Basa ReFederalism

Federalism, kupesana kwesimba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzehurumende, kunoumba chivako chegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeUnited States. Ichi chivako, chakabatanidzwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., chinoparira kubatana kukuru uko zvisarudzo zvakaitwa muWashington, D.C., zvinopinda nomumadzimbahwe enyika nehoro dzeguta. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, vanonzwisisa kuti masimba ehurumende ehurumende akaumbwa nehurumende yomunzvimbomo anokosha sei nehurumende yomunzvimbomo zvinokosha kuti zvinzwisisike mufananidzo wakazara wehurumende yeAmerica yedemocracy. Bumbiro remitemo rinopa hurumende simba simba rinopa ruwaramende (* semari inopa mari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutungamirira kwokutengeserana kwezvokutengeserana kweguta romunzvimbomo.) panguva inorongedziri inochengetera mamwe masimba ose kunyika kana kuti vanhu pasi petemendemutenzi. Iyi idzikano haitsamiri; inochinja nezvamatongerwe enyika, yezve zvemari, uye kufunda zvenzanga.

Gadziriro Huru Yebumbiro reMitemo

Zvitsama zvinoverengeka zvemitemo zvinorondedzera miganhu yechiremera chehurumende. Supremacy Classia (Article VI, Claus 2) inosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukuru wenyika, zvinoreva mitemo yehurumende haigoni kurwisana nemirairo yehurumende inoshanda. Tenuth Amendment inoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chemitemo kuti masimba asingagoverwi kuUnited States akachengeterwa nyika kana kuti vanhu. Commercional Claus (Aticle I, Chikamu 8, Clausle 3) anopa Congress Congress kuti simba rokudzora kutengeserana namarudzi okumwe, pakati pezvikamu zvinoverengeka, uye namadzinza eAborigist American. Nokufamba kwenguva, ichi chakatsanangurwa zvakapfuurirwa zvikuru kubvumira murairo wemibato yezvoupfumi, inotapura zvakananga nyika. Somuenzaniso, nhau yeDare reDare repamusorosoro renyika. [FExlective]][5][5]]

Tapuro Yezvisarudzo Zvehurumende Patsika Dzehurumende

Zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvine chimiro chikuru zvikuru mumativi akakomba akadai sedzidzo, tarisiro youtano, ganhuriro dzemhoteredzo, uye zvokufambisa. Izvozvi hazvisi hazvo zvouzivi hwezvokufungidzira; zvinosarudza kuti makirasi anotsigirwa sei, ayo varwere vanogona kuwana masangano emhepo, kuti mipimoi yakanaka inofanira kuvakwa sei, uye kuti migwagwa mikuru inovakwa sei. Kupesvedzera kunowanzoshanda kupfurikidza nokusunungurwa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nomutemo wehurumende (kana kuti udzore nesimba rechikwama, kupfurikidza nemigariro yemari kudzora tsika dzehurumende.)

Muitiro Wedzidzo

Dzidzo ibasa renyika neromunzvimbomo, bva mitemo yehurumende yakaita basa rinokosha kwenguva refu. The Students Foundations Act (ESA) ya 2015, iyo inotsiva No Child Lend Behind Act, inoda nyika kugadza mipimo yedzidzo inodenha, inogovera miraudzo yegore negore, uye kuva nezvikoro zvine mutoro nokuda kwokushanda kwavadzidzi. Mitengo inofanira kuzviisa kuzvidavirira kuU.Dzirogira dzidzo yeU. Departl I Hat, iyo inotsigira zvikoro zvine nhamba dzakakwirira dzevadzidzi vanowana mari yakaderera, zvinouya nezvinodikanwa zvakati zvinofanira kutevera. Mukuwedzera, Ambureraro yoKuvandika Mudzidzi (IDA) inoraira kuti dzidzo yapachena igovedzeidzeidze vana kusununguka uye yakafanira. Kana hurumende ichipa migove yemari yehurumende yokubhadhara kana kuti idzosera miraudzo, nyika yezvikoro zvinofanira kudzorwa.

Mitemo Yokutarisira Utano

Affordble Care Act (ACA) muenzaniso mukuru wenzira iyo gadziriro yehurumende yokutarisira utano inodzorwa nayo nezvisarudzo zvenzvimbo yehurumende. COAKIA yakakurisa mamiriro ezvinhu eMedicaid kufukidza vakuru nemari inosvika 138% yemari inotambirwa nehurumende. Zvisinei, Midhidhidhi yakakurisa 2012 inodzora [[FL:0] National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius[[[FLL:1] yakaita kuti uku kukura uku kuve kusingaitwiwi kwapamutemo nokuda kwemitengo. Somuuyo, basa rokufukidzwa rakabuda rakabuda: mashoko akakudziridza mipimo yakaderera mumitengo isingadzivisiki, nepo izvo zvisina kusiya vagari vazhinji vapari vemo pasina kukwanisa kuwanikwa. Mil inodzorawo mamiriro ezvinhu outano anoraira kuisa kumitengo yavo vamene kana kuti vadzorongedzere kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kukura mira mamiriro ezvinhu. Midimetiveritimetivero inodzo inodzo inodzo inodzo inodzo inodzorwa muhurumende.[

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo

Mitemo yemhoteredzo, inopiwa neNdengedzo yeNdengedzo yemhoteredzo, inodzorwa neEPA, inogadza mipimo miduku inofanira kusangana nehurumende. Ceather Air Act, somuenzaniso, inoda kuti nyika dzive nechiremera chokugadza mipimo yeHurumende yeIpy (SIP) kuti dziwane mipimo yenzvimbo yemhepo yakaisvonaka. Kana hurumende ikatadza kupa gadziriro yakakwana, EPA inogona kuita gadziriro yehurumende. Manyika akafanana neCalifornia, ane chiremera chokuisa mipimo yemotokari inodzora magetsi yakakomba, iyo dzimwe nyika dzingagamuchira. Chirati chemvura chinochena chibvumidzodzo chakafanana. Chiratidzo chinobvumira chiremera nenzira yakafanana kutaura kuti wirirano mamiriro ezvinhu omubatanidzwa. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji dzinoda nhevedzano miraudzo yemitezo yemvura, mamiriro emhepo, uye kudzora miraudzo yenyika. Miteko yeya inobetsera kubetsera kudzo inodzodzosera mutengo. [AFFF]

Vatengesi Nemari

Mipiro yeFederal chishandiso chine simba chokupesvedzera hurumende negadziriro yomunzvimbomo. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mazana amabhiriyoni amadhora gore negore kunyika nenzvimbo kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzakasiana - siana dzokupa. Iyi mari inouya nemigariro(kazhinji kazhinji inonzi "mitsetse yakabatanidzwa") iyo inoda mitemo kutora mitemo yakati kana kuti miitiro yokutarisira mukutsinhana mari. Nepo hurumende dzinogona kubvisa mari yehurumende, hadziwanzoita nemhaka yokuti zvishuvo zvemari zvakanyanyokura.

Marudzi Evaimbi Vemari

  • Idzi ndidzo mhedzi dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa, dzinogovera mari nokuda kwamadonzo akasanorondedzerwa, zvakadai sokuvaka mugwagwa mukuru, mapurogiramu echikoro ezvokudya zvemasikati, kana kuti kudzivirira utsotsi. Vagamuchiri vanofanira kunamatira kunhungamiro dzehurumende dzakasimba. Somuenzaniso, program yeAidrapy inogovera mari nokuda kwezvokufambisa asi mipimo inowirirana nemipimo yemubatanidzwa pagadziriro, chengeteko, uye hwirudzuro yemhoteredzo.
  • Ruzivo runopa mari dzinopa mipimo mikuru pamusoro penzira yokushandisa nayo mari mukati menzvimbo yemiitiro yose, yakadai sekusimudzirwa kwenzanga kana kuti mabasa enzanga. Purogiramu yeCommunity Development Block Grant (CDBG) inobvumira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kutsigira mhatsa yakafara yemibato kubva pakugadziridzwa kwedzimba kusvikira kukukura kwemari, neganhuriro shomanene kupfuura zvinopiwa.
  • Grood Grants: Tsamba inopa kupiwa kuhurumende kana kuti nzvimbo, masangano asingapi mari, kana kuti masangano okunzvera nokuda kwemabasa akati. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neNational Institutes of Health ne Department of Education horter zvinopa chirongwa chinokurudzira kuvandudza asi chinoda kukumbira kukumbira nokushuma kwakakomba.

Kutsamira pamari yehurumende kunogona kuparira kuderera kwemari yehurumende. Kana mari yehurumende ikadzikiswa kana kuti kuchinjwa, nyika dzinofanira kucheka mapurogiramu kana kuti kusimudzira mari yadzo dzimene. Mukati medenda reCOVID19, hurumende yakagovera mhindu yekurumidziro kupfurikidza neCoronavirus Eapply, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act ne American Replation Plan Act, izvo zvakapa nyika nenzvimbo nyaradzo dzechinguvana asi zvakauyawo nokushandisa nguva neganhuriro.

Kududzira Kunotonga Kwesimba Rehurumende

Dare redare repamusorosoro rinogona kuwedzera kana kuti kubvumiranisa chiremera chehurumende, richitapura zvakananga nokudzora kwomunzvimbomo. Mumazana maviri amakore apfuura, Dare rakafamba pakati pehurumende mbiri dzehurumende. uko hurumende nemasimba ehurumende zvinoonekwa sezvakaparadzana uye zvakasiana nechakasiyana nechakadai sechibvumirano chehurumende, uko vanobatana uye vanogoverana mitoro.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Iyi nhau yehwaro yakagadza nheyo mbiri huru: hurumende ine masimba anoreva kupfuura ayo akarongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, uye hurumende haigoni kutera masangano ehurumende. Murangariro waMutongi mukuru John Marshall wakasimbisa ukuru hwehurumende uye wakaisa hwaro hwechiremera chehurumende chikuru.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Dare rakadudzira Commerce Clause, richitaura kuti Dare ringagona kudzora kutengeserana kupi nokupi kunodarika mitsetse yehurumende. Iyi chisarudzo chakabvisa nzira yokudzora kwehurumende kufamba nengarava, zvokufambisa, uye gare gare, anodokuva mubato wose wemari.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202):[FLT:] Munhau iyi yazvino uno, Dare rakatsigira chiremera chomunhu oga cheACA sechishandiso chesimba repamutemo reCongress rinobhadhara asi rakaputsa gadziriro yaizodai yakamanikidzira nyika kufutunura Medicaid kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kubvisa mari yose iripo yeMedicaid. Iyi dare yakasimbisazve kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kumanikidza kuti ibvume mapurogiramu matsva kupfurikidza nokunyima mari yaivapo.
  • South Dakota v. Dole (87): Dare rakatsigira mutemo wehurumende uyo wakanyima chikamu chemari yemugwagwa kubva kuhurumende dzisina kukwidziridza zera rawo rokunwa kusvikira ku 21, kusimbisa kuti Congress ingashandisa kupedza simba kupesvedzera muitiro wehurumende chero bedzi migariro yakajeka, ine chokuita nepurogiramu yemubatanidzwa, uye kwete kubatira pamwe.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti dudziro dzokutonga dzinogona kuchinja nenzira inoshamisa dzikamo yesimba. Somuenzaniso, chinjo yedare yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pakusunungurwa kwehurumende munharaunda dzakafanana nokutama (mutoo, Arizona v. United States, 2012) inoganhurira mutemo wehurumende wokupinza vagari vemo nepo uchisimbisa chiremera chehurumende. Vadzidzi vanofanira kunzvera kuti kugadza bhenji kungava seizve nechibvumirano chenguva yemberi.

Fundo Dzezvinoitika Zvepesvedzero YeFederal

Kuongorora nyaya yacho kunonyatsoratidza kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinobatsira sei vanhu chaivo.

Fundo Yenhau 1: Kutsigira Dzidzo uye Musoro I

Umutwe I weElementary and Secondal Education Act (ESEA), yakatanga kupiwa muna 1965 uye yatenderwazve munguva pfupi yapfuura pasi peEssa, inogovera mari yehurumende kumaruwa echikoro ane nhamba dzakaderera dzevadzidzi. Mukudzoka, maruwa anofanira kushandisa mari kuwedzera, kwete kutsiva, mari yehurumende neyomunzvimbomo. Chinodikanwa ichi chakatungamirira kumiraudzo yemitengo nenhevedzo. Somuenzaniso, ruwa rwemipangi muruwa yeMissississippi rungagamuchira mari ine mamirioni Z $12, iyo inofanira kugovera pashure pezvidzidzo zvechikoro, kana kuti mativi edzidzo akaderera nokuda kwavadzidzi. Kana dzidzo yomubatanidzwa yomunzvimbomo ichida kutora kupindira kwemitemo yemari. purofiti yose yeruwa. US. Hurumende yeDPAR.[0]

Fundo 2: Kukura kweMedicaid muACA

Apo ACA yakava mutemo muna 2010, yakafunga kuti Hurumende dzose dzaizofutunura Medicaid kuti dzifukidze vakuru vaiwana kusvika 138% yemwero wourombo hwehurumende. Pashure pokunge Dare Gurusa raita kuti kufutunuke kusadairwe, paradzano yakaoneka. Kusvikira muna 2025, 40 enyika nePriestltio of Columbia dzakakudza Mdicaid, nepo Hurumende dzine 10 hadzina. Mumaruwa saTexas neFlorida, umo vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakadzivisa kukura, mamiriyoni evakura avanhu vakuru vakaderera anoramba ari mu “chikwereti chemariro chenyika ,"(*) achinyanyova nemari shoma nokuda kwemitengwa yemagamuchidzanwa Mdicaid asi shomanene zvikuru nokuda kweini yeinistry. Zvipataratiswo yomunzvimbomo zvourombo zvamatongerwe enyika zvinoparira mamiriro ezvinhu akasiana nemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zviidzo zvehurumende zvinoparira zvikuru.

Fundo Yenhau 3: Rongedzero Yakachena Yesimba Nemhinduro Zvehurumende

Muna 2015, EPA yakabudisa Clean Power Plan (CPP), ichida kuti nyika dzideredze kubudisa carbon dioxide kubva kumiti iripo na 32% kubva kumwero wa2005 panosvika 2030. Nyika dzakapiwa chichinjiko kuti dzisarudze nzira yadzo dzimene yokuteerera nayo. Yakadai sokuchinja kubva mumarasha kuenda mugasi yomusikirwo, kuisa musimba rinomutsidzirwa, kana kuti kutanga mapurogiramu echipapu neasingashandisi. Maruwa anopfuura gumi namaviri, anotungamirirwa namagweta makuru kubva kunyika dzemarasha, anodenha CPPP mudare, achikwikwidza chiremera chiremera cheEPA. Gadziro harina kutongotora simba rose nemhaka yokuti Dare gurusa rakagara muna 2016. Gare gare gare gare, kutungamirira kwapavhura kusingatamisi mirayiridzirwi neAff Ec Ener Ener, iyo Biden yakadzosera kudzokororwa neiyi mamiriro okushanda. Chirongwa chokugadzirirwa kwesimba chinoitwa pakati pevhuro chapasitiko.

Matambudziko Nenhamo

Ukama hwehurumende hwehurumende hunokwikwidzwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Kusabvumirana pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwesimba rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo, masangano emitemo, uye kusawirirana kwehurumende. Uku kusawirirana kunooneka zvikurusa munharaunda umo nzvimbo dzinoiswa pakutanga nehurumende dzinoderera.

Nzvimbo Dzokusawirirana

  • Murairo wokubatanidza: Sakaro dzakaita seCalifornia, New York, uye Illinois dzakaita “mitemo yeSakaro” inoganhurira batira pamwe nemitemo yokudzorwa kwehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, matare akafanana neTexas neArizona akapfuudza mitemo inoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo kuti ibetsere ICE. matare eFederal akayera kusvikira kutambanuko uko masangano anogona kudzora kutama kwemaruwa(a simba rakachengeterwa hurumende yenyika. Dare rapamusorosoro mu Arizona v. United States [20] akarova pasi zvikurusa yeSB70, achisimbisa ukudzora kwenyika pamusoro pokupinda munyika yokutama asi kubuda munyika yose.
  • Control: Pedersion yechipiri inoparira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okutakura zvombo, asi nyika dzinosiana zvikuru mumadzorere adzinoita pfuti. Mutemo weFrederal unoisa musiyano wakavakirwa padziyo dzekare (zvakadai senzvero dzetengidziro dzinotengeswa navatengesi vane rezinesi) (kasi zviremera zvingaisa ganhuriro dzokuwedzera. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neThe California ne New York, dzine kudzora kworumano, kumirira, uye zvombo zvinorambidzwa. Vamwe, kufanana naTexas naMontanetic, vakabvumidza mitemo isina kutsaurwa. Makakatanho anomuka apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotsvaka kubatira pamutemo vanotsvaka kubatira pamwe chete mipimo yenyika, nehurumende inoramba kubatira pamwe chete, kududza Tenth Amendement.
  • Chitendero cheProfector Recurecurer access: Mirayiro, yakadai sokuda kubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi nokuda kwemigariro isati yavapo kana kuti kubvumira maakaundi ezvoutano, anorwisana nezvinokosha zvenyika. Muna 2018, mubatanidzwa wenyika waisungirwa kupedza pamutemo weACA yose, uchiramba kuti murairo mumwe nomumwe wakanga usingawirirani. Nepo kukwirirana kwomutemo pakupedzisira kwakakundikana, kwakaratidzira makwikwikwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika napamutemo pamusoro pechiremera choutano hwehurumende.
  • Kunyoreswa pamutemo: Kunyange zvazvo mbanje ichiri isiri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wezvinhu unodzorwa nehurumende, inopfuura hafu yenyika yakainyoresa kuti ishandiswe mune zvokurapa kana kuti nhandaro. Ikoku kunogadzira nzvimbo yachena yapamutemo nokuda kwamabhizimisi, mabhangi, uye vashandisi. Hurumende yehurumende yave ichidedera zvikuru kuenda kunyika ichishandisa Cole Metrirandum (yakazodzikiswa) uye vatakuri venhambo nenhambo izvo zvinovhara Depa reSangano rehurumende remurasitimendi yemura. Zvisinei, mabhizimisi anopesana ehurumende anoramba asingagoni kutora mabasa okubhangisha nemhaka yomutemo.

Nguva Yemberi Yechirongwa Chokurwisa

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi zvinokosha kuvadzidzi nevadzidzisi sezvavanogadzirira kubatanidzwa muupenyu hwavo.

Miitiro Inokura

  • Hurumende yakawedzerwa: Nyika dziri kushandisa nenzira inowedzera chiremera chadzo, kazhinji kazhinji dzichitungamirirwa namagavhuna nedzimba dzehurumende, panhau dzakadai sechinjo yomugariro wokunze, mari shomanene, uye kutama. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagadza zvipfuro zvadzo dzimene zvokuderedza gasi rinodziya, dzichikumbanira zvibvumirano zvakafanana neU. Climate Alliance. Ikoku kusunda nokuda kweIMPUNICE kuratidzira murangariro unowedzera wokuti hurumende yehurumende inosadzora kana kuti yakanyanyoshata zvikuru kuti iite chiito panhau dzinokurumidzisa.
  • Chitsama pamusoro peKey Issues: Pasinei zvapo nekakakavadzano, hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatira pamwe, zvikurukuru mumigariro inokurumidzira. Murakatira weCHOVID wakaoneka kuva netsinhirano yehurumende isina muenzaniso pakuparadzirwa kwenhomba, kuedzwa, uye nhungamiro youtano. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende yehurumende inoshanda nehurumende pamhinduro yengwavaira kupfurikidza neFEMA, pakuripira mari mumugwagwa kupfurikidza neBato reFation, uye pakunzvera kupa kupfurikidza namasangano akadai seNSF neNIH.
  • Democratic Democratic Despiciation and Partisan Polassiation: Muitiro wehurumende yokukwidza hurumende pamusoro pekusabvumirana kwemiitiro wakawedzera. Nyika dzeRepublica dzakadenha Obama-era miraudzo; hurumende dzeDhemocratic-reta dzakadenha mitemo yeTrump. Iyi rondedzero inoparira kusagadzikana uye kukurumidza kuitwa. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa panhau panhau dzakafanana nokubvisa pamuviri, maruramiro okuvhotera, uye murairo wemhoteredzo icharamba kudzokorora mitsetse yesimba renyika.
  • Fascal Federal and Generation Throck:[[FLT: 1] Chikwereti chinokura chehurumende chingatungamirira kukuderedza mari inopa kana kuti migariro yakawedzerwa pamadhora. Nyika dzingatarisana nedzvinyiriro yokukwidza mitero kana kuti kuderedza mabasa kana kupfuudzwa nehurumende kukaderera. Nenzira inopesana, zvinotaura kuti kushandisa bhajeti kungaparira kuzvimirira kwakawanda kubva kudzoro dzehurumende.

Kunzverwa kwamasimba ehurumende netapuro dzawo panzvimbo nenzvimbo kunozivisa kwete rutivi rwavafundisi asi rushoma, ukama hwakaoma. Zvisarudzo zvorudzi zvinoronga gadziriro, asi nyika nenharaunda zvinochengeta uchenjeri hunokosha(uye kudziviswa kwenzvimbo. Sezvo nyika inonangana nedenho kubva kuchinjo yomugariro wokunze kusvikira kukudzokororwa kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, nhevedzano pakati pehurumende, nyika, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzicharamba dziri rutivi runodzora rwechizivikanzvikwano cheAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokufunda izvi simba, vadzidzi vanowana nzwisiso huru zvikuru nokuda kwemitengo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende neshandiso inoshanda yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende muUnited States.