Mutezo Wechigumi Negumi: Fandesheni Yekodzero dzeAmerica

Musi we14th Amendment inomira seimwe yewedzero hurusa kuUnited States Constitution, ichidzorera zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende, nyika, uye vagari vemo vamwe navamwe. Yakasimbiswa pana July 9, 1868, mumiuyo yeHondo yeChizvarwa, iyi gadziridzo yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vachangobva kusunungurwa muuranda nenheyo dzemitemo yokuenzana neruramisiro murugwaro rwakagadzwa rwenyika. Nhasi, kunzwisisa Kuchinja kwechine Chine Chine Chikamu Chinayi mubato hakusiwo hakwo basa rokudzidza; inopa zivo inokosha pamusoro pedziviriro dzapamutemo, kodzero dzokuvhotera, uye gadziriro yemitemo inodzora upenyu hwehurumende yeAmerica.

Pamberi pechisarudzo che 144th Amendment, Bumbiro reMitemo harina kupa rondedzero yakajeka yokuva mugari wemo, richisiya nyika kuti dzione kuti ndiani akakwaniriswa somugari wemo. Uku kusanzwisisa kwakabvumira nokuda kwemukurumbira wakaipa Dred Scott v. Sandford chisarudzo cha1857, umo Dare gurusa rakazivisa kuti vagari veAfrica havangagoni kuva vagari vemo. Iwedhinethi Demendement yakaramba zvakananga kuti kutonga ndokugadza mupimo unowirirana wougari hwemo uchiripo nhasi. Gadziro dzayo dzakadudzwa muhondo dzisingaverengeki pamusoro pekodzero dzavagari vemo, kuvhotera, kugamuchirwa, uye kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Nokuda kwavavhoti, zvibvumikiso zvechinjo zvemuitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye ruramisiro huru haisi mirangariro isingazivikanwi. Vanoumba mutsimba wapamutemo nokuda kwemitemo inodenha kuvhota, kuvimbisa kutendeka kwakarurama, uye kudzivirira kutendeseka kwomuitiro wevavhoti. Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa ichafamba mugadziriro huru imwe neimwe, kutsanangura kuti chigadziridzo chinoshanda sei kuvhota uye kuva mugari wemo, uye kupa zivo inoshanda nokuda kwokushandisa kodzero dzako pabhokisi rebhoroti.

Nhoroondo uye Kunyatsoratidza Kuti Zvinhu Zvakaitika Kare

Gemende re14th Amendment yakaberekwa mukugadziridzwa kweChibvumirano cheChivil Rights pashure peHondo yeChivil. Pakati pa 1865 na 1866, Southern State dzakadzika mutemo we "Tray Black Trade" uyo wakaganhurira zvakakomba kodzero dzeAfrica, uchitanga nenzira inobudirira gadziriro yokudzorwa kwapamutemo pasinei zvapo nokubviswa kwouranda muIndement ye135. Dare rakapindura kupfurikidza nokupfuudza Civil Rights Act of 1866, iyo yakataura kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States (Pasi pemaIndia okuAmerica) vakanga vari vagarikanwa maruramiro ekodzero dzakaenzana. Zvisinei, zvisinei, kuitira hanya kuti mutemo uyu ungadzoserwa kana kuti ugozokundwa kurongwa kurongwa kweChibvumirano cheGadenderlineth Demendement kuti chiparadziro chekutsiva nokuchengeteko chazvo zvachose muBumbiro remitemo remitemo.

Kugadziridzwa kwakakarakadzwa neCongress muna June 1866 uye kugadzirwa kwezvisakiso zvakapedzwa muna July 1868. Nenzira inokosha, Congress yakada nyika dzokuMadokero kururamisa kuvadziko semugariro wokunyoresa kuUnion, kuchiiita shongwe huru yezvirongwa zvokugadziridza. Kugadziriswa kwacho kune zvikamu zvishanu, chimwe nechimwe chichikurukura mativi akasiana - siana ougarikano, kumirira, uye kudzora.

Kunzwisisa iyi nhau yenhau nemhaka yokuti mutauro wekugadziridza wakanga wakafara namaune uye uchitarira mberi. Vagadziri vakaronga kugadzira hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo hungagona kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja ndokugadzirisa kusaruramisira kwomunguva yemberi, kwete kungopedza njodzi dzepakarepo dzekugadziriswa. Uku kuchinjika kwakabvumira Iwenayi Hurumende yeMitemo kuti irambe yakakodzera kwamakore 150, ichishanda sehwaro hwemitemo yetsika pachikoro inobviswa urudzi, chiyero cheroorano, uye kodzero dzokuvhota.

Chikamu 1: Kuva mugari womunyika, Kufambira Mberi, uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Chikamu 1 cheKineth Amendment chine zvikamu zvitatu zvezvikamu zvinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica: Cintutyshity Claus, Accolasce Procesme, uye Accomplificale Procement. Pamwe chete, ivo vanogadza uriri hwekodzero dzomunhu oga idzo pasina hurumende ingaputsa.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo

Chisangwa chinogovera: " Vanhu vose vanoberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye pasi poudzori hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende kwavanogara. Mutauro uyu wakasimbisa kuva mugari wemo woudangwe somutemo wemitemo, kureva kuti munhu upi noupi anoberekwa pavhu reAmerica anobva angova U.S. pasinei zvapo nomugariro wokutama wavabereki vake. Nheyo iyi, inozivikanwa se [[FLT:]] ssoli, yave iri rutivi runowirirana rwomutemo weAmerica chifo chaastriti yeImeric, kunyange zvazvo yave inotaputswa nguva nenguva kurwisana.

Chikamu chamashoko chakapidigura chisarudzo che [[FLT Scott:1] ndokuvimbisa kuti vaAmerica veAfrica, uye mamwe mapoka, havangagoni kunyimwa kuva vagari vemo vakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti dzinza. Yakajekesawo kuti kuva mugari wemo pamwero wenyika kunovambira pakuva mugari womubatanidzwa, kuchidzivisa nyika kuita ganhuriro dzadzo dzimene kuti dzisavire mapoka akati.

Maitiro Akakodzera aClaus

Windows Procession Claus inotaura kuti hakuna nyika ichaparira munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.. Iyi ndima yakadudzirwa neDare rapamusoro kuti ibatanidze marudzi maviri akasiyana edziviriro: muitiro wakafanira nemuitiro wakafanira.

Muitiro wakafanira wehurumende unoda kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinotapura vanhu zvitevere miitiro inoruramisira, kubatanidza chiziviso, banza rokunzwika, uye Muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri. Mumashoko okuvhota, ikoku kunoreva kuti kutaura hakugoni kubvisa vavhoti mumapepa okunyoresa pasina ziviso yakafanira uye mukana wokukwikwidza kubviswa. Kunodawo kuti vatarisiri vesarudzo vatevere mitemo nemiraudzo yakagadzwa.

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba unodzivirira maruramiro makuru akati padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, kunyange kana miitiro yakanaka ichiteverwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakashandisa mutoo wakafanira kudzivirira maruramiro akadai sokuvhota, roorano, kuva woga, uye udzori hwomuviri. Nepo kutaura kwokuti "muitiro wakafanira wokuvhota" kwave kuchimutsa nharo, kushandiswa kwaro kumaruramiro okuvhota kwave kuchitsigirwa nguva dzose.

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana

Kudzivirira Claus kwakaenzana kunoraira kuti hakuna hurumende ichada kunzi ive dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo mumunhu upi noupi ari mukati mesimba rayo. Iyi zvimwe ndicho chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa nokuda kwemitemo nemiitiro zvinodenha. Chitsama chinoda kuti vanhu vari munzvimbo yakafanana vabatwe nenzira yakafanana nehurumende, kutoti kana pane chikonzero chinogombedzera chokubatwa kwakasiana.

Mumashoko ekodzero dzokuvhota, Dare Rekudzivirira rakaenzana rakashandiswa kudenha mitemo inosarura pahwaro hwedzinza, chirume kana kuti chirume, pfuma, kana kuti mamwe matsara. Somuenzaniso, mu Bush v. Gore [2000], Dare Rapamusoro rakataura dziviriro yakaenzana kumisa kurondedzera kweFlorida, kuwana mipimo yakasiana - siana inoputsa zvinodikanwa zvokurapa kwomubatanidzwa. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, nharo dzakasimudzirwa mukurwisana nemitemo yemavota, rGergergerderman, uye ganhuriro patsamba yokuvhotera.

Mwero wokunzvera mutemo unowanwa unotsamira paukoshi hwaunoshandisa. Mitemo inosarura yakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti rudzi inowana "nzvero yemaoresa," mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa, unoda hurumende kuratidza fariro inogombedzera uye inosanogadziridzwa. Mitemo yakavakirwa padzimwe mirau ingawana hwiro yapakati kana kuti yakapfava, ichiita kuti kutaura kwakaenzana kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kubvumikisa asi kunobvira.

Chikamu 2: Kumirira uye Kupa Kodzero

Chikamu 2 chinokurukura ukama pakati pekodzero dzokuvhota nemirairo yesangano. Chinopa kuti apo hurumende inoramba kana kuti bridge maruramiro okuvhotera vagari vemo vechirume vezera rinopfuura makore 21 (chinodikanwa chezera panguva yacho), mufananidzo wehurumende iwoyo muImba yavamiriri uchaderedzwa nenzira inoenzana. Nepo iyi gadziriro isina kutongosimbiswa, yakaratidzira vavariro yavagadziri vemifanikiso yokubatanidza zvakananga mufananidzo neapranchise.

Ichi chikamu chakatsiviwa nenzira inobudirira negadziridzo dzakazotevera, kubatanidza Demendment ye15th (kusarura kunobva parudzi kunotsigirwa nevoruzhinji), Demendence yechigumi nemapfumbamwe (kuzivisa rusaruro rwevatano), Amakumi maviri namashanu (kureva kuti kuvhota kwechiFourth Amendment), uye Amakumi maviri neSixth Amendment (kuderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18). Zvisinei, Chikamu 2 chinochengeta ukoshi hwokuziva kwokufananidzira sokuzivikanwa kwemitemo kuti kuvhota ikodzero inokosha yakabatanidzwa yokumirira.

Kundikano yokushandisa Chikamu 2 yakatsoropodzwa nenyanzvi idzo dzinotaura kuti ingagona kuva yakabatira sechidziviso chine simba mukudzvinyirirwa kwomuvhoti. Kana hurumende dzakatarisana nechirango chinooneka mukuderedzwa mumufananidzo wokubvisa vavhoti, vangadai vakava bviro shomanene kugamuchira mitemo yokuvhota inoganhurira. Vamwe vatsinhiri vazvino uno vakakarakadza kuvandudza kana kuti kudzorera Chikamu 2 kuti vapedze denho dzenguva ino dzokuvhota.

Chikamu 3: Kupesana Nokuda Kwokuparadzaniswa

Chikamu 3 cheKirendment yechi14 chinopa kuti hapana munhu akaita mhiko yokutsigira Bumbiro Remitemo uye gare gare akabatanidzwa mukupandukira kana kuti kupandukira United States angatora nzvimbo yehurumende kana kuti yemauto.Urongwa uhwu pakutanga hwaiitirwa kune vaichimbova vatendi vemasangano avo vakanga vapika kuti vakavimbika kuBumbiro Remitemo vasati vabatana nokupandukira kwacho.

Chikamu 3 chakawana ngwariro yakavandudzwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura nemhaka yemibvunzo yapamutemo pamusoro pokuva nefaniro yebasa pashure pe 6, 2021, kudenha paCapitol weUnited States. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzapamutemo namapoka okusarura vakapa nharo kuti Chikamu 3 chinobvisa vadaviri avo vakatora rutivi kana kuti kutsigira nhamburiko dzokushandura sarudza 2020. Idzi nharo dzakatungamirira kumhaka dzedare munyika dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richiri kugovera nhungamiro yakananga pamusoro pokuti Chikamu 3 chinoshanda sei mumashoko azvino uno.

Nokuda kwavavhoti, Chikamu 3 chinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pezvikwaniriso zvokunyoresa zvinodenha nokusaroora.

Chikamu 4: Chikwereti Chevanhu Vose

Chikamu 4 chinosimbisa chikwereti chavose cheUnited States uye chinorambidza hurumende kana kuti hurumende kubhadhara zvikwereti zvakapinzwa mukutsigira kupandukira kana kuti kubatanidza vaichimbova varanda nokuda kwokurasikirwa navanhu vakasungwa. Chikamu ichi chakavimbisa kuti chikwereti cheUnion kubva muHondo yevagari vemo chaizokudzwa apo zvikwereti zveKonisiti zvaizorambwa.

Kunyange zvazvo chisakafanira zvakananga kukodzero dzokuvhota, Chikamu 4 chadudzwa munharo pamusoro pomuitiro wezvikwereti uye wehurumende. Muna 2023, dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakataura kuti Chikamu 4 chingakunda ganhuriro dzechikwereti zvemitemo, kunyange zvazvo uku kududzira kusina kuedzwa mudare. Nokuda kwavavhoti, Chikamu 4 chokunzwisisa chinogovera mashoko akapoteredza pamusoro pekurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pemutoro wemari nemisengwa yebumbiro remitemo.

Chikamu 5: Simba Rokumanikidza

Chikamu 5 chinopa simba rokuita kuti gadziriro dzePendement ye14 kupfurikidza nomutemo wakakodzera. simba iri rokuita kuti pave nemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yakakurumbira, kubatanidza Civil Rights Act ya1964, Voting Rights Act ya1965, uye Fair Hosley Act ya1968.

Chikamu 5 chave chiri pasi pedudziro inokosha yeDare Gurusa. Mu Doroba reBoerne v. Flores (1997), Dare raidavira kuti simba reCongress rokudzikamisa rakaganhurirwa kudzivisa kana kuti kugadzirisa kutyora mutemo webumbiro remitemo, kwete kudzoserazve maruramiro amene. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mu Shelby County v. Raker, Dare rakaita mutoo wokudzosa wakashandiswa kusarudza kuti zvisakafanira zvakanga zviripo pachinei chokuita nekodzero dzomunhu oga pasi peChibvumirano cheSangano.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi ganhuriro, Chikamu 5 chinoramba chiri chishandiso chinokosha nokuda kweCongress kudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota. John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act, inokarakadzwa mumarusando akawanda eCongress, ingavandudza mutoo wekutangira kuti ipedzisidze ku Shelby County[[[FLL:1] chisarudzo. Vadzori vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti chiito chewiso pasi peChikamu 5 ndiyo imwe yenzira huru zvipikirwa zveGenetith Amendmentedment zvinoshandurwa nayo kuva dziviriro dzinotedzerwa.

Kutapura Kupiwa Kwekodzero: Kutarisisa Kwakadzikira Zvikuru

Miuyo yeKinai Demendment yave iri huru uye yakasiana - siana. Nepo kugadziridzwa kusingapi maruramiro okuvhota, Dziviriro yayo inoenzana neGunguriro yeChibvumirano chaMatare Claus yave iri hwaro hwezvisarudzo zvedare zvakawanda zvinodzivirira kuvhota.

Kunzvera Kwakakomba Kweganhuriro Dzinobvumiranwa

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakati kuvhota ikodzero inokosha yakadzivirirwa neActal Protection Claus. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mutemo upi noupi unoganhurira kuvhota unofanira kugutsa nzvero yorumano: hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa fariro inogombedzerwa ndokuratidza kuti mutemo wakasanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo.Muitiro, uyu muitiro wakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti nyika dziruramise ganhuriro dzokuvhotera idzo nomutoo usingaenzaniswi dzinotapura vavhoti vashomanene kana kuti dzinoremedza kodzero yokuvhota.

Zvisinei, Dare rakatsigirawo ganhuriro dzakati dzokuvhota, dzakadai semitemo yomuvhoti, apo dzinorangarirwa kuva dzinorema zvishoma uye dzinotsigirwa nefariro dzehurumende dzapamutemo dzakadai sokudzivisa kubiridzira. Mubvunzo mukuru muidzi nhau kazhinji kazhinji ndowokuti mutoro pavhoti unokurira here ruramiso yehurumende, uchitanga muedzo unodzikamisa uyo unogona kuparira miuyo inopesana.

Mitemo Inodenha Yokupa Rusaruraganda

Mapoka echikwata chezvokuvhota akashandisa Ivhu reMitemo rechigumi namana kudenha mhatsa huru yemiitiro yokuvhota inodzorwa norusaruro, kubatanidza mitero yokuvhota, kunzverwa kwokunyora nokunyora nokunyora. Mhaka yechiratidzo Baker v. Carr (1962) yakatanga kuti matare ehurumende aigona kunzwa zvinetso zvechibvumirano pasi peSult Protection Claine, kuchitungamirira ku "munhu mumwe, v [FLT:]] revotions v. SS [FLT]]

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, nharo dzedziviriro dzakaenzana dzakava chinhu chikuru kudenho mukurwisana nedzokudzivisa vanosarura, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti matare ehurumende haagoni kunzwa kutaura kwakadaro, achisiya nhau yacho kumatare ehurumende namasangano omutemo. Mhaka yacho 2019 Ruko v. Chisakiso Chavose chakatonga kuti mupanduki ape mubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika usingasviki matare ehurumende, kunyange zvazvo matare ehurumende angave achiri kushanda pasi pemitemo yawo amene.

Kuwiriraniswa Nechiito Chokupa Kodzero

Voting Rights Act ya1965, yakapindwa pasi peChikamu 5 cheGadziriro ye 144th Amendment uye Chikamu 2 cheDemendment ye15th Amendment, inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chehurumende chokudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota. Mutezo unorambidza kusarura dzinza mukuvhota, unoda masimba akati kuti awane tendero yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota (pamberi pekuvhota), uye unogovera vacherekedzi vomuhurumende panzvimbo dzokuvhotera.

Pashure pechisarudzo Shelby County chinotaura kuti kare kwakatanga kurongwa kweganhuriro dzevhoti, kubatanidza mitemo yemavhoti yorumano, yakaderedza nhambo dzokuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kubviswa kwemivhoti. Izvi zvakanyandura simbiso yakakuchinjirazve paKinneth Amendment iregimending senzira yokudenha nayo mitemo yakadaro panzvimbo dzakaenzana dzedziviriro.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Nokuda Kwavatambi Vemabhuku Echikwata

Kunzwisisa dziviriro dzeKinai Endment ndiyo bedzi nhano yokutanga. Vazivi vanofanirawo kuziva nzira yokushandisa nayo maruramiro avo uye chokuita kana vachisangana nezvinetso.

Ziva Kodzero Dzako

  • Une maruramiro okuvhota wakasununguka parusaruro. Hakuna hurumende kana kuti hurumende yomunzvimbomo ingakunyima kodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa padzinza, dzinza, dzinza, kana kuti chirume. Kana unodavira kuti wakasarurwa, unogona kuisa chinyunyuto neBato reRuramisiro kana kuti sangano ramaruramiro avagari vemo.
  • Une maruramiro kugadziriro yakafanira mugadziriro yasarudzo. Kana kunyoresa kwako kuchidenhwa kana kuti uchibviswa mumarobhuroko, unofanira kugamuchira ziviso nebanza rokukwikwidza chiito. Unewo maruramiro okukanda bhoti kana uchigona kuidzwa.
  • Une maruramiro okurapa kwakaenzana. Miitiro yokubudisa, kubatanidza nzvimbo yokuvhotera, midziyo, uye kuvhura, inofanira kuva yakafanana mukati mebumbiro. Kana ukacherekedza mativi akasiana, zvinyorei ndokuzvishuma kuvakuru vamasarudzo.

Nzwisisa Kusiyana Kwehurumende

Nepo Iwenath Amendment ichiisa nzvimbo yenyika yedziviriro, mitemo yokuvhota inosiana zvikuru nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza matanho okuvhota makuru, akadai sokunyoresa kwokuzvidira kwezuva rimwe chete, uye kusavhota. Dzimwe dzakagadza zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvokuzivisa, kuvhota kwapakarepo, kana kuti kuderedza nhamba yenzvimbo dzokuvhota. Bhiindero hairambidzi mitemo kuita kuti kuvhotera kuve nyore, asi ganhuriro dzinofanira kuwirirana nemipimo yehurumende nemitemo.

Kuti vashandise iyi misiyano, vavhoti vanofanira kubvunza pawebsite yasarudzo yenyika yavo kana kuti manyuko asina mapatiko akafanana neNational Conference of State Legislatures restations database yemitemo yokuvhota. Kunzwisisa mitemo yakananga yehurumende yako yokunyoresa, kuzivisa, kuvhota, uye nzvimbo yokuvhotera kunogona kukubetsera kudzivisa zvinetso pazuva resarudzo.

Ita Chiito Kana Ukasangana Nezvinetso

  • Kana usiri kuongororwa, kumbira kapepa kaunongoda kunyora kuti utevedzere.
  • Kana ukaona kutyisidzirwa kana kuti kunetswa pane imwe nzvimbo yokunzverwa, shuma vakuru vakuru vesarudzo uye Department of Voting Rights Gardter.
  • Kana uchidavira mutemo wokuvhota unoputsa World Standard Version yechi14, nyorera sangano rekodzero dzevanhu rakadai seAmerican Civil Liberties Union, Brennan Center for Justice, kana kuti Dare Rekodzero Dzevagari vemo reLaw.
  • Nyora zvose, kubatanidza nguva, nzvimbo, mazita avakuru vakuru vaibatanidzwa, uye zvapupu zvipi nezvipi.

Ramba Uchiziva uye Uchibatanidzwa

Mutezo weKinaith Amendment hauzvipinyi; dziviriro dzawo dzinotsamira pakuva mugari wemo anoshingaira nokutarisira kwokungwarira. Vachengeti vemari vanogona kugara vaziviswa:

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare Dzinochinja Mutezo Wechigumi Negumi Negumi uye Kupfuudza

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunobatsira kuti pave nenyaya dzemagakava epamutemo uye kunobatsira vavhoti kuziva kuti kuronga kwokutonga kuchaitika sei.

Reynolds neSims (1964)

Ichi chisarudzo chakagadza "munhu mumwe, murairo mumwe", unoda kuti maruwa emitemo ave akaenzana zvikuru muvagari vemo. Dare rakaramba kuti Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kunoda kuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende yebhimeral Claus dzigoverwa zvakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, kuramba nharo kuti kamuri rimwe raigona kuva rakavakirwa pamugariro wenzvimbo yoga. Mhaka iyi yakachinja zvikuru chimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika uye inopfuurira kupesvedzera kupeta hondo nhasi.

Gore (2000)

Muchisarudzo ichi chine nharo zvikuru, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakagumisa rondedzero musarudzo yapurezidhendi ya 2000, richisarudza nenzira inobudirira muuyo waitsigira George W. Bush. Dare rakaramba kuti kushaikwa kwemipimo yokurondedzera yakafanana muchiverengero cheFlorida yose kwakaputsa Kudzivirira Kweacial Claus.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)

Dare racho rakataura kuti mutemo wacho wakanga wakavakirwa pamashoko ekare uye waiputsa mitemo youchangamire hwakaenzana. Chisarudzo chacho chakanetesa zvakakomba Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu uye chakatungamirira kumitemo mitsva yokuvhota yairambidzwa munyika dzaimbova dzakafukidzwa.

Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee (2021)

Ichi chisarudzo chakatsigira mitemo yokuvhota yeArizona yakaganhurira kuvhota nokuvhota kwapamberi, ichiwana kuti havana kuputsa Chikamu 2 cheVoting Rights Act. Dare rakatanga gadziriro itsva yokurangarira ganhuriro dzokuvhota, ichisimbisa fariro yehurumende muperero yesarudzo uye kuraira ufakazi hwomutoro mukuru pavavhoti. Chisarudzo chakashorwa nekodzero dzokuvhota nokuda kwokukuita kwakaoma kudenha mitemo yokuvhota.

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano uye Kupopotedzana Kunopfuurira

Dare reMitemo rechigumi namana rinopfuurira kuva musimboti wenharo pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota, ugari hwemo, uye dziviriro yakaenzana. Nhau dzapanguva ino dzinoverengeka dzinoratidzira kushanda kunopfuurira kwechinjo yacho.

◯ Kushandisa Mitemo

Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mitemo yezvisarudzo inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi mishomanene, mari shomanene, uye vavhoti vakwegura, avo vasingabviri kuva nezivikanwo inodikanwa. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira mitemo yakadaro muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, Amendment yechigumi namana inogovera hwaro hwemitemo inodenha inoisa mutoro usinganzwisisiki pakodzero yokuvhota kana kuti inoiswa nevavariro yokusarudzo.

Voter Roll Defast

Dzimwe nyika dzakabvisa zvakasimba vavhoti mumapepa okunyoresa, kazhinji dzichishandisa mashoko asina kururama kana kuti miitiro inopanikirika. Dare rakataura zvinodiwa zvakafanira kuti zvimise kuchenesa kumwe, asi muitiro wacho unoramba wakapararira. Vatsigiri vanofanira kuongorora kunyoresa kwavo nguva dzose, kunyanya pamberi pesarudzo huru.

Kuodzwa Mwoyo

Vakawanda vanoti kodzero dzokuvhota dzinoganhurirwa pavanhu vane zvitendero zvokusatenderwa, nedzimwe nyika dzichirambidza upenyu hwose kunyange pashure pokunge mitongo yapedzwa. Iwenath Amendment inobvumira zvakajeka ganhuriro dzokuvhota kuti dzipindire mu "kudzosa kana kuti muimwe utsotsi," asi vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mitemo yokusatendeseka yakanyanyisa inoputsa mitemo yakaenzana. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira kuparadzwa kwemitemo yemhosva, asi kuchinja kwehurumende kwakawedzera kodzero dzokuvhotera vanhu vakambopfigwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya.

Gerrymandering

Zvese zviri zviviri dzinza nerusaruro zvinosimudzira itiro hanya dzakaenzana. Nepo kudzivirira kwedzinza kuri kusanonzverwa uye kwakarohwa kwapashoma napashoma, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kutaura kwevavhozheringi hakungokwani mudare rehurumende. Ikoku kwachinja donzo kumatare ehurumende nezvirongwa zvehurumende, sezvinoonekwa munyika dzakadai seFlorida, Michigan, uye Ohio umo vavhoti vakagadza zvibvumirano zvekuzvimirira.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Ipenyu yeMitemo Yegumi Nemana

Chibvumirano che14th Amendment hachisi chinhu chinobva munhoroondo; igwaro benyu rinoramba richiumba hurumende yeAmerica. Kuvavhoti, kunzwisisa gadziriro dzacho rutivi runokosha rwokugona kurava nokunyora. Kugadziridza kwevimbiso youdangwe hwekodzero yokuva mugari wemo, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana inoumba hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhota uye rusununguko rwomunhu.

Sezvo gakava pamusoro pokuwana vhoti, perero, uye kumirira rinopfuurira, Ivhu Revhu reMitemo rechigumi namana richaramba riri nzvimbo yehondo.Vanonzwisisa maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuzvishandisa, kudenha kusaruramisira, uye kuita kuti hurumende yavo izvidavirire.

Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peKiremment ye14th Amendment netapuro yayo pakuvhota, bvunza zviwanikwa kubva ku Chibvumirano chaMazita[, project, uye [[FLT] Center yeChirevo . Manyuko aya anogovera kurangarirwa kune udzame kwenhau dzazvino uno dzepamutemo nenhamburiko dzinopfuurira kugadziridzwa.