] kana kuti ipfu]

Mutezo Wechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutonga Zvakanaka

[[[FLT]] Mumatare ose outsotsi, mupomerwi achafarikanya maruramiro okutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwokusarura, nedare rinosarudza reHurumende uye ruwa umo mhaka yacho ichave yaitwa... kuti aziviswe nezvechisiko nemhosho; kutarisana nezvapupu zvinorwisana naye; kuva nomuitiro unomanikidzirwa wokuwana zvapupu munyasha dzake, uye kuva neChipomezo nokuda kwedziviriro yake. [[FFF] [12] [5]

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechiviri: Miedzo Yehurumende

Mumasuti pamutemo wavose, umo uko ukoshi mugakava huchapfuura madhora makumi maviri, maruramiro okutonga nedare rinobetsera vatongi achachengetwa, uye hapana idi rikatongwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi, risati richizoongororwazve muDare ripi neripi reUnited States, kupfuura mukuwirirana nemitemo yomutemo wavose. Iyi bvumirano inochengeta maruramiro edare rinobetsera munhau dzomubatanidzwa wehurumende. Iro rinovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvechokwadi zvinoitwa nedare redare redare ravagari vemo mumagariro ehurumende zvinoremekedzwa nematare edare.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Kwechisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

[[FLT: 0] Beil yesabairo haisati ichizodikanwa, kana kuti faindi yakawandisa inoiswa, kana kuti chirango chine utsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose chinopiwa. Iyi mhedziso inodzivisa hurumende kuisa zvirango zvisina kufanira. [] Kudzorwa kunoreva kuti mari yebhegi inoiswa pamwero une mufungo kuvimbisa kuoneka kwomukwiridziridzi. [[FLT:]] Kudzo yakaisvonaka [[FLT:], inoshandiswa kumashoko ari mu [FLT] .[FLT] inodzivisa , kana kuti chirango chikurusa chavanhu chakakomba, hachigoni kufambira mberi. [[FLT], ganhuriro inoshati inoshatiswa zvikuru. [FLT]

Mitemo Yechinai Nechigumi: Kuganhurira Simba Renyika

Iyi gadziridzo inotaura ukuru hwesimba rehurumende nekodzero dzavanhu nehurumende, ichiumba hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo hwehurumende.

Mvura Yechigwadara: Kodzero Dzisina Kuenzana

Kunyorwa kwekodzero muBumbiro reMitemo, dzekodzero dzakati, hakufaniri kurangarirwa kuva kuramba kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu. Iyi mhedziso inojekesa kuti ndaza yekodzero muBill of Rights hadzina kunyorwa chose chose. Vanhu vanochengeta kodzero dzisingataurwi zvakananga, dzakadai sekodzero yokuva voga, kodzero yokufamba, uye kodzero yokuzvitonga. Iyi nheyo yakashandiswa kutsigira kuziva kodzero idzo vamiririri veMitemo vangave vasina kukarira zvakananga.

Mutezo Wechigumi: Simba Rakachengeterwa kuUnited States

Masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu. Iyi gadziridzo inorondedzera chimiro chehurumende yeAmerica. Inosimbisa kuti hurumende ine masimba iwayo bedzi aipiwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo. Mamwe masimba ose, akadai sesimba rokuita mitemo pamusoro pedzidzo, roorano, uye chengetedzwa, anochengetedzwa kuhurumende.

Kushandiswa Kwakaitwa Kodzero Nhasi

Bill of Rights pakuvamba yakanga iri nzvero pasimba rehurumende yoga. Kupfurikidza neGavhura re14 reGazhedry raStatu Process Claus, rakasimbiswa muna 1868, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa zvakawanda zvikurusa zveBill of Rights kuhurumende uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza negadziriro yokubatanidza. Ikoku kunoreva maruramiro evagari vemo muCalifornia, Texas, kana kuti New York iri maruramiro akafanana pamusoro peiyi dziviriro huru. Pasi pokubatanidzwa, nyika yaigona kugadza rudzidziso, kuganhurira, kana kuti kutonga dare pasina dare rinotonga. Kunzwisisa Bill of Rights commentationsss kunokosha nokuda kwomugari woganhu mumwe nomumwe. Kuraira vanhu vamwe navamwe kuzvidavirira, kuzvidavirira muhurukuro dzavo dzavose. Kodzero dzinogara dziri mukurwisana nedziyo, uye matare anokwikwidzana nguva dzose. Kunzwisisa muganhu uku kudzivirira kudzivirira kunenge kuzviisa mugwevedzano.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Kuti ukudzire kunzwisisa kwako Bill of Rights nokushandiswa kwaro muUnited States, zviwanikwa zvinotevera zvinopa mashoko ane chiremera, akadzika.