Nzvero nedzikamo hazvisati zviri pfungwa ine guruva inobva mubhuku rehurumende rinoshandiswa nenziyo dzinonzi tchlown, idziviriro dzezuva nezuva dzinodzivisa munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kushandisa simba risina kudzorwa muUnited States. Kuvagari vemo, vanonzwisisa kuti basa iri rinokosha sei kuziva apo zviito zvehurumende zvinobvumirwa, apo zvinopfuura, uye kuti zvingatora rutivi sei nenzira ine revo mukuita kuti vatungamiriri vapiwe mudariro. Sangano remitemo risina kunzvera uye chiyero zvinogona kuderera kukuva noudzori hwesimba; mumwe ane nzvero dzakasimba anodzivirira rusununguko ndokuchengeta mutemo. Nyaya ino inotsanangura mifungo mikuru, mabasa enyika chaiyoiyo, uye miuyo yevagari vemo vose, inonyora panheyo dzenhau nedzezvino unoshandira zvazvino uno.

United States Constitution inosimbisa mapazu matatu ehurumende akaenzana: chibvumirano chemitemo (Conterrent namasangano), uye dare redare. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana, asi rimwe nerimwe rine zvishandiso zvokuganhurira mamwe. Kuparadzirwa uku kwakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera chinotambudza hurumende nedzoudzvinyiriri. Sangano inotsamira pakukurira gwinyiro, sokunyora kwaJames Madison mu [[FLT: 0] Federalist N.[5:]: "Kudai ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. Kana ngirozi dzaidzora vanhu, kana kuti kudzorwa kwomukati pehurumende kwaizova kuri madikanwa." Kunzvera uye chiyero ndezvo zviri kunze kwehurumende."

Mufungo Wechepfu Nedzikamo

Pfungwa yacho isati yatangwa kuAmerica. Muzivi weFrance Montesquieu, mu Mudzimu weMitemo (1748), yakaitirana nharo nokuda kwokuparadzanisa mitemo, zviremera, uye mabasa okutonga kuti vachengetedze rusununguko. Vavambi vakadzidza basa rake uye vaedza nemitemo yenyika vasati vagadzira gadziriro yehurumende. PaConvention yeMitemo yeChibvumirano ya1787, vamiririri vakaitirana nharo dzakakomba pamusoro pesimba guru rinofanira kuva naro. Mugumisiro wakanga uri muitiro usina kukwana wamaune. Vavambi vaida batira pamwe uye kurwisana kuti vaite basa.

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasangano , kunyange zvazvo pfungwa mbiri dzichishanda pamwe chete. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunokamura hurumende kuva mapazi matatu ane mabasa akasiana. Nzvero nedzinopa bazu rimwe nerimwe mano okuvhara kana kuti pesvedzero dzezvimwe. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi anogona kuita mutemo, asi Congress anogona kudzora izvozvo nevhoti mbiri. Dare guru rinogona kuzivisa pamutemo usati uri woga, asi mumashoko akapoteredza chaiwo. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti hapana bazi rinogona kuita nenzira inopfuura mumwe pamusoro penhau huru.

Nheyo nhatu dzinokosha dzinotsigira gadziriro yacho:

  • Ubhadharo: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kupindura kune dzimwe uye, kupfurikidza nadzo, kuvanhu.
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  • [FLT]][FLT]]] DELT] [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]

    Bumbiro reMitemo rimene icherekedzo yokupedzisira: kupfurikidza nezvose zviri zviviri kupfurikidza norugwaro rwaro uye kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokugadziridza, uko kunoda kuti zviito zvikuru muCongress nehurumende. Chibvumirano cheRevotion chinoganhurirazve simba rehurumende, uye matare anodudzira ganhuriro idzodzo. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, vachiziva kuti Bumbiro reMitemo igadziriro mhenyu inoda rovedzo yenguva dzose yebetsero yetsananguro yemitemo nerwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika kuti zvitsanangure chikonzero nei kukakavara kuri kwenguva dzose, kwete zviratidzo zvokukundikana kwetsika.

    Kuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Kunoita Basa

    Bazu Romutemo: Kuita Mitemo Pasi Pemeso Akarinda

    Congress inogadzira mitemo, asi haigoni kuita kudaro yoga. Purezidhendi anofanira kusaina mutongo wokuti ive mutemo; kana Purezidhendi wevetoes, Congress achida ruzhinji rwamatatu maviri mukamuri dzose dziri mbiri kudzorwa. Chikumbaridzo chakakwirira chinoreva kuti kuva purezidhendi hakuwanzova nekamwe chete mumakumi maviri. Zvisinei, tyisidzirowo zvayo yeveto inogona kumanikidza Chibvumirano kudzikamisa mutemo kana kuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

    Congress inodzorawo bhajeti. Simba rechikwama icherekedzo ine simba pamukuru mukuru webasa: hapana mari inogona kupedzwa pasina kuvhota kubva kuCongress. Iyi nzvero yakanga iri pakati pedzivisiko yehurumende ya2013 uye kumira kwakawanda kwokushandisa. Mukuwedzera, Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vatongi vehurumende, vamiririri) uye inofanira kunyoresa zvibvumirano nevhoti mbiri. Kusimbisa kunzwa neuriri imiedzo yavose yezvisarudzo zvehurumende.

    Imwe nzvero inokosha yewiro yemitemo ndi utongi. Matare anotonga, anopa nhau, uye anonzvera zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru. Simba rokumanikidzira chipupuriro namagwaro rinobvumira Congress kufukunura tsvina, kunyengera, uye kushatisa. Zvemari, somuenzaniso, pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kuna Purezidhendi Nixon's resvice. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kunzvera kwesangano kupinda muna January 6, 2021, uye kutarisirwa kwaTrump kwakazivisa miganhuro yesimba ravakuru vakuru.

    Bazu Rinotungamirira: Kupa Mitemo Nemirayiro

    Purezidhendi anomanikidzira mutemo wehurumende, anoraira murairo wehondo, uye mufambiro wokumwe. Chichipo chimwe nechimwe chamasimba iwayo chinonzverwa. Purezidhendi anokarakadza bhajeti, asi Congress anoigamuchira. Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano, asi Dare rinofanira kubvuma. Purezidhendi anogona kuraira chiito chehondo, asi Congress bedzi anogona kuzivisa hondo .Nguva yehondo yakaedzwa yaedzwazve pashure penguva ya9 ne11. Chisarudzo cheHondo cha197349 chinoraira Purezidhendi kuzivisa Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto neganhuriro kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo.

    Purezidhendi anogadzawo vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare reDare guru. Asi kunyorwa kwomurume mumwe nomumwe kunofanira kuhwina rumbidzo yaDare. Uku kunzvera kwazova kunopesana zvikuru: mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, vamwe vaminei vakatarisana nokunzverwa kukuru uye kunyange kukundwa. Kuramba kwa2016 kuva nemhosva paMerrick Garland (Mutungamiriri weDare weOma aidzorwa) uye kusimbiswa kwokukurumidza kwaAmy Coney Barrett muna 2020 kunoratidzira kuti Dare reSangano rinogona sei kuumba mutongi kwemakumi amakore.

    Purezidhendi anogona kupa zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru zvokutungamirira masangano ehurumende, asi iyi mirairo inogona kudenhwa mudare kana kuti kutsiviwa nomutsivi. Izvowo hazvigoni kugadzira mitemo mitsva kana kuti mari yakafanira. Zviito zvokutungamirira zvinofanira kuhwirudzurwa, uye kunyanyotsvaka mirairo kwakaparadzwa (Sosaster Truman somuenzaniso, kuedza kwaPrezidhendi Truman kubata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea (Youngstown HETH & Tube Co.v. Sawyer, 1952).

    Mutungamiriri weSangano naDare vanoitawo sechenjeri shoma, kunyange zvazvo vachibatira nokuda kwomufaro waPurezidhendi. Gadziriro ye 25 inogovera gadziriro yokubvisa Mutungamiriri weHurumende asingakwanisi kuita mabasa, achida voruzhinji veKabhinati kana kuti basa chairo.

    Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo Nokuzvidira

    Vatongi vehurumende vanobatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose pashure pokugadzwa kwaPurezidhendi nokusimbiswa neDare. Vanodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yakakurumbira, vanovabvumira kutonga kwakavakirwa pamutemo neBumbiro remitemo kunyange apo vanenge vasingafarirwi. Nzvero yavo huru ndi judicialial [] simba rokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvechiremera zvisingashandiswi. Simba iri rakatangwa mu [ Marbury v. Mady (1803]) uye rakura kuva rutivi rukuru rwehurumende yeAmerica.

    Kupfurikidza nenzvero yorutongeso, matare anogona kushayisa simba zviito zveCongress (jere, kurovanya mativi eSangano reRevoting Rights Act muna 2013) kana kuti kurambidza kurambidzwa kwehurumende (zvikurukuru, kurambidzwa kwenhau dzokufamba muna 2017). Shoko reDare Gurusa nderokupedzisira pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, kutoti Bumbiro remitemo rachinjwa. Asi Dare harigoni kumanikidza mitemo yaro rimene; rinotsamira pabazu revakuru vakuru kuti rizvibate. Kuramba kwaPurestora mutemo kuchaita kuti dare riite njodzi inotevedzerwa, asi kusateerera kwakadaro hakuwanzoitiki uye kupfupi.

    Dare rehurumende repasi rinonzverawo. Rinoraira pamusoro pezviito zvisiri zvapamutemo zvehurumende, uye zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kukwidziridzwa. Muitiro weapellate umene icherekedzo: hakuna mutongi mumwe anogona kugadza muitiro wenyika yose pasina kuhwirudzurwa. matarewo ane simba redudziro yedare, kazhinji kazhinji achizadza mikaha mumirau kana kuti mirau. Simba iroro rinoongororwa naCongress, iro rinogona kubvisa mitemo yokubvisa kududzira kwedare (sezvo Mutemo unobvumidza).

    Kupa mhaka ndiimwe nharaunda yedzikamo yekutonga. Purezidhendi navachuchisi vehurumende vanofanira kusarudza kuti ndiani wokupomera mhaka, asi vatongi vakuru vanofanira kupomera mhaka nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba, uye vatongi vanofanira kusarudza kuva nemhaka. Vatongi vanoisa mitongo, asi miganhu inosungirwa nenhungamiro dzinotonga zvinoganhurira. Simba rinokanganwira, iro rinodokuva rakakwana nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende, rinogarawo naPrezidhendi .

    Chikonzero Nei Ikoku Kuchikosha Kuvagari Vose

    Kunzwisisa macheki nedzikamo hakusi kushandiswa kwedzidzo. Kunopa vagari vemo zvishandiso zvokuyera zviito zvamatongerwe enyika: Ko Misangano iri kuita basa rayo rokutarisira here? Mutungamiriri wehurumende ari kudarika chiremera chebumbiro remitemo here? Ko mutongi anoramba ari oga here? Pasina kuziva uku, vavhoti vanogona kudzorwa nokutaura kwokuti purezidhendi ane "simba risina muganhu" kana kuti kuti kuti kutonga kwedare ndiko "kutonga kwechimbishiridzo" pasina hwaro.

    Nzvero nedzikamo zvinotsamirawo pakutora rutivi kwenzanga. Kunzvera kwemitemo kwesarudzo chinhu chinokosha zvikurusa: kana vagari vemo vasingafariri chiito cheCongress, vanogona kuvhota. Asi sarudzo bedzi inoshanda apo vanhu vanosarudza, vanoziviswa, uye vanogona kuwana mashoko akavimbika. Kudzvinyirira, gerrymaning, uye mashoko asina kururama zvinotyisidzira nzvero yavavhoti.

    Vagari vanogonawo kupinda zvakananga kupfurikidza navamiriri, vachipupurira pakutongwa, vachitora rutivi mutsinhiro yapachena pamusoro pemirairo, uye masangano anotsigira ayo anopa mhaka nokuda kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Gadziriro yacho yakarongedzerwa kuva inodzorwa nechaunga chavanhu vakavimbisana. Apo vagari vemo vanonzvera hurumende yavo vamene, vanopedza denderedzwa racho.

    Imwe betsero inoshanda: kuziva nzvero nedzikamo zvinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kukakavadzana kwapamutemo kunorovanya nhau. Apo mutongi anodzivisa murairo wehurumende, uko kusati kuri kutongwa kwedare , ndiko kuti ichekedzo inorongwa navavambi. Apo Congress inonzvera mukuru mukuru weHood, uko kusati kuri ku "kuvhima". Sangano rinoshanda nokukwikwidzana, uye rwisano inoparira gakava. Vagari vanonzwisisa kuti havatongotapurwi zvikuru nenhau.

    Kupfuurirazve, nzvero nedzikamo zvinodzivirira maruramiro avashoma. judiary, zvikurukuru, inogona kudzivirira mapoka asingadiwi kuvakurirwa navakuru vakuru. Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro paroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano ( Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015) namaruramiro avagari vemo ([ Brown v. Komiti yeDzidzorowa , 1954) yakanga iri mitemo iyo voruzhinji vakanga vatsigira. Pasina kuzvimirira kwomutemo, kodzero dzakadaro zvingagona kusimbiswa nemufungo wakakurumbira.

    Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yemacheki Nedzikamo Zviri Kushanda

    Kunze kwemienzaniso inozivikanwa, hedzino dzimwe nguva dzazvino uno dzinoratidzira gadziriro inoshanda:

    • Mutungamiriri wehurumende Trump vhato's National Defense Ilbustration Act muna 2020 pagadziriro inoda kushandura Confedegate-mated readers. Dare rinonyanyova rekutsiva shoko rake rekuti ``pamberi perechendi yeschendi.
    • Kugadza kwaMakurukota neChitsigiso cheDare: Apo Purezidhendi Obama akaisa Merrick Garland kuDare Rapamusoro muna 2016, Dare reRepublica rakaramba kuchengeta rumbidzo, zvinobudirira kudzivisa kugadzwa kwerinenge gore rimwe. Chigaro cheMutongi Scalia chakaramba chisina chinhu kutozosvikira Purezidhendi Trump’s Remine Gor Mownment muna 2017. Uku kushandisa (kana kuti kubata zvisina kufanira) kwesimba rezano uye kutumira shoko kwakashandurazve muganhu weDare.
    • Kuongorora Kunzwa kwapachivande: Muna 2022, Imba yaJanuary 6 yakabata nzeve dzakakwidziridzwa idzo dzakapa ufakazi hwenhamburiko yakarongeka yokushandura sarudzo yapurezidhendi 2020. Rupupuro rwavose rwakamanikidzira bazu revakuru kubudisa magwaro nezvapupu, kubatanidza yaichimbova vachena Dzimba.
    • Jodicial Review of Hurukuro Orders: Muna 2017, murairo wapurezidhendi Trump wokuganhurira kufamba kunobva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim wakadenhwa nokukurumidza. Dare reNight reNight reNtunhu reZvikumbiro rakatsigira kuchengetwa kwemitemo, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakabvumira shanduro yakadzokororwa. matare akanzvera simba raPrezidhendi kuganhurira kufora kwakavakirwa parudzidziso.
    • Kutsvaka secheki yezvamatongerwe enyika: Mutungamiriri wehurumende Trump akapinzwa kaviri neImba (pane imwe nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nedzokudzongonyedza kweCongress (209) uye kamwe nokuda kwokunyandura kupandukira (2021). Dare rakamusunungura nguva dzose dziri mbiri, nokuti sutuko rezvikamu zviviri zvetatu nokuda kwokupwiswa haina kusangana. Imthenti iyi chishandiso chakareruka, asi inoraira kurukurirano yapachena nokuzvidavirira.

    Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kuongorora uye kudzikama hazvisi zvechipameso. Zvinotamba panguva chaiyo, dzimwe nguva nematanda marefu.

    Matambudziko uye Kunetseka Mugadziriro Yacho

    Hapana gadziriro yakakwana. Nzvero nedzikamo zvinogona kutungamirira kukuwedzera apo mapazu anodzorwa namapoka akasiyana. Kuvharwa kwehurumende, kunonozetswa, uye kusashanda kwemitemo zviratidzo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti gadziriro yazova yakaoma zvikuru, ichidzivisa chiito chiri madikanwa panhau dzakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kana kuti kuchinja. Vamwe vanotaura kuti Purezidhendi, zvikurukuru munhau dzokumwe, akaunganidza simba rakawanda zvikuru necheki dzisina kukwana.

    Kubatana kunogona kusekesa utarisiri: apo Congress neWhite House zviri zvebato rimwe chetero, kunzvera kungava kwamasimba mashoma, uye mavhiri angasawanzoitika.

    Kukwidziridzwa kwezvirongwa zvevakuru vakuru uye mabasa evakuru vakuru kwachinjawo simba kuupurezidhendi. Mapurezidhendi kubva kumativi ose ari maviri akashandisa nhungamiro dzisina kurongwa kuti arege kudzorwa neDare. Nepo matare achigona kupedza kunyengera, mabasa mazhinji avakuru vakuru anopukunyuka nemhaka yokuti ari mukati momutemo uripo. Vagari vanofanira kuziva kuti donzo remitemo rokuita mutemo kupfurikidza nokusadzorwa kwemitemo uye kupiwa nguva dzose hazvisi chinhu chaichoicho.

    Chimwe chinetso kuiswa kwemitongo inotonga. Hondo dzokusimbisa dzazova dzinowedzera kupesana, uye vamwe vatongi vanogadzwa nekariro yokuti vachavhota mumapoka epfungwa anongunongedzerwa. Ikoku kunogona kutyisidzira nzwisiso yokuzvimirira kwokutonga. Gadziriro yokusimbisa imene icherekedzo, asi apo inoshandiswa kudzivisa vaminei vakavakirwa papfungwa bedzi, inogona kupedza chivimbo chavanhu.

    Pasinei zvapo neizvi denho, gadziriro yakatsungirira kwaanopfuura makore 230. Vavambi vakakarira rwisano uye vakaronga tsika iyo inoda kurukurirano inopfuurira. Seizvo Mutongi Louis Brandeis akatsinhira, kuti: “Dzidziso yokuparadzana kwamasimba yakagamuchirwa neKokorodzano ya1787, kwete kusimudzira budiriro asi kudzivisa kushandiswa kwesimba roungwaru.. Hurumende dzinochengeta donzo iroro mundangariro dzakashongedzerwa zviri nani kusarudza kana tsika ichishanda sezvakarongwa.

    Kupedzisa: Basa Rako Pakudzikamisa Zvinhu

    Macheki nedzikamo hazvisi mutambo wevaoni. Zvinodawo kuziva, kuvimbisa vagari vemo kuti vaite zvakanaka. Kudzosa ichekero yakananga zvikurusa. "Sarudzo riri rose rinopa mukana wokutsiva vaiti vemitemo, kana kuti Purezidhendi, kana kuti vakuru vakuru vanotsigira vatongi. Asi kuvhota kwoga hakuna kukwana. Vagari vemo vanofanirawo kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vapiwe mhosva pakati pesarudzo, vatevere zviitiko zvepamutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vatsigire masangano akadai semuchina wokudhiki wapachena uye mutongi anozvimirira.

    Nzvero dzetsika dzapamutemo nedzinodzikamisa idziviriro yorusununguko, asi hadzisati dziri dzinozviparadza. Dzinotsamira pakuvimba nokuvimba navanhu. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti mapazi anobatira pamwe sei, vanogona kuziva apo tsika iri kushatiswa nokuda ruramiso. Kuziva nheyo idzodzi kunokurudzirawo shiviriro: hurumende inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma kupfurikidza negadziriro, uye kuti kunonoka kazhinji kazhinji ichinhu, kwete chipukanana.

    Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemavambo ouzivi nekurukurirano dzinopfuurira, varavi vanogona kunzvera National Archives's Online nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvikuru zvamanyuko. Consitution Anconotition[ inogovera kurangarirwa kune udzame kwamasimba ebazu rimwe nerimwe. Kukurukurwa kwapanguva ino, project [[FLT:]OYEZ] project [ inopa rondedzero dzinosvikwa dzenhau dzeDare Gurusaresaresaidzo dzakarondedzera mipimo.

    Mugari wose ane njodzi yokuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana bazi, uye hapana mutungamiriri mumwe chete, anenge aine simba rokupfuura vamwe. Nokunzwisisa uye kutsigirawo, unotsigira kuenzana kunotidzivirira.