Basa raChangamire weHurumende Mukudzivirira Changamire weHurumende

Hurumende inodzivirira Hurumende idzidziso yapamutemo inosatenderwa inotaurwa kuva inopomerwa mhaka mumatare enyika pasina kubvumira kwayo. Iyi nheyo, yakarovererwa zvikuru mugadziriro dzehurumende sedzeUnited States, inoshanda sedziviriro yakakomba yokudzivirira pfuma yehurumende uye kuchengetedza uchangamire hwenyika imwe neimwe mugadziriro yenyika. Nokudzivisa kukwikwirirana kwehurumende kwapamutemo, kuvimbisa kuti nyika dzinogona kudzora pfuma yadzo yemari, zvinhu, uye mabasa avose pasina kudzongonyedzwa kwenguva dzose nedzidziso. Zvisinei, dzidziso yacho haina kutsarukana; kushandiswa kwayo kwakavapo mumazana amakore enyika imwe neimwe, kumutsa nharo pamusoro pekuzvidavirira, ruramisiro, uye dzikamo yesimba pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende. Kunzwisisa kudzora kunoda kunzvera midziro yayo yenhau, pamutemo, migariro yetsika, uye kudzivirira kudzivirira kusimba pakati pezviito.

Kunzwisisa Kubatana kwaChangamire Wehurumende

Pfungwa yokuzvitonga kwesimba rinotora nzvimbo yakwakabva kumutemo weEngland, umo mambo asingagoni kukwidzwa mumatare ake amene nemhaka yokuti korona yacho yakanga iri manyuko omutemo uye nokudaro isingagoni kusvikwa nayo. Iyi pfungwa yakaendeswa kunyika dzeAmerica uye, pashure pokuzvimirira, yakagamuchirwa nehurumende. Dzidziso yacho inotsamira panheyo yokuti sangano rinotonga (hwupi kana kuti rudzi), dzinza, kana kuti rudzi jekiseni pasaizi kutoti rabvuma kukwidzwa. MuUnited States, kudzivirira kwouchangamire kunodzivirira nyika imwe neimwe kudzivirirwa kudare renyika kana kuti matare enyika pasina mvumo. Iyi dziviriro inobatira kuunzwa nemitemo yavanhu voga, masangano ehurumende, uye kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika, dzichivapo.

Imwe dzidziso inozivikanwa navose ndeyokuti kuzvidzivirira kwoutongi kunodzivirira nyika pachayo. Zvomenemene, inotambanudzira kumasangano ehurumende, madhipatimendi, uye vakuru vakuru vari kuita mabasa avo ehurumende. Zvisinei, haisati ichiwanzodzivirira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti manisiparati, inorangarirwa kuva mikaha yehurumende uye ingapomerwa mumigariro yakati. Dzidziso haisati iri nhoo inodzoka yegumbe; inodzorwa namasangano, uye inoitwa nemitemo yapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, ingabvumirana kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo inobvumira zvakajeka kutaura, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokupinda mumabvumirano ayo anodzivisa kurwisana. Mukuwedzera, Dare rehurumende rinogona kudzivirira hurumende pari pasi pemasimba ayo okuchengeta. Dare gurusa reU.

Nheyo Dzapamutemo Nenhau Huru

Zvisakiso zvapamutemo zvehurumende inodzivirira Hurumende muUnited States zvakasimbiswa muDemendment yechi11 kuBumbiro reMitemo, asi midzi inodzika. Pamberi pePendement ye11th Court yakanga yaziva kuti hurumende dzine simba rokuzvidzivirira panzvimbo yadzo pasi pomutemo wavose. Mhaka ye Shisholm v. Georgia [1793] yakavhundutsa nyika apo Dare rakabvumira suturo nemugari weSouth Carolina mukurwisana neGeorgia. Mumhinduro, Congress akakurumidza kupfuura Dare renyika yeFilenth Amendment, iro rinorambidza zvakajeka kuti matare enyika anzwe mabhii pamusoro pehurumende nehurumende yeimwe nyika kana kuti nyika yokumwe. Mushure Dare gurusaro rakawedzera kusvika kwaro mumiganho kurwisana nehurumende yarongwi navagari vemo varomavo, semutemendero yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yose.

Mhaka yechiratidzo yakajekeswa kuti dare rehurumende risare riri pamusoro pezvisakiso zvehurumende ndiro Fla. Dept. yeRevenuev. Kurth Ranch, 511 U.S.777]. Munhau iyoyo, Dare rakakwirira rakasimbisa kuti gadziriro yemitero yemirimo inobatanidza mitero yemirimo inobatanidza misha haigoni kudenhwa mudare rehurumende pasi peBankruptic Confective nemhaka yokuti Pendementmenteded state. Dare rakarangarira kuti kubvumira simba rapamutemo rakadaro pamusoro pemitero yemari inogamuchirwa. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisa nheyo yokuti masuruko okutsvaka kana kuti mapepa okuedza kudenha mari yavo, mari yemari inodzorwa, mari yehurumende uye mari inobvumira kudzorwa kudzorwa kwehurumende.

Chimwe chisarudzo chinokosha ndi SAMINOLE REDERY (1996), umo Dare rakatonga kuti Congress haigoni kudzivirira hurumende neChikamu I masimba oga; Chikamu bedzi 5 cheMitemo yeMitemo ye145 inogona kupa simba paPremende kuti Hurumende irege kudzora. Iyi mhaka yakaganhurira zvikuru mano eCongress okuzviisa pasi pemitemo yapachivande pasi pemitemo yehurumende yakadai sechiIndian Gaming Regatation Act. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana ne Ald v. Maine. [1999] Kurangarira uku kudare, kuchiitawo kuti zvipfeko zvapa zvogaro zvapagaro zvehurumende zvisazvo mumatare avo vamene mumatare avo kunze kwezvibvumirano.

Mitemo Yehurumende Nemitemo yaChangamire weHurumende: Penjeredzo Yegumi Negumi Negumi

Pepanhau reA1th Amendment ndiro chinyorwa chikuru chehurumende inodzivirira Hurumende mumutemo wehurumende. Rugwaro rwaro runorava kuti: “Simba Rokutonga reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kutambanudzira kusuturo ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti kusarevera, rakatanga kana kuti rakapomedzwa mukurwisana nomumwe weUnited States naVagaricances of the State, kana kuti neVagaritizeri kana kuti Zvikamu zveHurumende ipi neipi yeNyika Yenyika iri Mhosve.” Kunyange zvazvo kugadziridzwa kwacho kuchingodudza zvipfeko zvavagari vedzimwe nyika kana kuti nyika, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira nheyo youtongi kuti vasarumbirwewo navagari vehurumende. Iyi yakaitira nharo, uye vatsoropokisi vakataura kuti kunopfuura mutauro wakananga kuwanda.

Demetrition yechi11 haiiti kuti pave nedare rapamutemo; pane mativi anoverengeka anozivikanwa. Chokutanga, hurumende inogona kubvuma kupiwa mhaka nedziviriro inodzivisa kubatwa. Uyu muparadziro anofanira kuva akajeka uye akajeka, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemirau yehurumende inoparira chisakiso chebasa muhurumende kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuzvidira mudare rehurumende. Chechipiri, Congress ingava nedziviriro yehurumende apo inoita mutemo unorambidza Indaneti, yakadai semitemo inorambidza rusaruro kana kuti kudzivirira maruramiro okuvhotera. Zvisinei, Dare raida kuti Korosarosa iite vavariro yayo yokuita “zvisasarura nokusareruka." mumutauro wedare. [FUTLD: 0] Chikamu cheYoung [FLD] (190]) chibvumire kudzivirira kudzorwa kwemitemo inoparira kudzorwa kwemitemo inodzorwa kudzorwa kutorerwa kupfurikidza nemitemo.

Uku kusiiwa kunotsoropodza nokuda kwokusimbisa kodzero dzehurumende nemitemo yemhoteredzo. Somuenzaniso, mugari wemo anogona kukwidza mutungamiriri wesangano rehurumende kuti amise hurumende kusimbisa mutemo usina kukodzera kutongwa, uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende haagoni kutaura kuti haagoni kuzvidzivirira pasimba nemhaka yokuti sutu yacho inorwisana nomukuru mukuru wacho somunhu oga, kwete mupiro wemari wehurumende. Zvisinei, Kurevesa [chikamu chehurumende] Kuregeredza Hachibvumiri sutu dzezvibharo zvemari mukurwisana nehurumende, izvo zvinoramba zviripo kutonge nyika ichida. Uku kudzika muganhu unobvumira vanhu kudenha zviito zvehurumende pasina kuparira njodzi kupfurikidza nokukuvadza.

Kudzivirirwa Kwezvinhu Zvehurumende: Kudzivirira Kunoita Changamire Zviwanikwa Zvevanhu Vose

Rimwe ramabasa anoshanda zvikurusa edziviriro yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende idziviriro yezvinhu zvapamutemo, mari yavose, uye mari yemari yehurumende (kubva mukubatana, kuuraya, kana kuti kubatwa nechisimba kuti igutse kwezvakavanzika zvakavanzika. Pasina iyi dziviriro, hurumende dzingamanikidzirwa kutsaudzira kutera mari inopa mitero inoparirwa nemhosva, ingakanganisa mabasa avose anokosha akadai sedzidzo, mibato, uye chengeteko yavose. Dzidziso nokudaro inodzivirira pfuma inobva mukuderera kwokuzvidira, ichivimbisa kuti mari yehurumende inoramba iri pasi pokudzorwa kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa panzvimbo pemirairo yedare.

Dziviriro inotambanukira kumhatsa huru yepfuma. Zvivako zvakagadzirwa nehurumende, nyika, motokari, zvishandiso, uye kunyange zvinhu zvisingachinjiki zvakadai sekodzero nezviratidzo zvinogona kudzivirirwa kuvakwereti. Changamire anodzivirira mari chaiyo, zvakadai semari yepenjeni, inishuwarenzi yokushaya basa inochengetera mari, uye mari dzeinishuwarenzi dzinodzorwa nehurumende. Zvikurukurukuru, dzidziso yacho inoshanda kwete bedzi kunanga nyika asi kuedzawo kuisa zvinhu zvehurumende sechengeteko nokuda kwekutongwa kwebato rapachivande. Somuenzaniso, kana muvaki akawana rutongeso pasangano rehurumende, haagoni kutora zvivako zvehofisi kana kuti mari yeinishuwasiti yehurumende pasina kubvumira kwehurumende. Iyi nheyo inosimbiswa muhurumende yakawanda uye mitemo inopa nzira dzokutonga nokuda kwechiito chapamutemo, somuenzaniso, kana mutongo unobvumira kubvumira kutenderwa kwehurumende kana kuti igaro.

Muuyo unoshanda kuganhurira marudzi emishonga inowanika mukurwisana nehurumende. Nepo vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kukwirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwenyaradzo inodzivisa kana kuti nokuda kwekuvadziko mumutemo wehurumende kana hurumende ine dziviriro inoparadzirwa, havagoni kuita rutongeso rune donzo mukurwisana nezviwanikwa zvehurumende. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanotaura kuti vanobvuma kubhadhara rutongeso runowanzobva mumiitiro yakarongwa kana kuti kupfurikidza nokunyora zvikumbiro zvemitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mari yakaparadzana yokutaura kuti ibata njodzi, asi iyi mari inodzorwa nokuzvidira uye inodzorwa nemitemo yemitemo. Sachigaro anodzivisa kutongwa nemitemo anopa chishandiso chine simba chokushandisa njodzi nemari inodzorwa.

Miganhu Nokutsoropodza KwaChangamire Asina Kubatana

Pasinei zvapo nerevo yayo yenhau noukoshi hunoshanda, kudzivirira Hurumende kukuvadziko kwakawana tsoropodzo huru. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti dzidziso yacho inogona kudzivirira nyika pakuzvidavirira, zvikurukuru apo hurumende dzinoputsa mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo kana kuti dzinoparira kuvadziko kupfurikidza nokuregeredza. Somuenzaniso, kana mukuru mukuru wetorongo akashandisa simba rakawandisa mukurwisana nomusungwa, nyajambwa angasakwanisa kukwidziridza hurumende nokuda kwekuvadziko nemhaka yokuti hurumende haigoni kudzivirira dziviriro inodzivisa kutapunzirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, ngwavaira dzemhoteredzo dzinoparirwa namasangano ehurumende inoparira kukuvadziko yehurumende.

Idzi itiro hanya dzakaparira kuraira kuti pave nechinjo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzapamutemo dzinotsigira nokuda kwenzira yakaganhurirwa zvikuru yokudzivisa dziviriro yehurumende, dzichitaura kuti vavariro yapakuvamba yePramendment yechi11 yeMitemo inoganhurira bedzi sututi dzemhindu dzemhindu, kwete tsvudziro dzehurumende. Dzimwe dzinotaura kuti Alden v. Maine chisarudzo, chakatambanurira kudzivirira kumatare ehurumende, chakasika: mubato unogona kukwidza sangano rapachivande asi kwete hurumende yokuputsa zvimwe, kunyange apo hurumende inopinda mumibato yezvokutengeserana. “kutora rutivi rwebhizimisi”, runoshanda mune mamwe mapfundo (se mutemo unorwisana nokutenda), runoratidza kuti matare anodisa kufamba kunze kwezviito zvebhizimisi panzvimbo dzebhizimisi. Zvisinei, Dare guru rezvero rinodzivisa kudzorwa mudare rebhizimisi.

Kana vanhu vakaregeredza kana kuti vakaregeredza zvido zvavo, hurumende yacho ingava homwe yakadzika, uye vanhu vanganzi havazobhadharwi kana vakasabatwa nehosha yacho.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura uye Kudzikamisa Uchangamire Nokururamisira

Nyika yekodzero yokuzvidzivirira pahurumende inopfuurira kushanduka sezvo matare airwisana nedenho itsva. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisazve simba redzidziso yacho nepo richijekesawo miganhu yayo. Somuenzaniso, mu Allen v. Cooper [2020], Dare rakaramba kuti Congress haigoni kuva nekodzero yehurumende yekodzero yokuzvidzivirira pasi peMacouble Copycectiacle anoshandisa Chikamu I, richirovanyadzisa Remedificiation Act. Chisarungamisiro ichi chakavharirwa kubva pakuramba kukwirira pamutemo, kunyange apo mari yakabva mukushandiswa kwemabasa okunyoresa. Dare rakarangarira kuti “chisitongori pamutemo uye nheyo dzehurumende dzinodzivirira padzinokanganisa.

Zvisinei, haisi purogiramu dzose dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzinotaura. Torres v. Department of Public Safety [2022], Dare Gurusa rakawana kuti dare raibvuma nenzira inokarakadza kuwirirana apo vanogamuchira mari yehurumende mupurogiramu dzakananga dzinoda kutsigira kudzivirira kukuvadziko. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza murwi weTexas weSafety yeSafety nokuda kwokupunza Mitemo yeUSSived Office and Rescrectment Reconsmentmentment Act Act (USSRA). Dare rakaramba kuti kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mari yehurumende nokuda kwepurogiramu dzebasa, Texas yakakanganisa kudzivirira kudzivirira kuSakara. Chisarudzo ichi chinokarakadza kuti pamutemo mubatanidzwa nemitemo yehurumende inopesana nezvibvumirano zvinopesana nezvibvumirano zvehurumende zvinobvumiranwa kubvumira mubatanidzwa.

Matare ehurumende akarwisanawo noukuru hwesimba rokudzivisa rwisano. Mamwe matare makurusa ehurumende akakudza kuvadziko kupfurikidza nokududzira kuganhurirwa kwemitemo yokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha, nepo mamwe ane miuyo yakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa reCalifornia rakarangarira kuti Kutaura kweTort kunoshanda zvakafara kumugariro une ngozi wezvinhu zvavose, nepo matare mune dzimwe nyika akatonga kuti kubviswa kwechando mumigwagwa ibasa rapamutemo redziviriro yedziviriro pasutuko.

Kuona Changamire Wenyika Dzakawanda Zvichionekwa

United States haisati iri yoga mukuziva chigaro chinosarudzwa nehurumende; gadziriro dzakawanda dzehurumende dzine dzidziso dzinopesana. MuAustralia, hurumende dzinodzivisa kusatapurwa nesutu pasi pomutemo wavose, kunyange zvazvo Paramende ichigona kukukurira. Dare Rapamusoro reAustralia mu Commonwealth v. Evans Deakin In Pustrictions Ltd [ [1986] raidavira kuti kudzivirirwa kwehurumende hakubviri kwakakwana uye kunogona kudzorwa nomutauro wakarurama. Nenzira yakafanana, maruwa eCanada anofarikanya dziviriro pasumo kutoti mutemo ugovera, asi matare akavamba zvakasiana nomufambiro unoputsa Rwedzero dzeCanada neRusununguko rwekodzero neRusununguko.

MuEuropean Union, nyika dziri mitezo kazhinji kazhinji hadzina kudzivirirwa patsika yenheyo yokudzivisa kukuvadzwa kwehurumende, asi mutemo weEU unoisa ganhuriro dzinokosha. Dare reEurope reRuramisiro rakasarudza kuti nyika dzemitezo dzinogona kupiwa mhaka yokukuvadzwa kunoparirwa nokuputswa kwomutemo weEU, kuchiva kunoshanda kunodzora kwapamutemo mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Uku kunoratidza dzikamo yakasiana pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu, kutangira kuzvidavirira pamusoro pechigaro. Kuenzanisa kwegadziriro yeU.S. kunosimbisa kuva nomusengwa kweAmerica kunoparirwa nouchangamire huviri, uko hurumende inochengeta dziviriro kunyange apo inoputsa mutemo wehurumende.

Zvibvumirano zvokutengesa nyika yose nezvirongwa zvokuchengetera mari zvinobatirawo pamwe nedziviriro yehurumende. United States inosaina zvibvumirano zvezvibvumirano zvemari yokuisa mari kazhinji kazhinji zvinopinyira kudzivirira kukuvadziko nokuda kwemibayiro, kuzviisa vamene pasi pechisarudzo chinobatanidza nharo. United States imene inobvuma kukodzera pasi paChangamire weMamwe Marudzi Immunies Act nokuda kwemibato yayo yezvokutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika, asi kudzivirirwa kwoutongi hwehurumende kunoramba kuripo kunobetsera kuumba dzidziso yeAmerica nenharo pamusoro pechinjo.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvokutarisira Hurumende

Nokuda kwavachengeti vemari vehurumende, magweta, uye vanamamaneja vezvinhu, dziviriro inotonga ruzhinji chishandiso chinodenha chokushandisa ngozi. Kuziva kuti zvinhu zvikuru zvinowanzodzivirirwa pakubatanidzwa kunobvumira nyika kupinda mukuronga kwenguva refu, kukwereta mari pamwero womubereko wakaderera sezvo vakweretesi vasingagoni kutora zvinhu zvehurumende, uye kuisa mari mugadziriro pasina kutya kurasikirwa nezvinhu. Zvisinei, iyi dziviriro inorevawo kuti masangano anofanira kuva anoshanda mukugadza miitiro yokuzvidira kuti achengetedze kuva pamutemo uye adzivise kurasikirwa nehurumende.

Mitengo inoshanda mabhizimisi makuru ezvokutengeserana — zvakadai sezvitoro zvezvinwiwa zvinodhakisa zvehurumende, rotari, kana kuti magiramu avose (zvinoda kuziva) nezvezvisingadzivisiki zvingaparadza dziviriro apo inopinda mumibato yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Federal Tort Apenties Act haishandi kuhurumende, asi hurumende inoda kutaura kuti zviito kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzivirira dziviriro yemibato yebhizimisi. Matare mune dzimwe nyika akarangarira kuti kushanda mubato weskitomu kana kuti kosi yegarobha ibasa reproprietary, kuratidzira mugariro wacho kuva nemhosva sebhizimisi rapachivande. Idzi dzinoda kungwarira kudzivirira pamutemo uye njodzi.

Kumwe kurangarira kunoshanda kubatanidzwa pakati pedziviriro yezvisakiso zvapamutemo nokubhuroka. Apo mafaira ehurumende nokuda kwokubhuroka/kusingawanzowaniki, sezvo Ganhuro 9 bedzi riri nokuda kwavagari vemo (*) dziviriro yapamutemo yehurumende inoidzivirira pakutaura kwakati. Zvisinei, Bankruptic Recodence inobatanidza gadziriro idzo dzinoramba kudzivirira dziviriro mumashoko akapoteredza, dzakadai sokudzivisa zvisarudzo. Kurth Ranch mhaka imene yakamuka mukutaura kwokurasikirwa, inosimbisa kuoma kwemitero yehurumende nemutemo wokushaidzwa.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi: Chinjo Kana Kuti Simba Here?

Nguva yemberi yokusatapurwa kwoumambo hwehurumende sezvingabvira ichaona rwisano inopfuuridzirwa pakati pamasimba ehurumende nokuzvidavirira. Kune rumwe rutivi, Dare Gurusa razvino uno rinoratidzika kuva rakazvipira kudzivirira kusimba kwedzidziso yehurumende, sezvinoonwa mu Allen v. Cooper uye Tractress [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [idzo] [idzo] (ipo pasinei zvapo nokuganhurira dziviriro muzvinopikirwa, yakasimbisazve dzidziso huru). Kune rumwe rutivi, dzvinyiriro yavose nokuda kwenzvimbo dzakadai dzamapurisa, migariro yetorongo, uye ruramisiro yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo inganyandura kudzivirira kudzivirira kuganhuridzwa kwamarudzi akati ezviito, uye kugona kuedza kusimbisa kudzo itsva itsva mumugariro unotongedzerwa.

Imwe nzvimbo yechinjo inobvira kushandiswa kwezvigadziko zvehurumende kukubuda kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwehurumende kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira kuti iite zvisarudzo zvinoparira kuvadziko kuwiriraniswa nemamiriro ezvinhu. Dzidziso yazvino uno inokarakadza kuti mabasa okungwarira anoramba ari akapararira, asi sezvo Al ichava yakapararira zvikuru, matare angada kurangarirazve miganhu ye “kudzivisa.” Nenzira yakafanana, anotaura kuti kuita mibato yenhema ingagona kutarisana nemibvunzo inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakakarakadza kuti“ bvumirano yenyika inowirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu okutora rutivi mumapurogiramu ehurumende, asi nzira iyoyo inoparira zvinetso pamusoro pekumanikidzwa uye kukanganisa.

Mumhedziso, kudzivirirwa kwouchangamire hwehurumende kunoramba kuri dzidziso inokosha inodzivirira pfuma yehurumende nouchangamire. Inogovera dziviriro yemari inokosha asi haisati iri isina zvikanganiso. Kupfuurira kutsinhirana kwapamutemo kunotsvaka kuvandudza kushandiswa kwayo kuti iva nechokwadi chokuti masangano anozvidavirira nokuda kwechakaipa apo anochengeta mano awo okutonga nenzira inobudirira. Kungava kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare, chinjo dzemitemo, kana kuti ganhuriro pakati pedziviriro nehurumende zvichapfuurira kuumba dziviriro yepfuma yehurumende yapamutemo kwamakore anouya.

[[FLT: 0] Kuravazve: [[FLT:] [FLT][FOLT: Changamire Immuny NYAN [[FLT:] Fla. Dep. ya Revenue v. Kurth, 511 U.S. [1994] .[[FLT]] .Alden v. 527] U.UP.[59][FLT][F][11][FL]