Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa Jim Crows: Kuongorora Nhau Kunoongorora

Mitemo ye Jim Crow yakanga iri mitemo yehurumende uye yaitangwa muSouthern United States mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19 uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 iyo yakamanikidzira dzinza. Iyi mirau yorusarurano yaimirira rimwe ramaganhuro akasviba zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica, ichitanga gadziriro yakakwana yedzvinyiriro iyo yakatapura mativi ose oupenyu hwezuva nezuva nokuda kweBlack America. Mitemo yetsika yapamutemo yakakwana yakatanga nhevedzano yenzanga yakavakirwa pahwaro hwesimba revachena nerevoruvatema.

Kunzwisisa kwakabva, kuita kuti muite, uye kuputsa mutemo waJim Crow kunokosha pakunzwisisa kurwisa kuenzana kwemarudzi muUnited States. Kuongorora uku kwakadzama kwakatangira sei mitemo iyi, kuti hurumende yehurumende yakatanga sei kudzivirira vagari vemo veBlack, uye kuti kutsigira kwehurumende kwakazoguma kwaita sei kuti ipinde mune zvehurumende.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kubva Muuranda Kuenda Kukubatana

Kuguma Kwouranda uye Chipikirwa Chokuzvivandudza

Kuguma kweHondo yevagari vemo muna 1865 kwakagumisa uranda hwepamutemo muUnited States. Hurumende yehurumende yakapfuudza nhevedzano yegadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakaitirwa kutambanudzira kodzero nougari hwemo kusunungura varanda. (Pendezment yechi 13 (165) yakarambidzwa, Hurumende yechi14 (1868) yakapfuudzira kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vose vakaberekerwa muUnited States uye yakasimbisazve kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo kuvagari vemo vose, uye Pendement yechi15 (1870) yakadzivirira vagari vemo pasinei zvapo nedzinza.

Mukati menhambo yokugadziridza, hurumende yehurumende yakapfuudza 1866 Civil Rights Bill, uyo wakanga uri mutemo wokutanga wehurumende wairondedzera nokudzivirira kuva mugari wemo weAmerica vose pasinei zvapo nedzinza. Iyi nhambo yakaratidzira nguva pfupi yetariro nefambiro mberi nokuda kweBlack America yakanga ichangobva kusunungurwa. Radical Republicans, netsigiro kubva kuUnited States Army neFreedmen’s Bureau, yakatungamirira nhamburiko yokupfuudza nokushandisa mitemo iyo yakavimbisa kuva mugari weboka rokutanga ravanhu vatema.

Chifo chomugumo wehondo, nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa hondo dzakanga dzaiswa muSouth yose kuti dziparadzire yamuro, kuchengeteka nhevedzano, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vagari vemo vakanamatira kuReformation Amendment ichangobva kutangwa. aya mauto ehurumende akaita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo veBlack uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti nyika dzokuMadokero dzakawirirana nezvinodikanwa zvitsva zvebumbiro remitemo.

Kuparara Kwokugadziridzwa Nokuwedzera Kwokununurwa

Chipikirwa cheReconstruction chakabvumikisa nenzira inosuruvarisa kuva chipfupi. Zvisinei, nhambo yokudzorerwa yakakundikana kuwana nharidzano yayo yokuita nokudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo eAfrica. Sezvo upfumi hwakaderera uye kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kumaodzanyemba kwakakura, Southern Democrats yakadzosa simba munyika dzokumaodzanyemba nehurumende yehurumende. Vakashandisa simba ravo kudzvinyirira nokudzosa mhindu dzamaruramiro avagari vemo dzavanhu vakasununguka navakanga vambova vakaiswa muuranda.

Zvisinei, pashure pa 1877, uye sarudzo yaRepublican Rutherford B. Hayes, kuchamhembe nemuganhu nyika dzakavamba kuganhurira rusununguko rwavanhu vatema. Kubuda kwamauto ehurumende kuMaodzanyemba kwakaratidzira nhambo yokuchinja. Muma1870, Democrat yakawanazve simba mumapoka echiuto eSouthern sechisimba chamasimba masimba echiuto, zvakadai seKu Klux Klan, White League, uye Red Shirts akadzongonyedza kuronga kwaRepublican, akabudisa vamiri vamiri vehofisi vehurumende veRepublican, uye chitema chakashatswa senzira yokutyisidzira kuvhotera vhoti.

Mitemo yokuMadokero yakaitwa nemitemo yehurumende yakagadzwa navachena (Reeters) kubvisa nokubvisa mhindu dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzemari dzakaitwa neAfrican America mukati menhambo yokugadziridzwa. Iyi inonzi "Repeemer" hurumende yakatsvaka kudzorera ukuru hwechichena ndokuparirazve nhevedzano yenzanga yenzanga sezvinobvira pamutemo.

Mavambo Nerevo ye"Jim Kurira"

Chiratidzo Chinoratidza Unhu

Jim Crow rakanga riri zita retsika yeminstral (Zvechokwadi Juk Jim Crow) yakaita mavambo muna 1828 nomunyori wayo, Thomas Dartmouth ("Baba") Rice, uye navazhinji vatevedzeri, kubatanidza mutambi Joseph Jefferson. Iri rakaratidzira imwe yedzisiro rinoshatisa zvikurusa reBlack America muvaraidzo yakakurumbira.

"Jim Crow Laws" wana zita rawo mutsika yakasikwa uye inoitwa na"baba wemistry" Thomas D. Rice mu1830s. Rice akataura kuti "Jim Conrow" airatidzirwa nomuranda mutema akaremara uyo aiimba nokutamba sezvaakaita. Aiwana kuimba nokutamba kwakaipa, akatenga mbatya kumuranda kuti ave no "kwechokwadi" mumufananidzo wake uye akagamuchira rwiyo rwerudzi rwechinziyo rwe "Jump Jim Crow, rwaiimbwa navaranda, nokuda kwechiito chake. Rice aiita mudangara dema, achiisa mushonga yeganda rake kurudzi rwemaravha.

Pakazosvika makore ekuma19, mashoko acho akanga abva muvaraidzo kuti ave akafanana neaishandiswa nemitemo pakudzvinyirira vanhu vemarudzi akasiyana - siyana.

Kubva Muvaraidzo Kuenda Kudzvinyiriro Yapamutemo

Kuchinja kwakaita shoko iri kubva pamunhu mutema kusvika pachinhu chinonzi pamutemo chinosarurwa kunoratidza kuti urudzi hwakanga hwakasimba chaizvo mutsika dzekuAmerica.

Jim Crow rakanga riri zita retsika yedzinza iyo yaishanda zvikurukuru, asi kwete munyika dzokumaodzanyemba nedzokumuganhu, pakati pama1960. Jim Crow akanga achipfuura nhevedzano yemitemo yakaoma inorwisana nedzvuku. Yakanga iri nzira youpenyu. MuAnsi paJim Crow, vaAmerica veAfrica vakaiswa kumugariro wavagari veboka rechipiri.

Chimiro Chinoorora chaJim Crow Secount

Kusarurana Munzvimbo Dzinoitirwa Vanhu Vose

Mapaki avose akarambidzwa kuti vaAmerica veAfrica vapinde, uye dzimba dzemitambo nenzvimbo dzokudyira dzakaparadzaniswa. Dzinosarudzwa dzaidikanwa, pamwe chete namatsime emvura, zvimbudzi, misuo yokuvaka, zvikwidzo, makuva uye kunyange mahwindo anobhadharwa emirairo iyi yaireva kuti Black America yaisagona kufamba nomunzvimbo dzavose pasina zviyeuchidzo zvenguva dzose zvenzvimbo yavo.

Rusarurano rwaisungirirwa nokuda kwemateru avose, marekodhi enhare, zvipatara, majeri nemisha yokugara nokuda kwavakwegura navanhu vakaremara. Hapana rutivi rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva rwakaramba rusingatapurwi nemitemo yedzinza. Kunyange mibato yavanhu vemisi inozivikanwa zvikurusa yaida kuti vaBlack America vashandise ganhuriro dzakaoma dzakagadzirirwa kumanikidza vakuru vedzinza.

MuSouth Carolina, vashandi vemicheka mitema nemichena vaisagona kushanda mukamuri rimwe chetero, kupinda nomusuo rimwe chetero, kana kuti kutarira kunze kwewindo rimwe chetero. idzi ganhuriro dzine udzame husina mufungo dzinozivisa mugariro wakanyanyisa wepfungwa yourudzi uye urefu uhwo vachena vangadzivisa kuenzana kupi nokupi kworudzi.

Ganhuriro Dzinoshatisa Nedzinoderedza Unhu

Mimwe mitemo yaJim Crow yakasvika pamwero yakananga inoratidzika kuva isinganzwisisiki nhasi. Somuenzaniso, muna 1935, Oklahoma yakarambidza vanhu vatema navachena kutakura chikepe pamwe chete. Kutakura chikepe kwaireva kuva nomwero wenzanga. Muna 1930, Birmingham, Alabama, kwakaita kuti zvive zvisizvo kuti vanhu vatema nevachena vatambe vachenjeri kana kuti madominos pamwe chete.

Mitemo iyi yakatambanudzwa kunenge kufambidzana kwose kwenzanga.Hakuna kugerwa kwebvudzi kuchabatira savasikana vachena (kuna) kana kuti vakadzi (Georgia). Mukuru mukuru anotarisira haafaniri kuviga, kana kuti kubvumira kuvigwa, vanhu vatsvuku vapi navapi vakatsaurwa kana kuti kushandiswa nokuda kwokuvigwa kwavachena (Georgia). Kunyange murufu, kuvigwa kwakapfuurira.

Rusaruro Rwedzidzo Nekusaenzana

Zvichida hapana pakanga pasina kusaenzana kwaJim Crow kwakanga kuri pachena zvikuru kupfuura mudzidzo. Nepo zvikoro zvavose zvakanga zvatangwa navakuru vakuru vedzimba dzokuvakazve voga kwenguva yokutanga munyika dzokuMaodzanyemba, izvo zvavana vatema zvairamba zvichienzaniswa nezvikoro zvavachena, kunyange apo zvairangarirwa mumari yakaoma yeSouth yapashure apo mutengo wedonje wakaderedza mari yokurima panzvimbo yakaderera.

Kufanana nezvikoro, maraibhurari avose avanhu vatema akanga asina kutsakatika, kana akatongovapo, uye kazhinji kazhinji aizara nemabhuku akasiiwa nezvimwe zvinhu. zvivako izvi hazvina kutangwa nokuda kweAfrican America muSouth kutozosvikira kumakore gumi okutanga ezana ramakore rechi 20. Kupfuura nomunhambo yose yeJim Crow, maraibhurari akanga achiwanika bedzi panhambo nenhambo. Uku kurambwa kwakarongwa kwepfuma yedzidzo kwakanga kune miuyo yechizvarwa, kuchiganhurira mikana yokuti vatema veAmerica vafambire mberi mune zvemari uye munzanga.

Kuodzwa Mwoyo Nokuparadzana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Jim Crow mitemo yakanga ichishanda zvikurukuru mukubvisa Black America yesimba ravo rezvamatongerwe enyika. Vanhu vatema vakanyimwa maruramiro okuvhota nemitero yokuvhota (mafeve anopinzwa kuvanhu vatema varombo), maprimendriti (Madomocrat bedzi aigona kuvhota, vanhu vachena bedzi vaigona kuva Democrats), uye kuedza kwokunyora nokunyora ("Ndokuva Vatungamiriri vose naVatongi veDare Gurusa munhau yose yeAmerica").

Kubudirira kweiyi nzira yokupesana kwakanga kuchishamisa. Muna 1896, Louisiana yakanga ine 130 334 vavhoti vavatema vakanyoreswa. Makore masere gare gare, 1 342 1 muzana bedzi, yaigona kupfuudza mitemo mitsva yenyika. Kuvambira muna 1896-1904, kwakanga kusina vavhoti vatema vakanyoreswa muNorth Carolina.

Vaya vakanga vasingakwanisi kuvhota vakanga vasingafaniri kushanda pamatare edare uye vaisagona kumhanyira kumahofisi omunzvimbomo.

Kukundikana Kwehurumende Yenyika Yakabudirira Pakutanga

Dare Repamusorosoro Rinobvumira Rusaruro

Hurumende yehurumende, zvikurukuru Dare Gurusa, yakaita basa rinokosha mukuisa Jim Crow Confusion. Congress yakapfuudza Chiratidzo cheChibvumirano cheVarindi chekodzero muna 1875 icho chakadzivirira kusvika kwakaenzana kwezvivako zvehurumende, asi Dare Rapamusoro rakakuzivisa kuva kusina kukodzera muCivil Rights Cases (1883), ichitaura kuti nepo hurumende dzisingagoni kuita zviito zvokusasarura, mutemo wakaedza zvisina kururama kudzora zviito zvavanhu.

Chinokatyamadza zvikurusa chakauya muna 1896. Nheyo yokuparadzana yakasimbiswa pamwero yomunzvimbomo nehurumende uye yakakurumbira zvikurusa nechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muPlesty v. Ferguson (1896). MuPlesty, Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti kwenguva refu kwazvo sezvo hurumende dzakagovera gadziriro yapamutemo nerusununguko rwapamutemo nokuda kwavanhu vatema, vakaenzana neavo vachena, vaigona kuchengeta masangano anoparadzanisa kubatira aya maruramiro. Dare, kupfurikidza ne 7-2 vhoti, rakatsigira mutemo weLouisiana, richizivisa kuti paradzano yedzinza haina hazvo kureva kurongeiwo kuenzana kwavanhu.

Munzira inoshanda, Plessity aimirira kurongwa kwenzanga mbiri: imwe yevachena, uye yaibatsira; imwe yacho, yechitema, yaishayiwa uye yaishorwa.

Ngano ye"Dzidzisa asi Dzakaenzana"

Dzidziso yakasiana asi yakaenzana yaizobvumira, sezvinofungidzirwa, nzvimbo dzakasiana, asi kuva nechokwadi chokuti nzvimbo idzodzo dzakanga dzakaenzana. Zvisinei, uku kuenzana kunofungidzirwa hakuna kutongovapo mukushanda. Zvisinei, chaizvoizvo, nzvimbo namabasa nokuda kwavatema veAmerica havana kutongoenzana, uye nguva dzose vakanga vakaderera uye vasingagumi, kana vakatongovapo.

Kunyange zvazvo murondedzero dzidziso yekosha yerokutanga yaidzora nzvimbo dzavose nezvokufambisa, zvivako zvevaAmerica veAfrica zvakanga zvakaderera nguva dzose uye zvisingakudzwi zvichienzaniswa nezvivako zvevachena vokuAmerica; pane dzimwe nguva, kwakanga kusina nzvimbo dzenzanga yavatema. Dzidziso ye "yakaenzana asi yakaenzana" yakanga iri ngano yapamutemo yaigovera chifukidzo chebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwekusaenzana kwakarongwa.

Kuoma Kwetsika Nokusaita Zvakawanda

Kukundikana kwehurumende kudzivirira vagari vemo veBlack. Woodrow Wilson audirection division muhurumende. Pakazopera Hondo yeNyika I, District yeColumbia yakanga yatosarurwawo. Kunyange dzimbahwe renyika, richidzorwa nehurumende, rakava guta reJim Crow.

1914 nharaunda imwe neimwe yokumaodzanyemba namaguta akawanda okuchamhembe akanga ane mitemo yaisarura vatema veAmerica.

Chisimba uye Ugandanga Sezvirongwa Zvokushandisa

Kuparadza Nouganda

Avo vakaedza kuzvidza mitemo yaJim Crow kazhinji kazhinji vakatarisana nokusungwa, faindi, mitongo yomujeri, masimba masimba norufu.

Kuponda uku kwaishandiswa senyevero dzoutsinye kuvatema vatema vaigona kudenha kurongeka kwemadzinza. Masimba masimba akaitwa neKu Klux Klan uye nemhomho dzechisimba dzinorwisa mhirizhonga dzinodzivisa vatema vakawanda kuti vasatsutsutsumwa kana kuti vasaramba mitemo yeCrow.

Ku Klux Klan yakawanazve kusimba kukuru munguva yaJim Crow. Ku Klux Klan yaiva nemitezo ine mamirioni matatu mukati mezuva rayo rokufara mukuvamba kwama 1920. Inenge hafu mitezo yayo yaigara munzvimbo dzakakura, uye kunyange zvazvo yakafarikanya tsigiro yakati kumaodzanyemba, Klan yakanga yakasimba zvikuru muMidwest neSouthwest. Uku kutsigira vachena ugandanga kwakaratidzira kuti mirangariro yourudzi yakanga yakasimbiswa zvikuru sei munzanga yose yeAmerica.

Kudzora Pfungwa Nenzanga

Jim Crow akamirira kuiswa kwedzinza murusaruraganda kwaiitwa navafundisi vechiKristu vakawanda navafundisi vakadzidzisa kuti vachena vakanga vari vanhu vakasarudzwa, vatema vakatukwa kuva vabatiri, uye Mwari akatsigira dzinza. masangano orudzidziso akagovera ruramiso yetsika nokuda kworusaruraganda, kuchikuita kuratidzika kuva kwakagadzwa nenzira youmwari panzvimbo petsika yakaitwa navanhu yedzvinyiriro.

Nyanzvi dzezvesayenzi, nyanzvi dzezvipfuyo, nyanzvi dzezvipfuyo, uye nyanzvi dzenzanga dzeDarwin, pamwero uri wose wedzidzo, dzakasimbisa chitendero chokuti vanhu vatema vakanga vari vomuzvarirwo voungwaru uye vetsika vakaderera kuvanhu vachena.

Kuramba Kusiri Kwemakemikari Nechivako Chenzanga

Vaiti Vezvinhu Nevatungamiriri Vapakuvamba

Sezvo yakanga ichidzvinyirira sezvo nhambo yaJim Crow yakanga iri, yakanga iriwo nguva apo vaAmerica vazhinji veAfrica munyika yacho vakapinda mumabasa outungamiriri kuti vashore zvakasimba mitemo.

Mutori wenhau weMemphis uye mudzidzisi Ida B. Wells akava mutsigiri akatanhamara anorwisana nemitemo yaJim Crow pashure pokuramba kusiya chitima chekirasi yokutanga chaimirira vachena bedzi. Mutungamiriri akamubvisa nechisimba, uye akakwidza chitima nenzira inobudirira, kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo ichocho chakachinjwa gare gare nedare rakakwirira.Ida B. Wells akatanga kunyora nyaya nokutsigira kurwisana nechisimba.

The Souls of Black Folk rakanyorwa naW.B. Du Bois yakabudiswa. Mukuwirirana naManing Mable, munyori wenhau dzakaitika dzeDu Bois, The Souls of Black Folk "akabatsira kutanga chibvumikiso choungwaru nokuda kwerwisano yorusununguko rwevatema muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Basa raDu Bois rakagovera gadziriro huru yenjere yenzwisiso nedzvinyiriro yedzinza inodenha.

Kuramba Sangano

National Negro Conference yakasangana muNew York City ndokutanga National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). National Association for the Advancement for Colored People, inozivikanwa zviri nani seNAACP, yakavambwa muna 1909 uye Great Extration yakaita kuti pave nesangano retsika, renzanga, uye rounyanzvi.

NAACP yaizova sangano ravanhu rinokosha zvikurusa rekodzero dzavagari vemo muzana ramakore rechi 20, ichishandisa denho dzapamutemo uye kudzorwa kwavose kuti iparadze panheyo dzapamutemo dzaJim Crow. Urongwa hwavo hwokurwisa kusarurana mumatare pakupedzisira hwaizobereka zvibereko muma1950 nama 1960.

Kutama Kukuru Nokuchinja Kwetsika

MuGreat Hugration, vanhu vatema vokumaruwa vokumaodzanyemba vakatamira kumaguta okuchamhembe, kuMadokero, uye kumaguta okumaodzanyemba. Pakati pa1915 na1920, 500 000 kusvika kumamiriyoni 1 vakatamira kuNorth; vamwe 700 000 kusvikira ku 1 000 vakatamira kuNorth neWest muma1920. Mitemo ye Jim Crow yakanga iri zvinhu zvakatungamirira kuGreat Migration mukati mehafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechi 20. Nemhaka yokuti mikana yebasa yakanga yakaganhurirwa zvikuru mumaruwa okuMazasi oKumaodzanyemba, vaAmerica vakawanda vakatamira kumaguta muNortheastrian, Midstern, uye kuMadokerom kuti vatsvake upenyu huri nani.

Kuchinja kukuru uku kwakaita kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vatange kuita zvematongerwe enyika uye tsika.Harlem Renaissance yakapa vaimbi vaidziridza mimhanzi vaipisa kwazvo vakadai saDuke Ellington naJelly Roll Morton, vanyori vakakurumbira vakadai saZora Neale Hurston naLangston Luersers, vatambi vemitambo nevaimbi, vakadai somusikana wokutanga Josefaine Baker, uye nyanzvi dzinokosha nevazivi vakawanda vakadai saW.B.B.

Mavambo Okupindira Kwehurumende

Hondo Yenyika II uye Kuita Zvichitungamirira

Hondo yeNyika II yakatanga dzvinyiriro itsva nokuda kwokuenzana kwedzinza. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akabudisa Hurukuro 8802, iyo yakabvisa rusaruro rwokupinza basa muindasitiri yedziviriro ndokutanga Fair Account Practices Commission. Mumhinduro, vatungamiriri vatema, kubatanidza Philip Randolph, vakabvisa kufora kwakarongwa paWashington. Ikoku kwakaratidzira chimwe chezviito zvinokosha zvehurumende mukurwisana norusaruro chifo chapa.

Hondo yakasimbisa kupokanidzana pakati pokurwa kwechiFascism kunze kwenyika apo akanga achichengeta udzvinyiriri hwedzinza pamusha. Jesse Owens akava muAmerica wokutanga kuwina menduru ina dzendarama muimwe Olympic. Rubudiriro rwake rwakanga rwuri kurambwa kwakananga kwepfungwa yesimba reAryan. Mipiro yavatema veAmerica kunhamburiko yehondo yakasimbisa kutaura kwavo kwetsika kuti vave nekodzero dzavagari vemo yakazara.

Kupindira kukurusa kwehurumende kwakabva kuDare gurusa muna 1954. Pana May 17, 1954, panguva yamasikati makuru, Vatongi vapfumbamwe veDare Gurusa vakazivisa chisarudzo chavo chomubatanidzwa munhau ina, zvino yakaunganidzwa seBrown v. Board yeDzidzo. Vaidavira kuti kuganhurirwa kwedzinza ravana muzvikoro zvavose, kunyange muzvikoro zvakaenzana, zvinokuvadza vana vashomanene. "Zvivako zvedzidzo zvapachivande chedzidzo hazvienzaniswi." Muitiro wakaputsa magadziro eMitemo yechi 14 yeMitemo uye unofanira kumira.

Muna 1954, kutsauraniswa kwezvikoro zvehurumende (kunoyera kweruwa) kwakaziviswa kusawirirana neDare repamusorosoro reU.S. mumhaka yeBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Iyi chisarudzo chakapidigura zvakananga "dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana" yakatangwa muPlesby v. Ferguson uye yakarova mwoyo wapamutemo waJim Crow.

Zvisinei, kutora chisarudzo kwakabvumikisa kuva kwakaoma. Mudzimwe nyika, kwakatora makore akawanda kuti kuite chisarudzo ichi, nepo Dare reWarren Crow rakapfuurira kutonga mukurwisana nomutemo mudzimwe nhau dzakadai semwoyo weAtlanta Motel, Inc. United States. Kudzivisa kubvisa rusarudzo muSouth (1964) kwakaratidzira kuti rukundo rwapamutemo rwoga rwakanga rusingasviki kuputsa Jim Crow.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nechiito Chinodzivirira

Mapoka Ane Muitiro Wokutsiva

Ma1950 na 1960 akaona kuputika kwemibato yemibato yemichero yemiitiro yemichero yakamanikidza hurumende kuti irwe naJim Crow. Uyewo, 1960 Greensboro akagara-mota akashora kuraurirwa kwemapepa ezvokudya zvemasikati kupfurikidza nokugara paF. W. Woolworth Company pakati pemicheto mikuru. Makore matatu gare gare gare pakati pa 200 000 na 300 000 vapindi vakauya kuWashington D.C. nokuda kwe "March kuWashington nokuda kwaJobs neFree" kuti vatsigire kodzero dzechigarikan nedzero dzemarika yeAfrica.

Uku kunyunyuta, pamwe chete navamwe vasingaverengeki muSouth, kwakaparira njodzi yetsika iyo hurumende yehurumende yaisagona kufuratira. Kufukidzwa kweterevhizheni kwavapanduki vane rugare vanodenhwa namapurisa nembwa uye mapaipi omwoto kwakakatyamadza rudzi nenyika, kuchiparira dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokupindira kwehurumende. Masangano akafanana NAACP[FLD], Southern Christian Leadership Conference, uye Studing Colidating Coliting Committee Comment Comittee Comment Commoridenting Comment yakabatanidza zvirongwa zvakatanhamara izvo zvakabatanidza zvinetso zvepamutemo, chiito chakananga, uye kukwidzadza.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Kazhinji kazhinji, mitemo yasara yaJim Crow yakadzorwa kazhinji kazhinji neChibvumirano Chekodzero Dzevanhu cha1964 uye Voing Rights Act ya 1965. Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act chakamirira mutemo wakakwana wekodzero dzevanhu kubvira pakugadziridzazve.

Chibvumirano Chokusarudza Gadziriro Dzavanhu cha1946 chakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano kana kuti mavambo omuzvarirwo, zvakadai sorusaruro mumabasa, mudzimba dzavose, uye kunyoreswa kwevhoti.

Mutemo wacho waipa vanhu nzira dzokuita kuti pave nekodzero dzevanhu dzakanga dzashaikwa, uchipa hurumende zvokushandisa kurwisa rusaruro pane kungoruzivisa kuti harusi kutongwa nehurumende.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Voting Rights Act ya1965, yakatsigira zviri pamutemo kugadziridza kwepane makore 14 ne15 kuburikidza nokurambidza hurumende nehurumende kuti iite mitemo yokuvhota inozvidza zvisakafanira vanhu vashoma.

Voing Rights Act yakabvumikisa kuva inoshanda zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti yakabatanidza gadziriro dzokutarisirwa kwesarudzo mumativi ehurumende nenhau dzorusaruro. Iyi tsinhirano yakananga yehurumende yakavimbisa kuti nyika dzeMadokero dzisati dzaigona kungoita bedzi mitoo mitsva yokubvisa yakanga yarambidzwa. Chinodikanwa chomutemo chapamberi pekunyorwa chaireva kuti zviremera zvehurumende zvaifanira kuwana tendero yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja miitiro yokuvhota.

Zvimwe Zviito

Iyi chisarudzo chakaputsa mitemo inorambidza roorano yamarudzi akasiana, kuchibvisa rimwe ramapoka makuru okupedzisira emitemo yaJim Crow.

Congress inopfuudza Civil Rights Act ya1964, Voing Rights Act ya1965, uye Fair House Act ya1967. MuChiviko Virginia (1967) Dare rinozivisa mitemo yetsika isiri iyo. Iyi fambiro mberi nenzira inobudirira inogumisa nguva yaJim Crow. Pamwe chete, iyi mitemo yakaputsa gadziriro yapamutemo yedzongonyedzo yakanga yadzvinyirira Black America kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore.

Nhaka Inopfuurira yaJim Crow

Kusiyana Kwemadzinza Kunopfuurira

Zvisinei, kufambira mberi kwema1950 nema1960 kwakanga kusina kukwana kuderedza kukundikana kwekugadziridza kana kuti kusarura nguva yaJim Crow.

Zana ramakore raJim Crow rakaparira mikaha huru yepfuma, kusawirirana kwedzidzo, uye kusaenzana kwenzanga izvo zvisingagoni kubviswa bedzi kupfurikidza nokuchinja mitemo. Munguva ino, zana rino ramakore rakanga riri rimwe refambiro mberi isingaenzaniswi yenzanga nezvemari nokuda kwavachena, kubatanidza vazhinji vane mhuri dzakasvika sevatami pashure peHondo yavagari vemo. G.I. Bill. Bill, Federal Howale Authority, uye mamwe mapurogiramu ehurumende anopa yamuro huru kugovera vagari vemo kuwana dzidzo, muridzi, musha, mabasa uye zvikwereti zvebhizimisi, kukwidziridza vachena vazhinji muboka rapakati. Munguvayo, mapurogiramu aya aiwanzosave asingawaniki kuvatema, uye kupfupikisazve kuwanikwa kwokuwana kwokubhanga, inishuwa, tarisiro, mabasa, uye musha wevatema vatema.

Kuramba Tichiomerwa Nokupa Vanhu Kodzero

Kunyange chibvumirano cheCoing Rights Act chakatarisana nedenho mumakore achangopfuura. Muna 2013, dare reRoberts, muShelby County v. Horer, rakabvisa chinodikanwa chakatangwa neVoting Rights Act chaida kuti nyika dzokuMaodzanye atendererwe ehurumende kuti dzisarudze mitemo yokuvhota. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvakangochinja mitemo yazvo yairambidza kuvhota. Chisarudzo ichi chakaderedza chimwe chezvishandiso zvinoshanda zvikuru mukudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota uye chakaratidza kuti kurwisa kuenzana kukwanisa kuvhota.

Rusaruraganda MuAmerica Yazvino Uno

Nhaka yaJim Crow inopfuudza kure mitemo yerusaruraganda. Kupesana kwedzinza kunopfuurira mudzidzo, zvikoro zviri munharaunda dzine vatema kazhinji kazhinji zvinogamuchira mari shoma nepfuma kupfuura izvo zviri munzvimbo dzechichena. Gadziriro yeruramisiro yeutsotsi inoratidza kusawirirana kukuru kwedzinza mukusungwa, zvitendero, uye kupiwa mvumo. Kusaenzana kwezvemari kunoramba kuri kukuru, mhuri dzevatema dzine pfuma shoma zvikuru kupfuura mhuri dzevachena paavhareji.

Kuparadzaniswa kwedzimba kunopfuurira mumaguta akawanda eAmerica, kwete kupfurikidza nemitemo yakajeka yaJim Crow asi kupfurikidza nezvinoitika zvemari, miitiro yokukweretesa norusaruro, nemiuyo inogara yokuchinja kwenhau. iyi mitoo yokuparadzana kwevagari vaigara inoparira kusawirirana kwedzidzo neupfumi kunopfuurira, sezvo nzvimbo yenharaunda inotapura kusvika kuzvikoro zvakanaka, mabasa, uye mimwe mikana.

Kukosha Kwokunzwisisa Nhau

Kunzwisisa nhau yaJim Crow nehurumende yehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwokunangana nokusaenzana kwedzinza kwapanguva imwe. Rudzi rwakarongwa rwechikamu cheJim Crow, masimba masimba akashandiswa kuigombedzera, uye kubatanidzwa kwenguva refu kwehurumende mukuichengeta kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei misiyano yedzinza inopfuurira pashure pamakumi amakore pashure peCivil Rights Movement.

Kurwisa kwokuparadza Jim Crow kunogoverawo zvidzidzo zvinokosha pamusoro pechinjo yenzanga. Kunoratidzira kuti rukundo rwapamutemo, nepo rwuri madikanwa, harusati rwakakwana pasina kuronga nokudzikamisa zvinopfuurira. Kunoratidza ukoshi hwokuronga midzi yakabatanidzwa nedenho dzapamutemo. Uye kunozivisa kuti kupindira kwomubatanidzwa, apo kwakagadzirwa nenzira yakafanira uye kunomanikidzirwa nesimba, kunogona sei kuva chishandiso chine simba chokudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo.

Zvidzidzo Zvenhamburiko Dzamaruramiro Avagari Vemo Dzapanguva Ino

Kudikanwa Kwokumanikidzwa

Nhau yaJim Crow inoratidzira kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo hadzigoni kuvimbwa nguva dzose kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo vashoma. Kupindira kweFederal kwakabvumikisa kuva kunokosha nokuda kwokubvisa nzanga, uye utariri hwehurumende hunopfuurira hunoramba huri madikanwa kudzivisa kudzokera shure. Kuneta kwegadziriro dzapamberi pePhondo dzekodzero dzemunhu neganhuriro dzinotevera dzekuvhota mune dzimwe nyika kunoratidzira chingaitika apo kuchengetwa kwehurumende kunoderedzwa.

Simba Rebasa Rinotsigirwa

Chivil Rights Movement yakabudirira kwete kupfurikidza nenguva imwe inoshamisa asi kupfurikidza namakumi amakore okuronga, mirau, uye chiito chakananga. Kuvambira pagadziriro yepamutemo yomutsivi yeNAACP kusvikira kutsungiriro dzezvibvumikiso zveuswa dzama 1960, vashingairi vakachengeta dzvinyiriro pahurumende yehurumende kusvikira yaita chiito chakasimba. Uku kupfuurira kunogovera muenzaniso wemasangano azvino uno anotsvaka chinjo yenzanga.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kunoita Kuenzana Kwechokwadi

Kupfuurira kwekusaenzana kwedzinza pasinei zvapo nomugumo weparadzano yapamutemo kunoratidzira kuti kuwana uenzani hwechokwadi kunoda zvinopfuura kungobvisa chete mitemo yorusaruraganda. Kunoda kupedza zvinetso zvakaunganidzwa zvakaparirwa namazana amakore edzvinyiriro, kubva pamikaha yepfuma kusvikira kukusawiriraniswa kwedzidzo kusvikira kukusaruramisira kwoutano. Uku kunzwisisa kunofanira kuzivisa gakava razvino uno pamusoro pemiitiro yakadai sechiito chokubvuma, kutsiva, uye kuronga mari munzanga dzine urombo dzenhau.

Mugumisiro: Rwendo Rwusina Kupererwa Nechinhu

Nyaya yemitemo yaJim Crow nemhinduro yehurumende yehurumende inomirira zvose zviri zviviri zvitsauko zvakasviba zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica uye chibvumirano chesimba rokuita chiito chinopfuuridzirwa kuti uite chinjo yenzanga. Kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo muSouth, nokubatana kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, zvakachengeta gadziriro yakakwana yedzvinyiriro yedzinza iyo yakatapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweBlack America.

Mhinduro yokutanga yehurumende kuJim Crow yakaratidzirwa nokusakendenga tsigiro yakanakisisa neyanoshingaira panhau dzakaipisisa. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa mumhaka dzakafanana nePlessy v. Ferguson akagovera chifukidzo chebumbiro remitemo nokuda kworusarura, nepo purezidhendi neCongress zvakafuratira zvikuru kuputswa kwakarongwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzeBlack America. Uku kukundikana kwakabvumira Jim Crow kuva akadzika midziro huru munzanga yeAmerica, kuchiparira mitoo yokusaenzana inopfuurira kusvikira kuzuva rino.

Kwakatora makumi amakore echiito choushingi cheBlack America nevokwake kumanikidza hurumende yehurumende kuita chiito chine revo. Sangano rapamutemo reNAACP, midzi yokuronga kweCivil Rights Movement, uye uchapupu hwetsika hwevanhu vasingaverengeki vakaisa upenyu hwavo mungozi kudenha kusarura pakupedzisira kwakaparira migariro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokupindira kukuru kwehurumende. Chivil Rights Act ya1964, Voting Rights Act ya 1965, uye mutemo unowirirana pakupedzisira wakaputsa chibvumirano chapamutemo chaJim Crow.

Zvisinei, nhaka yaJim Crow inopfuurira kuumba nzanga yeAmerica. Kusiyana kwedzinza mupfuma, dzidzo, utano, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi kunoratidzira miuyo yakaunganidzwa yakaitwa nezana ramakore roudzvinyiriri hwakarongwa. Kunzwisisa nhau iyi kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwedzinza kwapanguva ino. Kunoratidza kuti urudzi hwakasimba zvikuru sei mumasangano eAmerica uye nei zvigadzikiso zvenhando zvisingakwaniswi kuwana chiyero chechokwadi.

Kurwisana naJim Crow kunopawo tariro nezvidzidzo zvinoshanda nokuda kwavashingairi vapanguva imwe cheteyo.Icho chinoratidzira kuti kunyange gadziriro dzakadzika midzi zvikurusa dzedzvinyiriro dzinogona kudenhwa ndokuchinjwa kupfurikidza nezviito zvinotsigirwa. Kunoratidza ukoshi hwokubatanidza denho dzapamutemo nezvinorongedzerwa nohuro hwakananga. Uye kunozivisa kuti kupindira kwomubatanidzwa, apo kwakagadzirirwa zvakafanira uye kunogombedzerwa nesimba, kunogona kuva chishandiso chine simba chokudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo uye kusimudzira wirirano.

Sezvatinopfuurira kurwisana nenhaka yaJim Crow uye kusaenzana kwedzinza kunopfuurira, tinofanira kuyeuka zvose zviri zviviri zvinotyisa zvenguva iyoyo neushingi hweavo vakairwisa. Kurwisa kwavo kunotiyeuchidza kuti fambiro mberi inobvira asi isingadzivisiki, kuti kodzero dzakambohwinwa dzinofanira kudzivirirwa nokungwarira, uye kuti basa rokuvaka kodzero dzakaenzana zvechokwadi nedzakarurama dzenzanga rinoramba risina kupera. Nokuda kwemashoko akawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo nenhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzokutaura nezvekusaenzana kwedzinza, shanyira . Bhedhai Dare rekushandira Hurumende pakodzero dzechigari nedzero dzemunhu uye [[FLT:] .[FLT]

Mhindumupindu yehurumende inobva mukugonesa kworusarura kumanikidzira maruramiro avagari vemo inomirira chinjo huru muhurumende yeAmerica. Bva iyi chinjo inoramba isina kukwana, seizvo denho dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kukuvhota maruramiro nemapoka amarudzi anopfuurira dzinoratidzira. Kunzwisisa nhau yakazara yemavambo aJim Crow(its), mavambo ayo akakwana, masimba masimba akashandiswa kuigombedzera, uye kurwisa kuiparadzanya kwarefuti kuti ive. Kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi akazvipira kupedza basa rakakwana rokuwana chiyero chedzinza muAmerica.