Inoita Mutezo We Amendedzero Wegumi Negumi: Maidi Anokosha Okuva Mugari Wemo Akavimbika

Mutezo we14th Amendment kuUnited States, wakagamuchirwa pana July 9, 1868, unomira seimwe yedzorero hurusa munhau yeAmerica, uchiremekedza kodzero dzougari hwemo nedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo wose wehurumende. Iyi gadziridzo yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kunhau dzaitapura varanda vakasunungurwa pashure peHondo yeChivimba cheAmerica, uye kugadzwa kwayo kwakakwikwikwidzwa zvikuru. Kunzwisisa Idzi Amendement ye145 inodikanwa nokuda kwomugari wemo wose ane mutoro anoda kunzwisisa kodzero dzinokosha nedziviriro zvinopikirwa neBumbiro remitemo. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana yakanzvera gadziriro huru dzenhau, mashoko enhau, zvikumbiro zvenhau yeAmerica, uye kupfuurira munzanga yazvino.

Nhoroondo uye Kunyatsoratidza Kuti Zvinhu Zvakaitika Kare

Mubatanidzwa we14th Amendment wakabuda munguva yokugadziridza zvinhu semhinduro kunhau dzinotapura varanda vakasunungurwa pashure peHondo yeChiviri cheAmerica, nehurumende dzeConfederacy yakakundwa dzaidikanwa kuisimbisa kuti iwanezve mufananidzo muCongress. Kugadziriswa kwacho kwakapfuudzwa neCongress musi waJune 13, 18666, uye kwakasimbiswa pana July 9, 1868. Muitiro wokusimbisa umene wakaratidzira mapoka makuru mukati merudzi, sezvibvumirano zvokuMaomhembe eSouth zvakadzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu okugadziridza.

Chikamu chokutanga che14 Congress John A. Bingham cheOhio, munyori mukuru wechikamu chokutanga cheKingham Amendment yechi14, akavavarira kuti kuchinja kwacho kuite kuti Bill of Rights ive yepamutemo kuchiita kuti isungire nyika. Iyi vavariro yezvinzvimbo yaizobatsira kugadzirisa ukama hwehurumende nehurumende uye inonyanya kuchinja kodzero dzevanhu muAmerica.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakaratidza kuchinja kukuru mumutemo webumbiro remitemo. Pamberi pokuparadza kwaro, Bill of Rights yakaganhurira zvikurukuru hurumende yehurumende, ichisiya Hurumende dzine rusununguko rwakati mumabatire adzo vagari vemo vadzo. 144th Amendment yakachinja uku simba kupfurikidza nokuisa mipimo yebumbiro remitemo pahurumende, ichiumba gadziriro itsva yokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga muchiito chehurumende.

Zvikamu Zvishanu Zve Amendeji Yechigumi Nezvishanu

Chikamu 1 chinogamuchira ngwariro hurusa nerondedzero, kunzwisisa zvikamu zvose zvishanu zvinogovera mufananidzo wakakwana wenzvimbo nedonzo zvekugadziridza.

Chikamu 1: Nheyo Yekodzero Dzevanhu

Chikamu Chokutanga chinobatanidza chiCitity Claus, Roodoma kana kuti Immuniti Claus Claus, Adct Process Claus, uye Applime Protection Clause. Chikamu 1 che 14th Amendment chinorondedzera nenzira yakarongwa kuva mugari weUnited States uye chinodzivirira maruramiro akasiana - siana kuva anovharwa kana kuti kunyimwa nomutemo upi noupi kana kuti chiito chehurumende. Chikamu ichi chinoumba nzvimbo yebumbiro remitemo pakavakwa dziviriro dzekodzero dzevagari vemo dzisingaverengeki.

Chikamu 1 chakanyorwa zvikurukuru noMumiriri John Bingham, rutivi rwakajeka zvikurusa rwekugadziriswa, uye iyi gadziridzo rutivi runowanzoziviswa zvikurusa rweBumbiro remitemo. Kubatanidzwa kweiyi nzvimbo kunoratidzira tapuro yayo huru pamutemo nenzanga yeAmerica, ichibata anodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoukama pakati pavanhu nehurumende.

Chikamu 2: Kuratidzirwa Kwavamiriri

Chikamu Chiviri chinopa pondo dzokugoverwa kwavamiriri kuCongress. Vamiriri vachagoverwa pakati peNyika dzinoverengeka mukuwirirana nenhamba dzavo dzakatsaukana, vachiverenga nhamba yose yavanhu muHurumende imwe neimwe, vachibvisa maIndia asingabhadhariswi. Pashure pokubviswa kwouranda, uku kumirira kwakawedzerwa kwehurumende dzokuMadokero, uye chitsama chakarongwa kukurudzira nyika dzeMadokero kupa Black America maruramiro okuvhota, asi kashoma kuti Congress azvimanikidze.

Chikamu 3: Kusawirirana neHofisi

Chikamu 3 chinokurukura kubviswa kwavanhu vamwe navamwe kubva muhofisi yehurumende kana kuti yenyika. Iyi gadziriro yakagadzirirwa zvakananga kudzivisa vaichimbova vakuru vakuru veConferate avo vakanga vapinda mukupandukira kuti vasadzokere kunzvimbo dzechiremera chehurumende. Dare rakashandisa chiremera charo kubvisa kuvadziko nevoruzhinji vaviri muimba imwe neimwe kupfurikidza nokupfuudza Amnesty Act muna 1872, iyo yakasunungura vaAboritestes vose kunze kweaichimbova vaSenator, vamiririri vehurumende, vatongi vehurumende, vakuru vakuru vehondo, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vamiririri.

Chikamu 4: Chikwereti Chevanhu Vose

Iyi gadziriro yakarambidza yaichimbova vaparidzi veKostate pakubhadhara zvikwereti zvehondo uye kubatanidza vaichimbova varidzi vavaranda nokuda kwokuchinja kwavanhu vavo vakapinzwa muuranda. iyi gadziriro yakava nechokwadi chokuti hurumende yehurumende yaisazopiwa mutoro nokuda kwezvikwereti zvokubhadharwa uye kuti vachengeti vavaranda havasati vaizogamuchira muripo nokuda kwokurasikirwa nezvinhu zvavanhu.

Chikamu 5: Simba Rokumanikidza Romubatanidzwa

Chikamu 5 chinopa chiremera chinokosha chokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu kupfurikidza nomutemo, kupfurikidza negadziriro dzenyaya ino.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo: Kusarudza Kunzi Mugari WeAmerica

Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa vari muUnited States, uye vari pasi pechiremera chayo, vagari veUnited States nevehurumende mavanogara. ikoku kunoratidzika kuva mutongo wakapfava kwakachinjira mutemo wevagari veAmerica ndokupidigura chimwe chezvisarudzo zvakaipisisa zveDare Rapamusoro - soro munhau.

Chigaro chaClaus de de de de Dare rapamusorosoro rakatonga chisarudzo chaDred Scott chokuti vaAmerica veAfrica havagoni kuva vagari vemo. Chivitity Clause chakawedzerwa kuBumbiro reMitemo kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vaichimbova varanda vaizivikanwa savagari vemo vakazara, uye yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuDred Scott v. Sandford chisarudzo, apo Dare Rapamusoro reNyika dzeAfrica rakanga ratonga kuti vaBlack America vakanga vasiri vagari vemo.

Mukuita kudaro, Congress yakaisa parutivi Dred Scott, ndokudzorera mitemo yegamuchidzanwa yokuva mugari womunyika kupfurikidza nokuberekwa. Chikamu chamashoko chakasimbisa unzi ugari hwenhaka senheyo inokosha yomutemo weAmerica, ichivimbisa kuti kuva mugari wemo hakungagoni kurambwa pahwaro hwedzinza, dzinza, kana kuti mugariro wavabereki vomunhu.

Kuberekwa Wakakodzera Kuberekwa

Yakavakirwa pamutsetse wokutanga wechikamu 1, Dare rakati mwana akaberekwa muUnited States yavabereki veChina avo vakanga vasingabviri kuzviita amene musikirwo kunyanguvezvo mugari weUnited States ane kodzero yekodzero dzose neropafadzo dzounzi. Iyi nheyo yakatangwa munhau yechiratidzo yeUnited States v. Wong Kim Ark (198), iyo yakabvumikisa kuti kuva mugari wemo wedangwe kunoshanda pasinei zvapo nekodzero yavabereki nokuda kwokuberekwa.

Chinodikanwa chokuti munhu ave “pasi poushe hwaro, ” zvisinei, chinobvisa kushanda kwaro kuvana vanoberekwa navamiriri vomugariro wokumwe, vana vakaberekwa navavengi vokumwe muudzori hwoutsinye, kana kuti vana vemitezo yendudzi dzeIndia vanozviisa pasi pemitemo yedzinza.Idzi mhesano dzakaganhurirwa dzinoratidzira migariro chaiyo umo United States isingashandisi chiremera chakakwana pavanhu vari mukati memiganhu yayo.

Ropafadzo Kana Kuti Kuremekedza Claus

Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kuti kumanikidza mutemo upi noupi uchavhara ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States.

Dare rakatonga kuti chitsama chamashoko chaingodzivirira bedzi nhamba duku zvikuru yekodzero dzinobva zvakananga mukuva mugari wemo. Iyi maruramiro mashomanene anobatanidza maruramiro okufamba pakati pehurumende nekodzero dzokutsvaka dziviriro yehurumende apo uri mugungwa rakakwirira. Iyi dare rakareva kuti Ropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Claus aisagona kushandiswa kudzivirira ruzhinji rwekodzero dzavagari vemo kana kuti kushandisa Bill of Rights kunyika, uye panzvimbo pezvo, Dare Rapamusorosoro gare gare rakashandisa Gwaroclaus Claussce nokuda kwedonzo iroro, uko kuri chikonzero nei kodzero zhinjisarudziro dzevagari vemo nhasi dzichigona kushandiswa pagadziriro yakakodzera uye dziviriro yakaenzana.

Muitiro Wakafanira waClaus: Kudzivirira Upenyu, Rusununguko, uye Zvinhu

Hurumende haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. The Bate Eccess Classias of the 144th Amendment inovimbisa kuti hurumende inofanira kudzikamisa mitemo nenzira yakarurama ndokutevera miitiro yakarurama. Iyi gadziriro yazova imwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa nedzakakura mumutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro unodikanwa unobatanidza muitiro weprocedational nemuitiro wechinodikanwa. Procedational muitiro unoita kuti hurumende itevere miitiro yakanaka isati yanyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okucherekedza, banza rokunzwiwa, muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvomuitiro weruramisiro.

Miitiro yakafanira yemuitiro inotambanukira kumativi akawanda, kubva kumatare outsotsi kusvikira kukutongwa kwedare kusvikira kuzviitiko zvechikoro zvokuranga. Miitiro yakananga inodikanwa inosiana zvichitsamira parudzi rwefariro iri padanda nemigariro yenhau yacho, asi nheyo huru inoramba iri yenguva dzose: hurumende inofanira kuita nenzira yakarurama apo inotapura maruramiro avanhu.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba unodzivirira maruramiro akati okuvamba padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro yakashandiswa. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakashandisa muitiro wakafanira pasi peKineth Amendment kuziva maruramiro akavanzika muGriswold v. Connecticut (65), rakatambanudza uku kurangarira muna Roe v. Wade (1973) kudzivirira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, uye muLawrence v. Texas (2003) kubvisa mubato mumwe chetewo wevatano yevatano.

MuDobs nerwu. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022), Dare rakapidigura Roe, richitaura kuti kubvisa pamuviri hakuna kudzivirirwa sorutivi rwamaruramiro kuvandika. Kusvika kwamaruramiro omunhu oga muI14th Amendment kunoramba kusingagutswi uye sezvingabvira kuchatanga muzvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi. Iyi mhindumupindu inopfuurira inoratidzira kuti dudziro yebumbiro remitemo inopfuurira kuchinjira kumigariro yenzanga neuzivi hwedare.

Kubatanidzwa kweBhiri reKodzero

MuChicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co v. City of Chicago (1897), Dare Rapamusorosa rakashandisa kutora kweGavhura kwa5 Claus kusimba rakatanhamara rehurumende pasi peGungano reClaus, kutanga muitiro unopfuurira wokubatanidza. Kupfurikidza nouyu muitiro wokubatanidza kusarura, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa gadziriro zhinjisa dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGaundamenterst Resmendices (Mamitezo echimbishinaidhi yeGenetime) Claus Claus.

Pamberi pa 1925, gadziriro muBill of Rights dzakanga dzisingabvumidzwi nguva dzose pamwero womunzvimbomo uye kazhinji kazhinji dzaishandiswa bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, asi Gitlow akaratidzira imwe yenhamburiko dzekare zvikurusa dzeDare dzokubatanidza, ndiko kuti, muitiro uyo gadziriro dziri muBill of Rights dzakashandiswa kuhurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura kuti First Amendment yaishanda kuNew York kupfurikidza neSClassias of the 14th Amendment.

Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba zvakajeka kubatanidzwa kweGrand Jury Clausse and Seventh Amendment yeFindromendment yeGrand Jury Clausse and Senthger, uye harina kutongotaura nezveThird Amendment. Unenge humwe urongwa hwose hweBill of Rights zvino hunoshanda kuhurumende dzehurumende nesimba rimwe chetero rainoshandisa kuhurumende yehurumende, zvichichinja zvikurukuru kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muAmerica.

Kudzivirira Kwakaenzana: Nheyo Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Hapana Hurumende icharamba kumunhu upi noupi mukati moukuru hwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Chitsama chinowanzoshandiswa zvikurusa -- uye chitsama chamashoko mukuvatsirwa kwemitemo, icho chinomira zvikuru mumhatsa huru yezvinoitika zvemitemo, kubatanidza Brown v. Board of Education (rusaruraganda), Roe v. Wade (kodzero dzokubereka), Bush Gore. Rere (zvinorondedzerwa), Reed v. Reed (marost), uye University of California. Bakke (zvikamu zvedzidzo).

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwakanyorwa kuita kuti mitemo inorwisana neparation communist article yeCivil Rights Act ya1866 ndokudzivisa kuchengetwa kweBlack Codes yokumaodzanyemba. MaBlack Mareko akaitwa nehurumende dzeMadokero pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chapasi iyo yakaganhurira zvakakomba kodzero nerusununguko zveAfrican America, ichiedza kuchengeta gadziriro yokuzviisa pasi kworudzi pasinei zvapo nokubviswa kwouranda.

Mativi Escrutiny

Matare akatanga nhevedzo nhatu dzavose dzenzvero dzokuhwirudzura denho dzakaenzana: hwirudzuro yakananga: hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti chiito chayo chinopfuuridzira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende uye chakasanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo; nzvero yeInternadiate: hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti chiito chayo chinopfuuridzira fariro inokosha yehurumende kupfurikidza nokushandisa mitoo ine chokuita zvikuru nefariro iyoyo; nhevedzo yeGwationalinal inofanira kubvumikisa kuti chiito chehurumende hachineiwirirani nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yepamutemo.

Kuongorora kunoratidza kuti zvakaomera hurumende kururamisa kurapa kwakasiyana. Kuongorora kwakanyanya kunoshanda kumapoka anobva parudzi, mavambo orudzi, uye kusino, uyewo kumitemo inoremedza kodzero dzinokosha. Intermediate inoongorora zvikamu zvevarume nevakadzi. Ruvambo rwevakadzi, rune chokuita nezvimwe zvikamu, kusanganisira zvinenge zvichienderana nezera kana kuti nemamiriro emari.

Chiratidzo cheHurumende

The State Action Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prevents discrimination or other violations of rights by state agents or government entities, but not private actors. In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Court ruled that Congress cannot prohibit purely private discrimination under Section One, which applies only to state action.

Zvisinei, sangano ravanhu rinoita basa ravose kana kuti rakasanobatana nehurumende ringadzorwa neFimendime. MuShelley neKraemer (1948), Dare rakataura kuti kuchengetwa kwokutonga kwesungano inoganhurira yedzinza kunopesana neTrivity Claus. MuBurton w. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961), resitorendi inodzikisa nzvimbo mugaraji ravose rokupaka rakarangarirwa kuva rakabatana zvikuru nehurumende zvokuti rusaruro rwaro rwakaumbwa nechiito chehurumende.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Kugadziridza kwacho, zvikurukuru chikamu chakwo chokutanga, ndichimwe chamativi akajeka zvikurusa eBumbiro reMitemo, chichiita hwaro hwezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa, zvakadai seBrown v. Board yeDzidzo (1954; kurambidza kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose), Loving Virginia (1967; kugumisa ganhuriro dzeroorano dzemarudzi ose), Roe v. Wade (1973; kuziva migariro... iyi nedzimwe dzakawanda dzakaumba nzanga yeAmerica uye dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera gakavadzano dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Pashure pechisarudzo cheDare muna 1896 chePlessy v. Ferguson, kuganhurirwa kwezvikoro zvehurumende zvakavakirwa padzinza bedzi kwakabvumirwa nehurumende kudai nzvimbo dzacho dzakanga dzaka "enzana," asi Brown akadzongonyedza chisarudzo ichocho, achitonga kuti pasinei zvapo ne "kuenzana" kwezvivako, kwakaparadzana hakuenzaniswi. Ichi chisarudzo chakaratidzira nhambo yechinjo munhau yekodzero dzavagari vemo yeAmerica, kuzivisa kuti dzinza renyika redzinza renyika muzvikoro zvavose rakaputsa Excial Protection Clausle.

Brown v. Board of Education haina kugumisa pakarepo paradzano yechikoro, asi yakagovera hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kweChivil Rights Movement yakafara. chisarudzo chacho chakaziva kuti kusarura kumene kwakakuvadza ndangariro pavana veAmerica uye kwakavanyima mikana yedzidzo yakaenzana, pasinei zvapo nokuti zvivako zvokunyama zvakanga zvakafanana here.

Ferguson (1896)

Muparidzi weIuniana akanga aita mutemo waida kuti vagari vatema navachena vatakure vaparadzane, asi vakaenzana, motokari dzezvitima, uye muna 1892, Louisiana mapurisa akasunga Homer Adolph Plessy − uyo akanga ari na 788s Caucasianian (nokuti aigara pachigaro chake mumotokari yechitima yakachengeterwa "vachena bedzi" nemhaka yokuti akaramba kuenda kumotokari yezvitima yakaparadzana yakachengeterwa vatema. Muchisarudzo cha 71, Dare rairangarira kuti chero bedzi nzvimbo yacho yakanga yakaenzana, kuparadzana kwavo kwakagutsa Dare rechi14.

Chisarudzo chaPlesty chakaumba dzidziso ye "yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana" iyo yaizobvumira kusarura dzinza kwaanodokusvika makumi matanhatu amakore. Uku kududzirwa kweEcult Protection Claus kwakabvumira nyika kuchengeta gadziriro dzakazara dzorusaruraganda rwedzinza, kuchitapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavanhu kubva muzvikoro kuenda kudzimba dzavose.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Chirongwa chemitemo chokudzivisa roorano pakati pavanhu pahwaro bedzi hwetsara yedzinza chinoputsa Kuchinja kwegumi namana. MuLoving Virginia, Dare Rapamusorosabvumirana rakaputsa mitemo inorambidza roorano yemadzinza akasiyana, richitaura kuti mitemo yakadaro inoputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Kunowirirana naGuva reCreatement Claus Claus. Iyi chisarudzo chakarerutsa mitemo inorwisana netsika dzedzinza yaivapo mumitezo gumi nemitanhatu panguva yacho.

Wainwright (1963)

Muchisarudzo chaibatanidzwa muna Gidheoni neWainwright, Dare rakati Dare reSixth Amendment vimbiso yezano ikodzero inokosha, uye American Standardment yechi14 inotambanudzira kodzero iyoyo kuvakwiri mumatare ehurumende, kubatanidza avo vaipomerwa mhaka dzemhosva. iyi yakashandura ruramisiro yeutsotsi kupfurikidza nokurayira hurumende kugovera magweta kuvanopomerwa mhaka dzoutsotsi vakanangana nemhosva dzakakomba.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Reed Reed yakaratidzira nguva yokutanga Dare Gurusa rakaparadza mutemo wakavakirwa parusaruro rwechikadzi pasi peMutengidziridziro Claus. Pashure porufu rwaSally naCecil Reed's, mutemo wehurumende wakagadza murume zvamazvirokwazvo somutarisiri wenzvimbo yomwanakomana wavo. Dare rairangarira kuti iyi zvishuvo zvaingoerekana zvatoitwa nokuda kwavarume zvakaputsa dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus, zvichizarura suo nokuda kwezvinetso zvinotevera zvemitemo yechirume.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Iwechi 14th Amendment inoda kuti hurumende ibvumire roorano pakati pavanhu vaviri vevatano imwe cheteyo nokuziva roorano pakati pavanhu vaviri vevatano imwe cheteyo apo roorano yavo yakanyoreswa pamutemo ndokuitwa kunze kwehurumende. iyi chisarudzo chakabvumikisa kuenzana kweroorano sekodzero yebumbiro remitemo, chine mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano youdivi hwakafanana yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri roorano yemubatanidzwa wevatano wavanhu vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano neFondecleal Proces Clauslee.

Zvishandiso zvazvino uno uye Revera

Gadziriro dzaro dzinotapura anenge mativi ari ose oukama pakati pavanhu nehurumende, kubvira kururamisiro youtsotsi kusvikira kudzidzo yokuvhota maruramiro outongi avanhu kusvikira kukodzero dzavo dzomunhu oga.

Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Nechinoitika Chakafanira

Remendment ye14t Access (Inst Procession ye 14th Claus) inovimbisa kuti hurumende inofanira kugovera miitiro inoruramisira mumatare outsotsi. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro ezano, dziviriro pakurwisana nokuzvitutumadza, maruramiro okunangana nezvipupuri, uye dzimwe dziviriro dzemitezo. Iyi dziviriro inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti vapomerwi vanopomerwa mhaka vanogamuchira matare akarurama uye kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima vanhu rusununguko nenzira yamaune.

Kubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights muKill kupfurikidza neMwendedzero yeMitemo yeKineth kwakaparira mipimo yakafanana nokuda kwemiitiro youtsotsi munyika dzose.

Dzidzo Nebanza Rakaenzana

Kuvakwa paBrown Board of Education, Aume Protection Claus inopfuurira kuumba muitiro wedzidzo nomuitiro. Matare akakurukura nhau dzinovambira pakupesana kwemari yechikoro kusvikira kukubvuma chiito muredhiji kusvikira kumaruramiro avadzidzi vakaremara. Mapurogiramu eKoreji akapesana neFequence Clauslease apo vakanga vasina zvinangwa zvakakwana uye zvinoda kugadziriswa zvinoda kushandiswa kwedzinza, zvisingadzivisiki zvinobatanidza kurasika kwedzinza, kubatanidzwa nokurevesa, uye kushaiwa mifungo ine revo.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nemifananidzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kunoda kumirira kwakaenzana zvikuru kwemitemo nokuda kwavagari vose munyika, pasinei zvapo nekwavanogara, sezvo vaiti vemitemo vanomirira vanhu, panzvimbo penharaunda, uye vhoti dzinorema zvakasiyana mukuwirirana nepovagari vamo vanoitika kuva vane udzvinyiriri. Iyi nheyo, yakatangwa muReynolds v. Sims (1964), inoda kuti maruwa emitemo akweverwe navanhu vakaenzana, vachivimbisa kuti vhoti yomunhu mumwe nomumwe ive nouremu hunodokuenzana.

Kuva Woga Nokuzvipinza Muropa

Bhuku rinonzi The The Status Procession Claus rakadudzirwa kuti ridzivirire zvimwe zvinhu zvokuva woga uye zvokuzvitonga kuti zvisavhiringidzwa nehurumende.

Matambudziko uye Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Pasinei zvapo nokuchinja kwaro, Ivhu Repasi Rechigumi Nezvinayi harina kuzadzika nguva dzose chipikirwa charo chedziviriro yakaenzana nomuitiro wakafanira nokuda kwevaAmerica vose.Hakusi bedzi kuti Mutezo wePendedzero we14 wakakundikana kutambanudzira Bill of Rights kuhurumende pakutanga; wakakundikanawo kudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo veBlack, asi kugadziridza kwakanga kuri kurwisa kwakatsunga kwevagari vemo veBlack neVhite kuita kuti chipikirwa cheFindment yechi14 chive chinhu chaichoicho.

Kubudirira kwekugadziridza kunotsamira pakududzira kwedare, kuita mitemo, uye kudzikamisa. Munhau yose, kudzivirira kwe 144 We Amendment kwakakura uye kwakavakirwa pauzivi hwedare hunochinja, mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye masangano emagariro. Kunzwisisa uku kunoshanda kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri kubudirira kwekugadziridzwa uye zvinetso zvakwo zvinopfuurira.

Chiito cheHurumende Chinoganhurira

Chinodikanwa chokuti Idminstment yechi 145 inoshanda bedzi kuchiito chomutemo, kwete mufambiro womunhu oga, chakaganhurira kusvika kwacho mukurangarira kuputsa rusaruro nekodzero zvevatambi vehurumende.The Civil Rights Cases (1883) yaidavira kuti Dare reMitemo ye 144th Reformation haripi simba rokurambidza rusaruro rwedzinza navanhu vamwe navamwe vanhu. Uku kuganhurirwa kunoreva kuti rusaruro rwapachivande, nepo ruchinobvira kupfurikidza nemimwe mitoo yapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji harupunzanisi Amendedzeri ye144 pacha.

Kududzira Kunoshandura

Tsananguro yeBumbiro reMitemo haisati iri yakarerekera, uye revo yegadziriro dzeMitemo ye 14 inopfuurira kushanduka. Uzivi hwakasiana - siana hwokutonga hunosvika kududzira kwamabumbiro emitemo nenzira yakasiana, nokumwe kusimbisa nzwisiso yapakuvamba uye dzimwe dzinonangidzira ngwariro pamipimo inochinja uye mipimo yapanguva ino. iyi kurukurirano dzinodudzira dzinotapura kuti kuchinja kwacho kunoshanda sei kumigariro yazvino uno iyo vagadziri vaisagona kuve vakakarira.

Simba Rokumanikidza Romubatanidzwa

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarumbidza kuti Chikamu 5 chakapa simba kubvumira kuti Dare ritsigire Kudzivirira Claus panhau idzo dzakaramba kupedzisa mitemo yaro mitema. MuKattenbach v. Morgan (1966), Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira Voting Rights Act ya1966 yokubviswa kwenzvero dzokunyora nokutaura kuti Congress ingagona kuwedzera maruramiro avagari vemo kupfuura judiary.

Zvisinei, ukuru hwesimba resangano pasi peChikamu 5 hwave huri muganhuriro yokutonga. Guta reBoerne v. Flores (1997) rakaramba kushandiswa kweReligious Freeive Reconsole Act pahurumende nemhaka yokuti rakagadziridza maruramiro pasi peFree Expression Claus, panzvimbo pokudzivirira maruramiro aripo. Ichi chisarudzo chakabvumikisa kuti simba reDare Chikamu 5 rinotsiva panzvimbo pechiduku chechipo cheBoerne. “‘ Conrevernel inogona kumanikidza kodzero dzinozivikanwa nematare asi harigoni kukudza nokuzvimirira kodzero dzemitemo.

MuFitzpatrick muv. Dare Rapamusoro rakasarudza kuti Chikamu 5 cheMitemo ye 14 yeMitemo yePendeko yeMitemo inobvumira hurumende kuganhurira kudzivirira Hurumende. Iri chiremera rinogonesa Dare kubvumira kupomera mhaka kwapachivande kurwisana nehurumende nokuda kwokupunzirwa kweMitemo kweKirene, ichigovera mutoo unokosha wokuchengeta nokuda kwamaruramiro emitemo.

Mashoko Anoshanda Nokuda Kwevagari Vacho

Kunzwisisa Ipendment yechigumi negumi namana kunopa simba vagari vemo kuti vazive ndokusimbisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo. Kudzivirirwa kwemitemo kunobatsira upenyu hwezuva nezuva munzira dzakawanda, kubva pakuvimbisa kubatwa zvakanaka muukama hwehurumende kusvika pakudzivirira mitemo yokusasarura vanhu kusvika pakuvimbisa kusvika kumitezo yepamutemo.

Kuziva Kodzero Dzako

Vagari vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti Iwechigumi Negumi Negumi We Amendment inovimbisa dziviriro dzinokosha dzakati muchiito chehurumende nechehurumende yomunzvimbomo.Idzi dzinobatanidza maruramiro okubatwa zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo pasinei zvapo nedzinza, maruramiro okuita zvinhu nenzira yakarurama hurumende isati yakutorera upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, uye dziviriro yamaruramiro makuru pakudzongonyedzwa kusina kururama kwehurumende.

Kubatanidzwa Nokuva Mukoro

Nhau yeKinaith Amendment inoratidza kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo hadzisi kutoparadza. Dzinoda kuvimbisana kwokushingaira nevagari vemo, masangano okupa mibayiro, magweta, uye vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kuti vazviite zvine revo mushandiro. Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzekugadziridza kunogonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mumiitiro yedemokrati uye kutsigira mitemo inoremekedza mipimo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kudzorwa Kwepamutemo

Kana hurumende ikaputsa kodzero dze14, nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzemitemo dzingavapo dzinosanganisira kukwidziridzwa kwemhosva kunotsvaka mitemo yokumisa miitiro isina kutongwa, kukuvadzwa kwokuputsa mutemo, kana kuti kupomerwa mhosva nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Kupfuurira Kwemhindumupindu Yechinjo

Gadziriro yeKinaith Amendment inoramba iri rutivi rupenyu rwomutemo webumbiro remitemo, ichipfuurira kuchinjira kumigariro mitsva nedenho.

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zveDare Gurusa zvakakurukura nhau dzinovambira pabvunzo kusvikira kuroorano yohuhuhu hunopfuura vatano kusvikira kumaruramiro mamwe chetewo okubvisa pamuviri kusvikira kumiitiro yokuvhota, zvose mugadziriro yeKineth Amendment. izvi zvisarudzo zvinoumba revo inoshanda yedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo uye zvinotapura mamirioni oupenyu hwezuva nezuva hweAmerica.

Zviwanikwa Zvedzidzo Nezvimwe Kudzidza

Vagari vanotsvaka kukudza kunzwisisa kwavo Dare reMitemo rechi 14 rine mhindu yedzidzo yakawanda. Constitution Center yerudzi inogovera mashoko akazara pamusoro penhau yebumbiro remitemo nedudziro. Throwaral [[FLT]] Rinopa mapepa enhau nezvokushandisa zvedzidzo pamusoro pekugadziridzwa uye kukurumidza.

Mabhuku epamutemo akadai se [[FT:0] Cornell School’s Legal Information Institute anopa mvumo yapachena kuchisarudzo cheDare repamusorosoro, rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, uye kunzvera kwapamutemo. Zviwanikwa izvi zvinogonesa vagari vemo kurava nhau dzemitemo uye kunzwisisa kuti matare akadudzira sei Amendement yechigumi nane mugumi nane munguva.

Masangano ezvemari, maraibhurari, uye masangano ehurumende anowanzopa zvirongwa nezvinhu pamusoro pemutemo webumbiro remitemo nenhau yekodzero dzevanhu.

Kutora Nzvimbo Huru Nokuda Kwougari Hwokugara Munzvimbo Hune Mutoro

Gadziriro dzaro dzakachinja ukama pakati pavanhu nehurumende, dzichitanga kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo pakurwisana nokuputswa kwekodzero huru dzehurumende. Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvikuru zvokugadziridza kunogonesa vagari vemo kunzwisisa nhaka yavo yebumbiro remitemo uye kuziva kodzero dzavo nemitoro yavo.

Dziviriro Dzemaruva

• Ugari hwemo hwavanhu vose hunoberekwa kana kuti hwakasikwa muUnited States, pasinei zvapo nedzinza kana kuti dzinza
• Kudzivirirwa kwemitemo kwakaenzana, kurambidza kubatwa kworusaruraganda nehurumende
• Kudzivirira kwakafanira kuvimbisa miitiro yakanaka hurumende isati yatorera vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu
• Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzinokosha kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanira
• Kushandiswa kweBill of Rights zhinjisa dzinodzivirira hurumende dzehurumende kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa
• Simba reCongress rokushandisa mitemo yakakodzera kuti vanhu vadzivirire vanhu

Zvinorehwa Nenhau

• Chisarudzo chaDrud Scott chakachinja ndokutanga kuva mugari wemo
• Yakagovera hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo hwokubvisa rusaruraganda
• Bhiribhu yekodzero dzemunhu inodzivirira hurumende
• Gadzirirai kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko rwemunhu oga
• Kupindira kwehurumende kuti kudzivirire kodzero pakuputswa kwehurumende

Zvirongwa Zvenguva Ino

• Chinovimbisa miitiro youtsotsi yakarurama mukurovererwa mhaka kwehurumende
• Mitemo uye miitiro yorusarura yakarongwa nehurumende uye dzomunzvimbomo
• Inodzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota uye kumiririra zvematongerwo enyika
• Inodzivirira mikana yedzidzo uye kukwanisa kuwana mabasa avose zvakaenzana
• Inogovera gadziriro yokupedza nhau dzekodzero dzevagari vemo dziri kutanga

mhedziso

Chibvumirano che14th Amendment chinomira sechinhu chikuru chemitemo yeAmerica yepamutemo nekodzero dzevanhu.Kubva pamavambo acho pashure peHondo yevagari vemo kusvikira pakushanda kwayo kunopfuurira mumagakava emitemo enguva ino, kugadziridza kwakaumba zvikuru nzanga yeAmerica nehurumende.

Kuva mugari wemo kwokuzvidavirira kunoda kunzwisisa idzi dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo nerevo dzadzo dzinoshanda. Nhau ye145 yeFindment inoratidzira kuti kodzero dzebumbiro-mitemo hadzisingori nheyowo zvadzo asi kuti zvinovimbisa kuti zvinoda kungwarira kunopfuurira, kuva mubati ushe, uye kudzikamisa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa gadziriro dzechinjo, zvirongwa zvezvishamiso, uye mhindumupindu inopfuuridzirwa, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kodzero dzavo, kuita mitoro yavo yehurumende, uye kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira muubati ushe hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Chipikirwa chekugadziridzwa kwevimbiso yokudzivirirwa kwakaenzana uye muitiro wakafanira nokuda kwavanhu vose chinoramba chiri basa rinopfuurira, richida chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kushanda kuti chiite izvi zvinovimbisa zvebumbiro remitemo zvine revo mukuita. Kupfurikidza nedzidzo, kuvimbisana kwehurumende, uye kuzvipira kutsika dzapamutemo, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti IPramende ye14 inopfuurira kubatira donzo rayo rinokosha rokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu mumwe nomumwe uye kusimudzira uenzani pasi pomutemo.

Nokuda kwamashoko okuwedzera pamusoro pekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nedzidzo yehurumende, shanyira U.S. Courts Educational Resources uye nzvera pfuma yezvinhu zvinowanika kupfurikidza ne Canerfer. gov, izvo zvinogovera kusvika kunhau yemitemo, zvinyorwa zvebumbiro-mitemo, uye pfuma yedzidzo pamusoro pehurumende nemutemo zveAmerica.