Kodzero Dzako Nedziviriro Mu Amendeji Yechigumi Nezvina

Mutezo we14 weMitemo weKineith kuUnited States unomira seimwe yembiru dzinochinja zvikurusa dzomutemo weAmerica. Yakachinjwa muna 1868 mushure meHondo yevagari vemo, yakatsanangura nenzira ine revo zvikuru icho kunoreva kuva mugari wemo ndokuisa ganhuriro dzine simba rebumbiro remitemo pahurumende. Kwamakore anopfuura 150, iyi gadziridzo yave iri nheyo yapamutemo yokukunda kwapamutemo kwekodzero dzevanhu, kubva kuchikoro kusvika kukuenzana. Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako pasi peId 149 Demendmentment haisiwo zvayo nhau yenhau yenhau yenhau. $8] Izivo inokosha yokunzwisisa dziviriro kwako mukurwisana nokusarurwa kwehurumende nokusarura.

Nhoroondo: Kutanga Kwebumbiro Remitemo Itsva

Mutezo weKinayi weReformation wakaberekwa mukusavapo kweHondo yevagari vemo nenjodzi huru yepamutemo yakatevera. Bumbiro reMitemo naBill of Rights zvakashanda zvikurukuru kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, zvichisiya nyika dzakasununguka zvikuru kurondedzera kodzero dzevagari vadzo vamene. Pashure pokubviswa kwouranda muIdmerfection ye13th Amendment muna 1865, hurumende dzeSouthern dzakakurumidza kudzika midziro yakakomba yakakomba rusununguko rwevatema vatema. Iyi mitemo yakadziramba kodzero yokuva nepfuma yezvinhu, kupinda muzvibvumirano, kupupurira mudare, kana kuti kufamba pachena. Mitemo yakaziva kuti Kudzorwa kwechi13 kusingakwaniswi kwaisazovakwa kuvimbisa rusununguko rwechokwadi nokuenzana. Rudzi rwechiNgezi rwakagadzirirwa zvikuru semhinduro huru kukundikana. Yakatsvaka kudzivirira kodzero huru yerudzi rwose kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekerwa muUnited States, hapana kugona kudzorwa kwomunhu upi noupi, kana kuti kusunungurwa kwomutemo wakaenzana, kana kuti kutsigira mamirironoto yehurumende inotonga.

Kunzi Claus: Kusarudza Kuti Ndiani Ari Mugari Wemo

Mutongo wokutanga weChikamu 1 cheKirticle Remendment inogadza mutemo wakajeka noune simba: Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vari pasi poudzori hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende umo vanogara. Iyi Dare reChizvarwa chapasi rakagadzwa padare rakakurumbira mu [FLT:] DScott v. Sandford [1857], iyo yakanga yambofunga kuti vagari veAfrica havatongogoni kuva vagari vomunyika. Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta kuva vagari vomunyika munzvimbo yokubereka kana kuti kuva musikirwo, kana kuti kuva murudzi, chisakiso chakagadzwa mutsika chinoramba kuva mugari wenyika yeAmerica. Nhasi, ichi chinovimbisa kuti chigaro chavana muvhurudzodzo chose chakabereka vana vakaberekwa nomwana. Chigaro chinova muvhurudzodzodzodzodzo chavanhu chavanhu chazvinotongeteswa muhurumende.

Kudzivirira Ururami Norusununguko Zvaifanira Kuitwa naClaus

Dare reChibvumirano raShona Claus re 144th Amendment rinotaura kuti kana kuti Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Uku kunoratidzika kuva kwakapfava kwakaparira mibato miviri yakasiana asi inowirirana yomutemo webumbiro remitemo: mutoo wemitemo wakafanira nomuitiro wakafanira.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Chiratidzo chezvokutsvaka chinoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro inoruramisira isati yabvisa upenyu hwomunhu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Chinoumba muitiro wakanaka unotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, asi pfungwa huru ndeyokuti une kodzero yokuziva chiito chipi nechipi chapamutemo chaunoitirwa uye mukana une revo wokunzwiwa. Kana hurumende ichitsvaka kubvisa kodzero dzako dzevabereki, kubvisa padzimba dzavose, kubvisa raisenzi yako yenyanzvi, kana kuti kutora zvinhu zvako munzvimbo inokudzwa, nzira yakafanira yokuzvimiririra inoda kuti ugamuchire chiziviso chakakwana uye kunzwika kusina rusaruro. Dare Gurukota mu Maws. [5] . [12]

Gadziriro Yakakomba Yezvakatarwa Nedzidziso Yokutsinhirana

Muitiro wakafanira unoita nharo zvikuru uye une simba. Inotaura kuti kune dzimwe maruramiro makuru akadzika midzi zvikuru munhau yeAmerica negamuchidzanwa zvokuti hurumende haigoni kuvadzivisa, pasinei zvapo nokuti miitiro yacho yakarurama sei. Iyi dzidziso yave iri chishandiso chokudzivirira maruramiro ane chokuita neroorano, mhuri, kuzvitonga kwomuviri, uye kuva woga. Dare guru rakavimba nezvinoitika zvakati kuti zvakati kuti zvakati kuti mumiitiro yechiratidzo yakadai se v. Virginia[[FLT:] [12] [1967], iyo yakadzosa muchato wamarudzi; [FLT] , [12] , inodzosa maruramiro ehurumende inoisa pamutemo yemubatanidzwa napabute napato renyika renyika inopfuuni. Zvikamu zvakatemwa zvakatemwa zvinozivikanwa nemumuitiro wemitemo yemitemo yapamutemo yapanyika pamutemo kuti zvive. Zvikamu zvikamu zvikamu zvikamu zviduku zvehurumende zvinoteverwa. Zvikamu zvinenge zviduku zvikuru zvehurumende zvinoteverwa zviri pasi pasi pese.

Kudzivirira Kwakaenzana kwaClaus: Chipikirwa Chokuenzana Mumutemo

ezati reFolence Place inozivisa kuti kana kuti Hurumende ipi neipi icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzori hwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Iyi mashoko mamwe ave ari injini yapamutemo seri kwedzimwe chinjo hurusa dzenzanga munhau yeAmerica. Pachikamu chayo, chitsama chinoda hurumende kubata vanhu vari munzvimbo dzakafanana nomutoo wakafanana. Haisati ichirambidza nzanga dzose, asi inoda kuti nhevedzano ipi neipi iruramiswe nedonzo rapamutemo. Dare rinoshandisa mwero yakasiana yokuyera inotsamira pamugariro wekurongwa:

  • Rational Basiss Review: Nokuda kwemirau mizhinjisa yezvemari nenzanga, matare anobvunza bedzi kana mutemo une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende. Uyu mupimo unocherekedzwa zvikuru, uye mitemo mizhinjisa inopukunyuka.
  • Scrutiny: Nokuda kwokusarudza kwakavakirwa pavatano kana kuti kusatendeseka, matare anoda kuti mutemo ubatire fariro inokosha yehurumende uye uve une chokuita zvikuru nefariro iyoyo. Iyi pimo inoraira zvikuru kupfuura hwaro hune mufungo asi inoraira zvikuru kupfuura kunzvera kworumano.
  • Scrutiny: Nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti rudzidziso, uye nokuda kwemitemo iyo inoremedza maruramiro makuru, matare anoshandisa mupimo wakakomba zvikurusa wehwirudzuro. Hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuti mutemo wakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro inogombedzera. Iyi mupimo nguva dzose unodokuva unouraya kumutemo unodenhwa.

Matsotsi Anodzivirira Akaenzana Nenyika

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuri nheyo nokuda kwokukunda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo kusingaverengeki. Mu [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Board yeDzidzo [1954], Dare Gurusa raidavira kuti kuva mudzinza muchikoro chavose kwakaputsa muganhu weSangano raModel Claus, kubvisa "kamwe" dzidziso yakatongova yakapararira kubvira [[FLT:] v.[FLT] V.[FLT] [F]] [FLT] [5] [186]] [186]. Chiregiro chikuru chaMakuru panhau Earl Warl War akanyora kuti "zvivako zvedzidzo hazviitiki," zvinotambanurwa mumitengo. [FF], inotoseidzo dzinotorerwawosesa.[5]

Kutapura Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Neruramisiro Yenzanga

Gadziriro dzayo dzakaitwa nevatsigiri, vatsigiri, uye vaiti vemitemo kuti vapikise kusarura uye kuwedzera rusarura rwevaya vane kodzero yokudzivirirwa zviri pamutemo.

Kupa Kodzero

Kunyange zvazvo Fimendement ye 144th Imene isingavimbisi zvakajeka maruramiro okuvhota, Kudzivirira kwayo Kunoenzana kwave kuri pakati pekodzero dzokuvhota. Mu Reynolds v. Sims [1964], Dare Gurusa redare rakavamba nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, vhoti," kutora nzvimbo dzehurumende dzinofanira kuva dzakafanana muvagari vemo kuti dzive nechokwadi chokuti vhoti yorudzi rumwe norumwe runotakura uremu hwakaenzana. Chirati chakashandiswawo kudenha dzinza, mitemo yemavhotera, uye mimwe mirairo yokuvhotera iyo inotapura nzanga duku zvikuru. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kwerugwaro rwapakuvamba muChikamu 2 kunova nechirango chokuti vagari voga vagari vemo vairwe. Chibvumirano chinodzodzodzodzorwa chakatorerwazve. Chibvumirano chinopfuureve chichinziridzwa pashure pechiduku, chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa pashure pechiduku, chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa.

Roorano Nemhuri

Nzvimbo shomanene dzomutemo dzakashandurwa zvikuru ne 144 Amendment kupfuura roorano nekodzero dzemhuri. Lovang v. Virginia yakabvisa ganhuriro dzakavakirwa padzinza, uye Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLD]] wiftl [[[FLT]]] windromes [[[[FLT]]] yakawedzera roorano kuenzana neroorano, kuwana kuti maruramiro okuroora kuri kusununguka uye kubvisa vakwanyina mu [FLT:] Obergefell Fast [[FLT] inodzivirirawo maruramiro echipo naFose. [Fet] Munectal Claus Claus Ceth]

Dzidzo Nokusarura

Chikamu che 14th Amendment on dzidzo hachina kuenzana. Brown v. Boka reDzidzo rinoramba riri chisarudzo chakaenzana chedziviriro, asi kugadziriswa kwebasa mudzidzo hakuna kuguma nedesition. Zviitiko zvechikoro zvaida kuti zvitore matanho okubvisa marongedzero, anorambidzwa kubva kuvana vechikoro, uye anonyorwa nhau dzinobva kumari inotsigirwa kuchikoro kusvikira kukodzero dzevadzidzi vane urema. Kudzivirirawo kwavadzidzi muzvikoro. Somuenzaniso, [FLT: 2] Games v[FFF] [FFF] [FLT] [3], [3],[3], Dare rechikoro rinonanwanwanwanwanwanwanwanwa navose. [4]

Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita, Zvinetso, uye Kuramba Tichiitisana Nharo

Pasinei zvapo nomutauro wayo wakapararira uye nhaka yokuchinja, Dare reMitemo rechi14 rine miganhu chaiyoiyo. Dare rakadudzira dziviriro dzaro munzira idzo pane dzimwe nguva dzinokundikana kusvitsa chipikirwa chakazara cheTenderero yacho, uye gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro poukuru hwaro hwakafanira.

Chiito cheHurumende

Mutezo we 14 wePramende yeKinei unorambidza bedzi kushaikwa kwekodzero dzinoitwa na vatambi vehurumende .

Gakava Rokugarisana

Nepo Dare Gurusa rakabatanidza yakawanda zvikurusa yeBill of Rights inorwisana nenyika, muitiro wacho wave usina kubatanidzwa, uye zvimwe gadziriro dzinoramba dzisina basa. Somuenzaniso, chinodikanwa chikuru cheGavhura dare reFindrometi hachina kutongoshandiswa kunyika. Kunewo gakava rinopfuurira pakati pavatongi navadzidzi pamusoro pomutoo wakafanira wokubatanidza. Vamwe vanopikisana kwehwerengedzo yeDinjiri reMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeSayenzi neProfeta kuti Hurumende yose ishande masangano ose enyika. Vamwe vanotsigira kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzakasarudzwa nevamwe, izvo zvinoshanda pazvinonzi zvinokosha kusunungurwa. Dare rakatevera zvikurukuru maitiro akasarudzwa, asi gakava racho rinoratidzira kusabvumirana zvikuru pamusoro perevo yezvinoreva zvekodzero uye mamiriro ezvinhu enyika yeAmerica.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nemibvunzo Isingapedziswi

Mutezo we 144 Wechinjo unopfuurira kuva pakati pemagakava echibvumirano chazvino uno. Mibvunzo pamusoro pokubvuma chiito, ganhuriro dzokuvhota, maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri pashure pa Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202], uye maruramiro evatrander parangender renformations of the Sective and Agective Classifite Christmate Christmaus. Zvisarudzo zvemisi mitsva yazvino uno zvakaratidzira kusvika kunzira inopanikira nzira inotemesa, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekodzero dzenguva yemberi idzo dzakadzivirirwa mudzidziso iyoyo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, dziviriro inowirirana naro yehurumende inopfuureyi inopfuurirwa namamwe masuo. Chiteshinwa chaMakero echikepeni chamakepeni anowana mumugariro wapasi pevhuro. Chipoti kana kuti chakashandurwa chitsanwa muSupt. Chikamu chamatomu chatomu chatomu chatomuchinyu. Chinyi chatomuchinyuko chamuchinyu

Kupedzisa: Zvinorehwa NePendement yechigumi Negumi Nezvina

Mutezo wegumi namana weFirst hausiwo zvawo unongova mutongo wenhau. Igadziriro mhenyu yebumbiro remitemo inoumba ukama pakati pavanhu nehurumende zuva riri rose. Kana uri mudzidzi anotarisana nechiito chokuranga pachikoro chavose, vaviri vaviri vomutevedzani vanotsvaka kuzivikanwa kweroorano yako, muvhoti anodenha mutemo unoganhurira, kana kuti munhu ane ruvara runotarisana narwo, chiMitemo cheMitemo yeMitemo inobvumiranwa napamutemo inogovera maruramiro ako. Zvipiso zvawo zvetsika dzapamutemo uye dziviriro zvakaenzana ndezvamatongerwe etsika napose, asi zvinoramba zviripo pazvinotenderwa gamuchidzanwa zvazvinotendwa nemitemo yazvino uno. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinokupa simba kuzvidavirira kwehurumende uye kuziva mativi ose echipoteshipitiko. [Fest] [F3]