Mabumbiro emitemo anobatira sezvinyorwa zvapamutemo zvinokosha izvo zvinotanga gadziriro, masimba, uye mabasa ehurumende dzehurumende. Zvinorondedzera maruramiro avagari vemo ndokugadza gadziriro yemitemo mukati mehurumende imwe neimwe. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo reU. rinowana goverano yeshumba yengwariro yavose, bumbiro remitemo rinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva riri rose kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru ($____nobvisa chinhu chiri chose kubva mumitero yezvinhu uye mari yechikoro kumiitiro youtsotsi nemitemo yeroorano. Kunzwisisa aya magwaro kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa mashandire anoita hurumende yavo, maitirwe anoitwa naanoshandisirwa, uye maruramiro avanogona kuvimba nawo pakubata nezviremera zvehurumende zvomunzvimbomo.

Bumbiro Romutemo reHurumende Chii?

Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende igwaro rakanyorwa rinoratidzira kurongwa kwehurumende, kubatanidza dare, dare rehurumende, uye dare. Rinodudza maruramiro avagari vemo, anogadza ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, uye rinosimbisa miitiro yokupfuvura nokunyora mitemo yehurumende. Hurumende iri yose muUnited States ine bumbiro remitemo yayo, rimwe nerimwe rine gadziriro dzaro rakasiyana nenhau yaro, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. Kusafanana neU.S. Constitution, iyo ipfupidhis rema yehurumende inokomba kuva yakafara zvikuru, yakasano udzame zvikuru, uye inogadziridzwa kazhinji kazhinji. Somuenzaniso, U.S.Bumbiro remitemo rine mashoko 7,600 uye rakagadziridzwa ka27, nepo mitemo yeAlabaimosmo ine mashoko anopfuura makore anopfuvura 400 000.

Mabumbiro emitemo anobatira madonzo akawanda. Anoita gadziriro yamasangano ehurumende.(___Dhinai nhamba yedzimba dzemitemo, mabasa egavhuna, udzori hwematare ehurumende, uye masimba ehurumende dzomunzvimbomo sedzinoverenga namasigiramu. Anoisawo ganhuriro duku pabasa rehurumende, zvakadai sezvinodikanwa zvemari yakarongwa, ganhuriro dzedare rakasarudzwa ravakuru vakuru vakuru, uye mitemo yemitero yakananga. Zvikurukurukuru, mabumbiro emitemo anowanzobatanidza zvikwereti zvakakura zvekodzero dzinopfuura dziviriro dzeU.S. Bill wekodzero dzekodzero, anofukidza nzvimbo dzakadai sedzero, dzidzo, uye kunaka kwemhoteredzo.

Mavambo Enhau Nemhindumupindu yeMitemo yeHurumende

Tsika yebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rakatanga pasati paitwa Bumbiro reMitemo reAmerica, mukati mechinjo yeAmerica, makoroni apakuvamba gumi namatatu rimwe nerimwe rakaronga magwaro avo amene okuvamba kuti atsive maruramiro ehurumende. Connecticut yakagamuchira bumbiro rayo rokutanga muna 1639, inozivikanwa seConfectal Orders, asi bumbiro remitemo razvino uno rakarongerwa naVirginia muna June 1776 sorutivi rwokuzivisa kwayo kuzvitonga. Aya magwaro apakuvamba akaratidzira kusavimba kukuru kwesimba rakaganhurirwa uye akabatanidza paradzano yakajeka yamasimba, kusarudza nguva dzose, uye zvisarudzo zvekodzero dzazvinodzivirirwa nerusununguko rwokutaura, zvinodhinda, uye rudzidziso.

Mumazana amakore echigumi namapfumbamwe namakumi maviri, mitemo yehurumende yakashanduka zvinoshamisa. Sezvo nyika dzakakumbanira Union, Congress yakada kuti imwe neimwe ive nechimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende, asi dzakasiya zviri mukati zvakananga kuhurumende. Nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchira mabumbiro matsva mukati menhambo dzechinjo (zvakadai seNguva inofambira mberi (1890-1920), apo kugadziridzwa kwematurusi ehurumende yedemokramende akafanana nokutanga, kugadziridzwa kwemiitiro yehurumende yehurumende, uye kuyeuka. Munguva imwe cheteyo, masangano akavamba kuwedzera gadziriro dzakadzamabumbiro, dzakadai sokurambidza mwero yezvitima, kana kuti kutanga miitiro yedzidzo yavose yetsika yetsika mumitemo yavose. Iyi komba yokubatanidza miraudzo yemitemo yazvinodavirwa zvazvinodavirwa nenguva dzakawanda uye zvakagadziriswa. Mune dare remitemo rehurumende renyika renyika dzinodzorwa.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvebumbiro Remitemo reHurumende

Kunzwisisa mativi aya kunokosha pakunzwisisa gwaro racho uye kurishandisa kudzivirira kodzero dzako kana kuti muitiro wehurumende.

Sumo

Sumo inotaura chinangwa nenheyo dzinotungamirira dzebumbiro remitemo. Kazhinji kazhinji, inozivisa kuti vanhu vehurumende vari kugadza bumbiro remitemo kuti vachengetedze nhevedzano, rusununguko, uye ruramisiro. Mamwe mashoko okutanga anosimbisa nheyo dzorudzidziso, somubumbiro remitemo reMassachusetts iro rinodana “runako rwoMutengi Mukuru weChisiko Chose,” nepo vamwe, kufanana neNew York, havasati vachipa kana kuti kuganhurira maruramiro emitemo, asi matare pane dzimwe nguva anorishandisa kutsanangura zvinangwa zvakakura zvebumbiro remitemo.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rine mutongo wekodzero dzinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko. Idzi dzinoratidza chaizvoizvo Bill of Rights (8) Constitution inonyatsotaura pachena, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kutonga nedare, uye rusununguko pakutsvakwa kusina mufungo nepfaridziko (asi kazhinji kazhinji rinokura padziri. Dare remitemo reCalifornia rekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu nedzekodzero rinobatanidza kodzero yokuva woga isina kududzwa zvakajeka muU.S. Constitution. Zvikwereti zvakawanda zvehurumende zvekodzero dzakananga dzinokurukurwawo nekodzero dzakafanana nekodzero dzavanyajambwa, muripo yevashandi veroorano, kuenzana, kana kuti kudzivirira parusaruro rwakavakirwa pavatano, dzinza, kana kuti urema. matare ehurumende anogona kutsanangura izvi gadziriro dzakazvisiana kugovera matare omubatanidzwa pasi pezvikamu zvakafanana.

Kuvakwa Kwehurumende

Iyi rutivi runo udzame kurongwa kwehurumende yehurumende mumapazu matatu: mitemo, zviremera, uye dare. Inoreva nhamba yemitezo iri mudzimba dzemitemo, zvikwaniriso, urefu hweshoko, uye masimba egavhuna, gadziriro yedare kubva kumatare anotongwa kusvikira kudare gurusa, uye miitiro yokuzadza nzvimbo. Inorondedzerawo ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo . "Maruwa, maguta, uye maruwa ezvikoro zvinogamuchira chiremera chazvo kubva kubumbiro remitemo rehurumende.] Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anoumba masangano anozvimirira, akadai semasangano ebasa avose kana kuti mabhodhi edzidzo, uye anogadza mitemo nokuda kwezvisarudzo, kubatanidza kuvhotera uye maruwa anodzorwa.

Zvinoitwa Nevagadziri Vadzokororwa

Mabumbiro emitemo anodokuva nguva dzose anobatanidza chikamu chinotsanangura kuti anogona kuchinjwa sei. Mitoo mikuru miviri ndeye ratirigi reslateral (isigadziro yehurumende inokarakadza kugadziriswa, inofanira kutenderwa nevoctor murusarudzo rwehurumende), uye inoyera uye inonzvera [FLT] [[FLT] [] (inounganidza sigina dzakakwana kuisa murongedzero yakananga pabhorati). Nyika shomanene, kufanana naDelawa, dzinobvumira kugamuchirwa nemubato mukurusa wetendero mukurusa wetendero pasina kuvhotera. Nyika zhinji dzinoda kubvumira kunyorwa nemutengidzo mukuru mukuru.

Zvimwe Zvirongwa

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anowanzova nemhatsa yakasiyana - siyana yemitemo iyo isingarangarirwi se “hurumende”. Izvi zvinogona kubatanidza gadziriro dzemari yedzidzo yavose, miganhu yezvikwereti zvehurumende, kuverengwa kwemitero yakananga (yakadai sepfuma kana kuti mitero yemari), mitero yenyika, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye kunyange mitemo yokubhejera kana kuti kuvhima. Nepo iyi gadziriro chaiyo ichiita kuti mitemo ishande zvisina kufanira, inogonawo kupa vagari vemo mukana wokuvhara mipimo inokosha pamwero wakakwirira zvikurusa womutemo wenyika, kuidzivirira pakuchinjawo zvamabumbiro enyika.

Kusiana Kunoita Mitemo yeHurumende neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinogadza gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye maruramiro makuru anoshanda munyika yose. Iro ipfupi, yakafara, uye yakaoma kushandura. Hurumende, mukupesana, irefu, ine udzame zvikuru, uye iri nyore zvikuru kuchinja. Hurumende inopa masimba anodudzwa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye mamwe masimba ose anokosha kuhurumende. Zvinowanzoita sezvinoitwa nemitemo. “mitemo yeHurumende, kune rumwe rutivi, inopa simba kuvanhu kuhurumende kuhurumende (zvinoreva kuti hurumende inogona kushandisa masimba nenzira yakajeka bedzi. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti mitemo inodzorwa nenzira yakajeka, inobatanidza kuti aya angaita mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka zvikuru.“ pamutemo.

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende Muupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anochinja zvinhu zvakawanda muupenyu hwevanhu.

  • Mitero yakatsiga: Mitero yakawanda yenyika inoisa mwero yemitero yemari kana kuti ganhuriro yewedzero yegore negore. Chirongwa cheCalifornia 13 (188) chakanga chiri chigadziridzo chakaganhurira nenzira yakakurumbira mwero yose iri miviri yemitero nerangariro kuwedzera, gadziriro ichiri kuronga misika yedzimba nebhajeti yehurumende yomunzvimbomo.
  • Tsika: Gadziriro dzemari dzechikoro dzinowanzobva mumitsetse yemitemo yehurumende inoda kuti nyika igovere “masangano azvo uye anoshanda” kana kuti“ gadziriro yezvikoro zvavose. Dare rinodenha pasi peidzi mirau inomanikidzira nyika kuhwirudzura nzira dzokushandisa mari negadziriro dzakarurama.
  • Hurumende dzenharaunda: “Utongi hwepamusha” mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende hunopa maguta nedzinosarudzwa mwero wakati kuti kuti zvipfuure mitemo yomunharaunda, zvitarisire mari, uye zvinodzora kushandiswa kwenyika pasina kuda mvumo yehurumende.
  • Ruramisiro yorurimi: Zvikwereti zveHurumende zvamaruramiro zvingapa vakwirirwi dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura zvinoda matare ehurumende, zvakadai semurairo worumano kana kuti maruramiro makuru zvikuru okupa zano. Mudzimwe nyika, chirango chorufu chinorambidzwa zvakajeka kana kuti chinoganhurirwa chose chose nebumbiro remitemo.
  • Utano hwePublic nemhoteredzo: Mitemo inoverengeka yakagamuchira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kumhoteredzo yakachena, kusvika kumvura yokunwa yakachena, kana kuti tarisiro youtano inotengeka. Iyi gadziriro inopa vagari vemo chishandiso chokudenha zviito zvehurumende zvinoderedza utano hwavanhu.

Mitemo Inoyera yeHurumende: Chishandiso Chakananga Chehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Rimwe ramativi anosianisa zvikurusa ebumbiro remitemo rehurumende ndimano evagari vemo okukarakadza nokuita chinjo zvakananga kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokutanga. Kusvikira nhasi, 23 nyika dzinobvumira kutanga nokunatsiridza mirau, uye 18 wezvematongerwo anobvumira nokuda kwekugadziriswa kwemitemo. Uyu muitiro unopa simba vagariwo zvavo vemo kufuratira mutemo apo unoramba kuita chiito panhau dzakakurumbira. Mienzaniso yekugadziriswa kwemitemo kwehurumende kunobudirira inobatanidza miganhu nokuda kwevapi vemitemo, kutenderwa pamutemo kwemirairo yezvokurapa kana kuti mbanje, ganhuriro parondedzero dzemitemo, uye zvinodikanwa zvemitero zvemitero.

Zvisinei, ichi chishandiso chakananga chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hachisi chisina kutsoropodzwa.Vashori vanotaura kuti nhano dzinogona kutsotswa namapoka ezviwanwa zvemhindu zvakasanorongwa, kuparira mitemo isina kutsarukana iyo inoparira miuyo isingakarirwa, uye kutungamirira kuburi remitemo rinobvisa kuchinjika kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Kunyanguvezvo, mano okuchinja mabumbiro emitemo nevhoti yakakurumbira anoramba ari chiratidzo chekudzora kwenzvimbo yehurumende uye chikonzero chikuru nei aya magwaro achigaronge akaparadzana.

Mienzaniso Inocherechedzwa Yebumbiro Remitemo reHurumende

California

Bumbiro remitemo reCalifornia, rakagamuchirwa muna 1879 uye rakavandudzwa zvakakwana muma1960, nderimwe renguva refu zvikurusa munyika. Inobatanidza gadziriro dzine udzame pamutero wezvinhu (Procratimendi 13), ganhuriro dzeshoko remitemo, Chirungu somutauro wehurumende, uye kunyange chinodikanwa chokuti nyika ichengete bhajeti yakadzikama. Ruramisiro yayo inobatanidza kodzero inokosha yokuva woga. Nemhaka yokuti inogona kuchinjwa nevhoti yoruzhinji yehurumende uye vavhoti, chibvumirano cheCalifornia chakagadzirirwa mazana enguva, kuchitungamirira kukuwedzera, chinyorwa chemitemo neraden icho vatsoropora vazhinji vanotaura kuti chinoshanda sebumbiro remitemo kupfuura chibvumirano chenheyo.

Texas

Bumbiro remitemo reTexas, rakagamuchirwa muna 1876, rakakurumbira zvikuru (mashoko anopfuura 100 000) uye rinoganhurira. Rakanyorwa pashure penhambo yokudzorerwazve kuti riganhurire masimba agavhuna nedare remitemo, kuumba mukuru mukuru asina simba nehurumende yakakamukana. Rine gadziriro dzakawanda dzine chokuita uye riri pakati pemitemo yakagadziridzwa yagara iripo yakatenderwa ne500 yemitemo yakatenderwa. Kugadziriswa muTexas kunoda vhotera matatu maviri ekamuri rimwe nerimwe remitemo uye kutenderwa nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo voRoffat. Nemhaka yeidzo dzakawanda dzemitemo dzakaitwa neiyi migariro yagara ichichinjwa panzvimbo yomutemo.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyoreswa muna 1779 naJohn Adams, ndiro gwaro rekaresa rinoshanda munyika. Iro ipfupi zvikuru uye rakagadziridzwa munenge nguva 120 bedzi. Kuvakwa kwaro kwakatanga gadziriro yebhuraneti yazvino uno yebhiraneti uye kunobatanidza mukuru mukuru ane simba. Massachusetts agadziridza rimwe remiitiro inodzoreka zvikurusa: Kugadziriswa kunofanira kupfuudzwa nedzimba mbiri dzinotevedzana uye ipapo kutenderwa navo vogitaio. Chinetso ichi chakabudisa chinyorwa chakatsiginaidzo inochinja zvishoma nezvishoma, mukupesana nemiitiro yokukurumidza yemoto mudzimwe nyika dzakawanda.

Oregon

Bumbiro remitemo reOregon rakava rakakurumbira serabhoritari yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga pakuvamba muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Yaro 1902 “inopesana nerevetasum” yakapa vavhoti simba rokukarakadza zvose zviri zviviri mitemo negadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo. Chifocho, Oregon yakanyandura chinjo dzakawanda dzinofambira mberi kupfurikidza nebutiro, kubatanidza gadziriro yokutanga yenyika yokuronga nyika, gadziriro inotenderwa yapamutemo yokuzviuraya nachiremba akabatana, uye kugamuchirwa kwokukurumidza kwevhota pafoni. Ruramende rwehurumende inotsaurawo nokuda kwokushaiwa kwayo chinodikanwa chakadzikama chebhii, kutsamira panzvimbo pekungwarira pamitemo, uye nokuda kwegadziriro yemibairo yavose, kubhadharwa kwavana, uye dziviriro kwavashandi kunobvumirwa nemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo inobvumirwa nomutemo.

Nei Kunzwisisa Bumbiro Remitemo Rehurumende Kuchikosha Kuvagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa bumbiro remitemo yako hakusi kungoshandisawo zvako kudzidza, asi chishandiso chinobatsira pakutora rutivi, kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye kuita kuti hurumende izvidavirire.

  • Vaziviswa: Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro remitemo kunowanzooneka pamavhoti parutivi pesarudzo. Kuziva gadziriro dziripo kunobetsera kusarudza kana kugadziriswa kunokarakadzwa kuri madikanwa, kwakafanira, kana kuti kungakuvadza zvikuru.
  • simbisa kodzero dzako:[[FLT: 1] Hurumende pane dzimwe nguva inopa dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., somuenzaniso, kana bumbiro remitemo rako richiziva zvakajeka kodzero yokuva woga, ungadenha kungwarira kwokungwarira pasina kuvimba chose chose nemienzaniso yedare romubatanidzwa.
  • Hurumende yeCalbenge yakanyengera: Hurumende inopa mhaka dzinopa mutongo wokuti mutemo unoputsa bumbiro remitemo rehurumende unogona kubudirira kunyange kana kutaura kumwe cheteko kungakundikana muBumbiro reMitemo reU. Rukundo rwapamutemo rwakawanda rwapamutemo rwakahwinwa mugadziriro dzehurumende, kubva pakutsigira dzidzo nhau kusvikira kumakepisi enzvimbo.
  • Kushanda muudzori hwomunzvimbomo: Gadziriro dzomutemo woMusha, machata, uye masimba enyika zvakadzikwa mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Kunzwisisa izvozvi kunogona kukubetsera kupesvedzera kuronga nyika, mitemo yedare rechikoro, uye zvivako zvomunzvimbomo zvemitero.
  • Parapatite mumuitiro wokugadziridza: Mumiganhu ine maruramiro okutanga, vagari vemo vanogona kuita miganhu yavo vamene, kuunganidza siginicha, uye nhimbe nokuda kwavo. Kunyange munyika pasina nhano yokutanga, kuziva nzira yokudzvinyirira nayo chibvumirano chehurumende kukarakadza kugadziridza kunokosha nokuda kwechinjo yenguva refu.

Kutanga, tsvaka kopi yebumbiro remitemo paIndaneti kupfurikidza newebsite yehurumende kana kuti kupfurikidza ne LEXIS] Constitutions State . Conference yeNational of State Legislatures inogoverawo mari pakugadziridza zvimiro nehurumende yakananga. Kunyange kunzvera kwokukurumidza tafura yezviri mukati menyu kunogona kuzivisa kuti rugwaro rwehurumende yenyu rwakagadzwa runogona sei kuumba zvinyorwa zvaune hanya zvikurusa pamusoro penhau.

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende ari kurarama, magwaro anofema anodzikamisa gamuchidzanwa nechishuvo chehurumende yegutsaruzhinji chokurega vanhu vachizvidzora vamene.