Kushanda kwehurumende igadziriro inodzora inokamuranisa simba pakati pechiremera chikuru nezvikamu zvakasiyana - siyana, zvakadai sehurumende kana kuti maruwa.

Kunzwisisa Kushanda Kwehurumende: Zvirongwa Zvenhau Nezvebumbiro Remitemo

Chirevo chehurumende muUnited States chakanga chiri muuyo wekurukurirano huru pakati paMadzibaba Akavambwa, avo vakatsvaka kudzikamisa hurumende yorudzi yakasimba nokuchengetwa kwouchangamire hwehurumende. Gadziriro inovapo, yakabatanidzwa muBumbiro reMitemo, inoparira uchangamire huviri umo hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende dzinoshandisa chiremera pavanhu vamwe chetevo nenharaunda, asi munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana.

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa hurumende yehurumende seyakakwirira munharaunda dzakati dzinorongwa nechepamusoro, zvakadai sokuumba mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kuitisa muitiro wokumwe (papo kuchengetera mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende pasi peTenth Amendment. Uku kupesana hakusati kuri kupfuurira; kwakashanduka kuva kukuru kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, dare guru reDare, uye simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinochinja. Somuenzaniso, Commerciste Claus (Dice I, Chikamu 8) rakaturikirwa zvikuru kubvumira hurumende yomubatanidzwa kudzora mibato inotapura zvikuru kutengeserana, ichitambanukira kusvika kwayo munzvimbo dzinobatwa namaruwa nenzira yegamuchidzanwa.

Gadziriro huru dzebumbiro remitemo dzinorondedzera unani hunobatanidza:

  • masimba ane nhamba eCongress (Article I, Chikamu 8)
  • [[FLT] (Article VI), izvo zvinosimbisa mutemo iwoyo wehurumende unokurira mutemo wenyika unorwisana
  • Hurumende yegumi [, inochengeta masimba asina kupiwa United States kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu
  • Fimendement yechigumi namana, inoisa miganhu pamabasa ehurumende kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana

Marudzi EchiFederalism: Kubva Pakushandisa Mibato Yemabhadharo Kuenda Kukushanda Pamwe Chete

Nyanzvi dzinowanzorondedzera mhindumupindu yeAmerica mumitemo. Chibvumirano cheAmerica chapakuvamba, pane dzimwe nguva chinonzi chirevo chounani , chakafungidzira paradzano yakajeka pakati pemitoro yehurumende nehurumende, kufanana nekeke. Mwero mumwe nomumwe waishanda maererano nesimba rayo umene. Hurumende yehurumende yakanangidzira ngwariro padziviriro yorudzi, nhau dzokumwe, uye basa reposi, nepo nyika dzaibata dzidzo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo, uye mitemo yenzvimbo.

Pashure peNew Deal Era na zvikurukuru pashure peHondo yeNyika II, hurumende yakachinjirwa kumuenzaniso mukuru wekushanda . Grants-in-aid, purogiramu dzinogoveranwa, uye wirirano dzehurumende dzakadzikatidza mitsetse pakati pezvikamu, kuchigadzira keke remabhurubu apo mitoro inosangana. Nhasi, inodokuva nzvimbo iri yose yemiitiro inobatanidza chiito chimwe: hurumende inogadza mipimo yakafara ndokugovera mari, nepo nyika dzinoshandisa mapurogiramu ndokuawiriranisa nemigariro yomunzvimbomo.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru munheyo dzerondedzero, nyaya yeWipedia on university inopa kupeta kuzara kwakakwana kwegadziriro dzehurumende dzakasiana - siana munyika yose.

Kuumba Kunoita Mararamiro Ako Ezuva Nezuva

Migwagwa yaunotyaira, zvikoro zvinopinda, mvura yaunonwa, uye kurapwa kwaunogamuchira zvose zvinoumbwa nezvisarudzo zvinoitwa pamwero yakawanda yehurumende.

Dzidzo: Uko Hurumende Netsika Dzakapesana

Dzidzo muUnited States zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende nowomunzvimbomo. Nyika imwe neimwe inogadza mipimo yayo imene yezvidzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvomudzidzisi, uye nzira dzokushandisa mari. Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende inoita basa rinokosha kupfurikidza namapurogiramu se TITH I[ (inobetsera mune zvemari kuzvikoro zvine zvikamu zvakakwirira zvevadzidzi vanosvika pasi) uye vaIndividates nedzidzo yedzidzo yetsika (IDA)[FT], izvo zvinoraira kuti zvibate vadzidzi vane urema.

Kusiyana kwemitengo munyika dzose kwakajeka. Somuenzaniso, muna 2023, New York yakapedzera inenge $27 000 pagore, nepo Utah inoshandiswa mu $9 000, mukuwirirana ne . .C. .C. . . Iyi misiyano inowanzobatanidza mitero yemitero yenzvimbo nemwero yemari yehurumende. Zvirongwa zveFrederal zvinovavarira kuderedza mutambo wokutamba, asi hurumende inoreva mipimo yetsika yakadai sepurogiramu yechikoro cheFlorida yemasvolution kana kuti mipimo yapamusoro yedzidzo yeMassachusetts zvinobatira serate yegadziridzo.

Dzidzo Yakakwirira Nenzanga

Federalism inopesvedzerawo dzidzo yakakwirira. Mayunivhesiti ehurumende anodzorwa namasangano ehurumende uye anotsigirwa nehurumende, asi hurumende inopa tsigiro huru kupfurikidza naPell Grants, zvikwereti zvavadzidzi, uye mhindu dzokunzvera.

Kutarisira Utano: Basa Rinovhiringidza Remabasa Ehurumende Nehurumende

Gadziriro yezvoutano muUnited States muenzaniso mukuru wehurumende iri kushanda. Mari dzehurumende yehurumende uye inodzora gadziriro huru dzakadai seMedicare neAffordal Care Act yeinishuwarenzi, nepo nyika dzichishandisa Maicaid[ pasi penhungamiro dzakafara dzehurumende. Iyi gadziriro inoparira kusiyana kukuru mukufukidzwa:

  • Kusvikira muna 2024, maruwa 40 akabatanidzwa naD.C. akawedzera Medicaid pasi peACA, nepo nyika 10 dzisina, dzichisiya mamirioni avakuru vakaderera vanotambira pasina kufukidzwa.
  • Mitezo inosarudza ukuru hwemabasa anoitirwa nezvirongwa zveinishuwarenzi inodzorwa nehurumende, uye inotarisira kuchengetwa kwenyanzvi nokuda kwavanachiremba navanamukoti.
  • Hurumende yehurumende, kupfurikidza neFDA, inotendera mirimo nemidziyo yokurapa, ichivimbisa kukotsekana nokubudirira munyika yose.

Mukati medenda reCOVID ne19, hurumende yakaedzwa sezvo hurumende dzakashandisa ganhuriro dzakasiyana - siyana, zvikumbiro zvokuisa mabhakitire, uye gadziriro dzokuparadzira nhomba. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yakabudisa nhungamiro yomubatanidzwa, asi hurumende yakanga ine chiremera chokugadza mitemo yadzo dzimene, kuchitungamirira kukuita kwakakamukana kwakaratidzira migariro yezvamatongerwe enyika yomunzvimbomo nezvinodikanwa zvoutano.

Zvekufambisa: Kuvaka Nokuchengetedza Zvinhu Zvisingachinji

Nepo petro yehurumende yehurumende ichishandisa mari yacho kutsigira kuvakwa kwemugwagwa mukuru kupfurikidza ne Suwey Trust Fund, inozvimirira nokuchengeta migwagwa mizhinjisa namabhiriji. Madhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa anoisa mipimo yezvirongwa zvekufambisa, anogadza ganhuriro dzechimbichimbi, uye anomanikidzira mitemo yemotokari. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobata migwagwa yokupedzisira, migwagwa, uye gadziriro dzezvifambiso zvavose.

Kupesana uku kunoparira kusawirirana: mugwagwa mukuru mune imwe nyika ungava neganhuriro dzechimbichimbi, muganhu wapamugwagwa uri nani, uye siginicha yakasiana - siana kupfuura muhurumende iri pedyo. Mipimo yeFederal pamusoro pekotsekano, kubudiswa kwemhepo, uye zvitsama zvemotokari zvinovimbisa muganhu wezuva nezuva, asi chinoitika chezuva nezuva chokutyaira zvikurukuru chibereko chezvisarudzo zvehurumende nechomunzvimbomo.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo: Mipimo Yetsika Yehurumende, Kushandiswa Kwehurumende

Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act yakagadza mipimo yenyika nokuda kwokushatisa, asi Hurumende dzine mutoro wokukudziridza gadziriro dzokuita nokubvumira. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia, dzakagamuchira vapinyi kuti vaise mipimo yemotokari inodzorwa zvikuru kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa. Iyi gadziriro yehurumende inobvumira nokuda kwokugamuchira kwenharaunda nejeko. .Mitengo mumigodhi yakashatswa zvikuru inogona kuisa mitemo yakaoma kudzika mamiriro ezvinhu enyika nokuda kwedziviriro yemhoteredzo.

Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji Neruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo ndiimwe nzvimbo umo nhau dzehurumende dzinodzorwa nehurumende. Chitendero chamapurisa emo nemitemo yomunzvimbomo, nepo FBI nemamwe masangano ehurumende vachibata utsotsi hunoparirwa nemitemo kana kuti hunobatanidza mitemo yehurumende. Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende routsotsi rehurumende rinopindirana nemitemo yehurumende, kureva chiito chimwe chete chakadai sokutengesa mirimo. Chitendero chouchangamire chine mhesano chinobvumira kupomerwa kwakaparadzana nehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende nokuda kwemufambiro mumwe chetewo, sezvinoonekwa mumhaka dzakakwirira dzemapurisa dzinobatanidza kusazvibata kwechibharo kana kuti zviratidzo zvemirimo.

Mitero: Muitiro Wemari Inotambirwa Nehurumende

VaAmerica vanoripira mitero kumwero mizhinji yehurumende: mutero wemari inotambirwa nehurumende, mutero wemari yehurumende (muzvisakiso zvizhinji), mutero wokutengesa, mutero wezvinhu, uye mitero yakasiana- siyana. Hurumende yehurumende inounganidza mugove mukurusa, ipapo inoparadzira mari kupfurikidza nemipiro. Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotsamira zvikuru pamitero yemari nemitero yokutenga, izvo zvinogona kuparira mitero inodzorwa yemari nehove dzamari isina kukodzera. Kunzwisisa iyi mitero inokosha nokuda kwemari yomunhu oga, zvikurukuru apo kurangarira mari inobviswa sehurumende neyomunzvimbomo (SALT) pakudzorwa kwehurumende.

Matambudziko Emagariro: Kusaenzana, Kurwisana, uye Kuoma Kunzwisisa

Kunyange zvazvo hurumende ichipa kuchinjika, inokonzerawo zvinetso zvinopfuurira.

Kusawirirana Kwemanyuko Mhiri Kwenyika

Kugoverwa kusina kuenzana kwezviwanikwa kunotungamirira kusiana kukuru muvara ramabasa avose. Nyika dzine mari yakakwirira nepfuma yakakwirira dzinogona kuisa mari yakawanda mudzidzo, gadziriro, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano. Nyika dzinotambura kazhinji kazhinji dzinotamburira kutsigira zvinodikanwa zvikuru, kunyange neyamuro yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mari inodzorwa yemari inoiswa pakutarisira kwokutanga [[[FLT: 1] inosiyana nehurumende, ichitapura kusvika kwakaderera kuna vanachiremba. Kukwidza kutsanya kunowanzova nedenho kutsika dzezvikoro dzinotsamira pamitero yemari yomunzvimbomo, dzinosimudzira kusaenzana.

Iyi misiyano haisati ichiganhurirwa kupfuma. Nzvimbo dzavagari vemo, uwandu hwavagari vemo, uye uwandu hwezviverengero zvose. Nyika dzomumaruwa dzinotarisana nendyiko dzakakwirira panhambo nenhambo yemigwagwa uye kupfumba kwakafara, nepo nyika dzomumaguta dzichirwisana nokuwandisa uye kuwanikwa kwedzimba. Federal inopa mvumo dzokuderedza misiyano iyi, asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinouya nemipimo yakabatanidzwa ingasawirirana nemigariro yomunharaunda.

Kusawirirana Kwemitemo Nokupinda Mungozi Mumutemo

Apo mitemo yehurumende neyehurumende inorwisana, vanhu vamwe navamwe namabhizimisi vanogona kuzviwana vamene vabatwa mudambu repamutemo. Mienzaniso inocherechedzwa inobatanidza:

  • Kunyoreswa pamutemo kwe [“Marijuana: Panosvika 2024, 24 nyika dzakanyoresa mbanje, asi inoramba iri Sheader I inodzora bhizimisi pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Ikoku kunoparira ngozi dzapamutemo nokuda kwebhangi, muridzi wedzimba, uye vashandi muindasitiri yecannabis.
  • Kudzikamisa kuisa mubatanidzwa [[FLT: 1]]: Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inoda mapurisa omunzvimbomo kumanikidza vatakuri vehurumende vapamberi vehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzine mitemo yenzvimbo tsvene inoganhurira batira pamwe. Basa rinovapo rinovhiringidza vatami nokudzikamisa mutemo zvakafanana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kudzora kwemiitiro [[[FLT: 1]: United States kufanana neCalifornia kazhinji kazhinji inokwidza hurumende yehurumende pamusoro pedziviriro dzemhepo nedzinodzivirira mvura, kuchitungamirira kuhondo dzedare dzakarebesa uye kusava nechokwadi kwokuchinja.

Nheyo ye danda .Nuko mutemo wehurumende unodzora mutemo wehurumende (*s asss digitable. chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Arizona v. United States [20202] yakarova mativi omutemo wokubuda munyika yeArizona seaibviswa, nepo dzimwe mhaka dzakatsigira chiremera chehurumende munharaunda dzakafanana noutano nemutemo wemhoteredzo. [[FLT:]] zvivakiso paOez[FLT][FLT]]]] [[FLT]]] zvinogovera kutarira kwakazara pazvibvumikiso.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa uye Kuvhiringidzika Kwevagari Vomunyika

Kubatanidza mirwi mizhinji yegadziriro yehurumende kunogona kuva kukuru. Muridzi muduku webhizimisi, somuenzaniso, anofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yehurumende yebasa (mari inobhadharwa, nguva yakawandisa, chengeteko), mirau yehurumende (kubhadharwa, inishuwarenzi yokushaikwa kwemabasa), uye mitemo yomunzvimbomo (kugara, bvumidzo dzoutano). Mwero mumwe nomumwe une zvimiro zvawo, miganhu, uye miitiro yokutarisira. Vagari vemo vanowanzorwisa kusarudza kuti isanganoi rehurumende rokuonana nokuda kwenhau dzakafanana nemhoshoro dzezvitengo, ngozi dzemhoteredzo, kana kuti zvinetso zvokuvhotera.

Uyezve, kukamukana kwechiremera kunogona kuita kuti pave nemisiyano yokuzvidavirira — apo chimwe chinhu chinenge chisina kururama, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa pane imwe mwero vanogona kupomera mumwe mwero, zvichiita kuti zviomere vavhoti kupa chikwereti kana kuti kupomera mhaka.

Betsero Dzehurumende: Kudzora Kwakarongeka Nokuvandudza

Pasinei zvapo nezvinetso zvayo, hurumende inogovera betsero dzinoverengeka dzinokosha dzinobetsera kuchengeta hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ichishanda munyika huru, yakasiana - siana.

Kubvuma uye Kuronga Kwomunzvimbomo

Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zviri pedyo zvikuru navanhu uye zvinogona kuita miitiro inoratidzira mipimo yenharaunda, zvinodikanwa, uye zvisarudzo. Nyika ine chikamu chikuru chezvokurima inogona kuisa nzvimbo dzamaruramiro emvura nemirau yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene nenzira yakasiana- siyana kupfuura nyika inodzorwa namaindasitiri oruzivo. Kosi yechikoro inogona kusimbisa nhau dzomunzvimbomo nenzanga. Iyi tsika inosimudzira pfungwa yokuva woga uye inobvumira kuedza pasina kuisa mhinduro imwe yezvinokosha kubva kuWashington.

Kushanda Kwemiitiro Yehurumende Nokuvandudzwa

Mutongi Louis Brandeis anonzi nenzira yakakurumbira "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iri basa rokuedza ndirimwe ramasimba makurusa ehurumende. Apo hurumende inogamuchira muitiro wamano mano matsva . Wakadai sepose pose pasati paitwa mutengi, cap-trade, kana kuti kunyoreswa kwevhota kwakazviitika. Hurumende yehurumende inogonawo kucherekedza miuyo ndokugamuchira migariro inobudirira. Hurumende yehurumende inogona kudzidza mukuedza kwehurumende isati yaita mapurogiramu enyika.

Mienzaniso yokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva nehurumende yakazobatsira hurumende inosanganisira izvi:

  • Massachusetts' ya2006 yokuchinja kwezvoutano, yakashanda semuenzaniso weAfford Care Act
  • Mipimo yokubudisa motokari yeCalifornia, iyo yakagamuchirwa nedzimwe nyika dzinopfuura gumi nembiri ndokupesvedzera mitemo yemari yepeturu yomubatanidzwa
  • Chinjo yegarikano yaWisconsin muma 1990, iyo yakavanzarika hwaro hweHurumende yeRuyamuro rwechinguvana nokuda kweMamhuri aDairy (TANF)

Kudzivirirwa Pakudzvinyirirwa Nevaiva Nechepakati

Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba muhurumende dzakawanda, unani hunoparira gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo izvo zvinobetsera kudzivisa mwero upi noupi kuva unodzora zvikuru. Kana hurumende yehurumende ikapinda pamiganhu yayo, masangano anogona kudzosa kupfurikidza nemhosva, zviito zvemitemo, kana kuti kunyange nhamburiko dzokuparadza (kunyange zvapashure dzisingawanzobudiriri). Iyi dziviriro yegadziriro yegadziriro yegadziriro yemitemo yeU.S.

Kupindura Kunoitwa Nedare Rinoongorora Nyaya Dzenharaunda

Zvinetso zvakagara zviripo muruwa. Kutarisirwa kwemvura kuMadokero akaoma, dutu rakagadzirira kutsigira Gulf Coast, uye mari yokufambisa muNorthern East Corridor zvose zvinoda mitoo iyo hurumende iri kure ingasanzwisisa pamwe chete nehurumende nevakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo.Federalism inobvumira aya nharaunda kutanga zvigadzikiso chaizvo nepo zvichiri kubetserwa netsigiro yehurumende netsinhirano.

Mumakumi emakore apfuura, miitiro inoverengeka yakagadziridza dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende.

Fiscal Frederalism: Simba Rechitoro

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa mari inotsamira pakupa mari kuti ipe simba rehurumende. Nokubatanidza migariro yokushandisa mari yakadai sokuda nyika kukwidziridza zera rokunwa rapamutemo kusvikira ku 21 kuti igamuchire mari yomumugwagwa mukuru(* hurumende inogona kuwana zvinangwa zvorudzi pasina murairo wakananga. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kufunganya pamusoro po "ukuru hwehurumende," umo hurumende dzinonzwa dzichigombedzerwa kuwana zvinhu zvokutanga zvehurumende kudzivisa kurasikirwa nemari.

Hondo Dzokukunda Mudare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamusoro rakabudisa mirau yakavhengana pahurumende. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20202), Dare rakatsigira murairo womunhu oga weACA asi wakaganhurira mano ehurumende okudzivisa Medicaid mari kubva kunyika dzakaramba kukura. Mu muMuturo w. NACAP, Dare rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende uyo unorambidza kubhadhadhairwa kwemitambo, rinosimbisazve uchangamire hwehurumende pasi pePrejimendejimende.

Iyi nhau inoratidza kuti unani hwehurumende hunoramba huri mubvunzo mupenyu webumbiro remitemo, neDare pane dzimwe nguva richipa simba mamiriro ezvinhu uye pane dzimwe nguva kutsigira chiremera chehurumende. Murphy v. NCA inowanika pawebsite yeDare rapamusorosoro nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kurangarira kwapamutemo.

Kudzivisa kweHurumende Nefunganyo Yeruwa

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, dzimwe nyika dzakadzivisa nokushingaira mitemo yehurumende kupfurikidza nokupa murairo, kusawirirana, uye mutemo. Masangano eBlue akadenha Trump-era mhoteredzo nokutama; hurumende tsvuku dzakapa mhaka kumisa mirau yenhomba yeBiden-era yepeni inoraira nekanganwiro yavadzidzi. Iyi simba yakawedzera muganhu mukuru wehurumende uye yakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokushanda kwebatira pamwe yehurumende.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvibvumirano zveinterstate organisations (*kuzvidira pakati pehurumende) zvakakura sechishandiso chokupedza nhau dzakadai serezenisi rokufambisa, kubudisa carbon (muchib., Regional Greenhouse Gas Initivery), uye mhinduro yengwavaira). Mapepa aya anoratidza kuti unani hwehurumende hunogona kuwirirana nezvinetso zvitsva pasina kumirira chiito chehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Kuonga Kutonga

Kuchinja kunoita upenyu hwezuva nezuva kwakakura, kubvira muzvikoro kusvikira kumitero yaunobhadhara uye mhepo yaunofema. Kunzwisisa kuti mwero yakasiyana - siyana yehurumende inokuita sei kuti uve mugari wemo akadzidza zvikuru, anokwanisa kutsigira nokufambisa gadziriro yacho nenzira inobudirira.

Ungave uri mubereki anoitira hanya mari yechikoro chomunzvimbomo, muridzi webhizimisi muduku anoedza kuwirirana nemirairo, kana kuti muvhoti anonzvera, anonzwisisa zvinokosha zvehurumende kukupa simba rokuona mufananidzo mukuru. Gadziriro iri kuvambira nguva dzose kupfurikidza nemitemo yedare, hondo dzemitemo, uye masangano ouswa. Kuramba uchibatanidzwa nemitengo yose yehurumende //haiwa inongova bedzi hurumende ye(ensenses) kuti inzwi rako rinzwiwa mukuedza kunopfuurira kwehurumende yeAmerica.