Kutanga: Nei Kugadziridzwa Kwechigumi Negumi Kuchiri Kukosha

Geneth Amendment inomira seimwe yegadziriro dzinoguma nechakaitika zvikurusa uye dzinodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji muBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Yakarongedzerwa muna 1868, yakarongedzerwa kuchengetedza maruramiro avaranda vachangobva kusunungurwa uye kugadziridza ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Chinovimbisa chaidzoirwo (hwuvanzi) dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo, uye muitiro wakafanira () wazova hwaro hwezvisarudzo zvenhau zvisingaverengeki zveDare Gurusa. Kunzwisisa icho ichi chirevo chinotaura uye kuti chakashandisirwa sei kunokosha sei nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa mutemo wazvino uno, kodzero dzavagari veAmerica, uye kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro peruramisiro nokuenzana.

Nyaya ino inoputsa Ivhu Remisi yeMitemo ye14 mumutauro wakajeka, inonzvera mashoko ayo enhau, inonzvera dzidziso dzayo dzapamutemo dzinokosha dzayakaparira, uye inoratidza kuti inopfuurira sei kutapura upenyu hwako nhasi.

Nhau: Kuchinja Kunobva Muhondo

STREENCE] [1865]) yakanga yabvisa uranda, asi nyika dzokuMadokero dzakakurumidza kudzika midzi yaiganhurira rusununguko rwevanhu veAfrica. [[FLT:] Chibvumirano cheThitrententh Amendment [1865] chakanga chaedza kuvimbisa kuva mugari wemo nekodzero dzakafanana, asi chiremera chadzo chakakurumidza kudzika mutemo we“ Mitemo yeBhoro” yaidzosa rusununguko rweAfrica.

Kuita kuti dziviriro idzodzo dzive zvechigarire uye dzisingachinjiki, Congress yakakarakadza Ivhu ra 144. Yakasimbiswa pana July 9, 1868, pashure pehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika inokakavara. Vagadziri vedare reProfector vaida kushandura nzvimbo yeDare Gurusa renhau yakashata Dred Scott v. Sandford[FLD:1] [1857] chisarudzo, chakanga chataura kuti vagari veAfrica havasati vari vambogona kuva vagari vemo. Kugadziriswa kwacho kwakanangawo kupa mugariro wemitemo kuChirevonegaro chavagari vemo chemo cheNyika nedziviriro yavanhu vose mukurwisana nehurumende.

Rugwaro rwapakuvamba rwechigadziridzo rune zvikamu zvishanu, asi Chikamu 1 kusvikira ku 4 chinoramba chakakodzera zvikurusa nhasi. Chikamu 1 chine Chisakiso chaCityty Christmas, Roodolas kana kuti Immunio Claus, Ix Procescle, uye Exmoble Protection Claus , uye shongwe ina dzakaumbazve mutemo weAmerica.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo: Ndiani Mugari Wemo?

Mutsetse wokutanga weChikamu 1 unozivisa kuti: “Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vari pasi poudzori hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara.” Mutongo uyu wakapfava wakatanga mutemo mumwe chete woudangwe. Pamberi pePramende ye145, kuva mugari wemo wakasarudzwa nehurumende imwe neimwe, zvaitungamirira kunyonganiswa. Chikamu chaidzora Dred Scott ndokujekesa kuti munhu upi noupi akaberekwa paU.S..Ivhu__regard residenti redzinza, kana kuti kuva mugari wemo wedzinza rimwe nerimwe.

Chiratidzo chengarava: United States kana kuti Wong Kim Ark (1898)

The Supreme Court affirmed the breadth of the Citizenship Clause in United States v. Wong Kim Ark. The case involved a man born in San Francisco to Chinese parents who were lawful permanent residents. The government tried to deny him entry when he returned from a trip abroad, claiming he was not a citizen. The Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment’s plain language granted citizenship to anyone born on U.S. soil, with only narrow exceptions (such as children of foreign diplomats or hostile occupying forces). This precedent has stood for over a century.

Gakava Razvino Uno Pamusoro Pokuberekwa Kwakafanira Kwomunyika

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, vamwe vezvematongerwe enyika navatsinhiri vemitemo vakapanikira kana kuva mugari wemo wekodzero yapamutemo kuchifanira kushanda kuvana vavatami vasina kunyorwa. Rugwaro rwekugadziriswa runobatanidza mashoko okuti “kuzviisa pasi pechiremera chayo,” ayo vamwe vanopikisa kuti vana vane vabereki vari munyika zvisiri pamutemo. Zvisinei, kududzira kwapamutemo kwakapararira, kunofanira kutsigirwa ne Wang Kim Ark[ nenyanzvi dzemitemo, ndekwokuti munhu wose anoberekwa muUnited States (kunze kwemashoko akati edzinza uye ezvemitemo) anokwakati) anokwakakodzera kuva anokwanisa kuva mugari wogariro. Kuchinja mutemo uyu kungada kuti kutsigirwa nemutemo mutsva, kwete chete mutemo kana kuti murayiro wehurumende.

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana: Kudzivisa Rusaruro

The Expande Protection Claus inoti: “Hapana Hurumende icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi rondedzero pfupi yazova injini yepamutemo yokurwisa rusaruro rwamarudzi ose. Kunoda kuti vanhu vose vabatwe zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo, kutoti kana hurumende ine chikonzero chinokosha zvakakwana chokuibata nenzira yakasiana.

Mativi Okunzvera Kutonga

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakatanga gadziriro ine mativi matatu yokuyera zvikumbiro pasi peAct Expate Protection Claus:

  • Strict - Anoshandiswa apo mutemo unosarura padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti maruramiro makuru. Mutemo unofanira kubatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende uye kugadzirirwa zvishoma. Inenge mitemo yose yakadaro inokundikana uyu muedzo.
  • Kunzvera kwepakati – Shandisa nokuda kwezvikamu zvechirume nezvechirume. Mutemo unofanira kuva une chokuita zvikuru nefariro inokosha yehurumende.
  • hwaro hweRevolution-Chisarudzo nokuda kwezvimwe zvikamu zvose. Mutemo unoda bedzi kuva une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Mitemo mizhinjisa inopukunyuka iyi muedzo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Mugumo Werevo Yemitemo

Zvichida dare redziviriro rakakurumbira zvikurusa ndiro Brown v. Board yeDzidzo , iyo yakakurira kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose. Dare rakabvisa “ivose asi vakaenzana” dzidziso inobva Isina kunyorwa v. Ferguson [1896], akabata nzvimbo dzedzidzo idzodzo dzakaparadzana haienzaniswi. Chisarudzo ichi chakagadzira nzira yekodzero dzevagari vemo uye chinoramba chiri rutivi rwomutemo weAmerica wekuenzana.

Rudover v. Virginia (1967) uye Muchato weInterracial

Mu Lovang v. Virginia, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Kudzivirira Claus pamwe chete neChiteshi cheChiitiko kumitemo inorambidza roorano yemarudzi ose. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti rusununguko rwokuroora ikodzero inokosha uye kuti kutsaurana kwedzinza kunofanira kupukunyuka muedzo wakakomba. Mhaka yazova chiratidzo nokuda kwezvisarudzo zveroorano gare gare.

Rusaruro neObergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwakashandiswawo kurusaruraganda runovakirwa pavatano. United States v. Virginia (1996), Dare rakada Virginia kuti atendere vakadzi kuVirginia Military Institute, ichitaura kuti nyika inofanira kuva ne “ruramiso inotenderwa zvikuru” nokuda kwemipimo yevatano. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mu Obergefell v. Hodges, Dare rairangarira kuti roorano inorambidza roorano kurwisana nezvinoitika zvevatano zvose zviri zviviri. Dare rakaziva kuti roorano ichinhu chinokosha uye kuti kuiramba kuwirirana kwakafanana kwakanga kuri chimiro chokusarura.

Kudzivirira Upenyu Hwako, Rusununguko, uye Zvinhu Zvako

The System Claus inoti: “Hapana hurumende ichanyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Chikamu ichi chine revo mbiri dzakasiana: muitiro wakafanira (miitiro yemhepo) uye muitiro wakafanira (kudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro makuru).

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Pfungwa huru ndeyokuti hurumende haigoni kubvisa upenyu hwomumwe munhu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina kuzvipa muitiro wakanaka.Muitiro iwoyo unowanzobatanidza ziviso yepomero kana kuti zviito, banza rokunzwiwa, uye muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri. Somuenzaniso, hurumende isati yagona kubvisa kodzero dzokuchengeta mwana, inofanira kugovera kutongwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kana hurumende ichida kutora musha wako nomunzvimbo yakakurumbira, unofanira kugamuchira ziviso nebanza rokudenha kukwira. Zvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvinosiyana zvichitsamira pachibereko nemashoko akapoteredza.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Rutivi runomutsa nharo zvikuru uye rune simba rweGungano reCurrect Claus ndiro rinofanira kupiwa. Iyi dzidziso inodavira kuti chitsama chinodzivirira maruramiro akati okusasarura padzongonyedzo yehurumende, kunyange kana hurumende ichishandisa miitiro inoruramisira. Idzi ikodzero dzakadzika midzi kwazvo munhau yeAmerica negamuchidzanwa zvokuti dzinorangarirwa kuva “dzine mufungo worusununguko rwakarairwa.”

Kodzero Yokuva Woga uye Yokuzvidzora

Dare rapamusoro rakatanga kuziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuva voga mu Griswold v.Connecticut (65), iro rakabvisa chirambidzo pakudzivisa kubata pamuviri kwavakwanyina. Gare gare, Eisestadt v. Baird[FLD:3] [772] [77] [7] yatambanudzira vanhu vasina kuroora. [[FLT:] Roe v.][FLT][FL:][5] [773]), Dare rakawana kuti maruramiro oungwara kuti aidzo kuva woga yoga akabatanidza chisarudzo chokubvisa pamuviri, kunyange zvazvo icho chakanga chakava chakava chakaganhurrwa gare gare gare gare gare gare.

Zvinodiwa Nevanhu Vemazuva Ano: Madhongi Nezviri Kupfuura

Mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakatonga Roe v. Wade uye [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] na[[FLT]] V. Casey[[FLT] [FLT]] [[FLT]]], inobata kuti Bumbiro remitemo hariisi kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri. Mhaka yacho yakaita kuti gakava rive rakakomba pamusoro pomuitiro wakafanira. Vatsoropote kuti Dare harifaniri kuita kuti maruramiro ashairire tsigiro yakajeka; vanotsigira dzidziso yacho inodikanwa kudzivirira kushatiswa kukurusa. Pasinei zvapo nechiito chikuru, chipfumidzo chinosara chinoramba basa chikuru nokuda kwenhau yokuwana, kudzosera kukura maruramiro okurapa.

Dzidziso Yokutsinhirana: Kushandisa Bhizime Rekodzero KuUnited States

Pamberi peKineth Amendment, Bill of Rights yakaganhurira bedzi hurumende yehurumende. United States ingagona kuputsa kutaura kwakasununguka, kutanga rudzidziso, kana kuti kuramba kutonga kwedare redare redare pasina muuyo wehurumende. ITSCLE Proces Claus yakachinja kuti kupfurikidza ne “dzidziso yezvokusarura. Dare Rapamusoro rinoshandisa chitsama chacho kushandisa nenzira inosarudza gadziriro dzakawanda dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende. Somuenzaniso, dziviriro dzerusununguko rwokutaura dzakava dzinobatira mumitengo Getlow v. [2] Nezvokudzivirira kwematsorororo. [[FLT] [FLT:] [25] [25], uye Kudzivirira kwechitanhatu kwekodzero dzekupangiro dzakashandiswa mu [FLGenegati].wright v[FFT] [F] [3] [3] [196]]

Ropafadzo Kana Kuti Kupa Claus: Chihombe Chinorara

Chikamu 1 chinewo Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Claus: “Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kuti kusimbisa mutemo upi noupi uchavhara ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States.” Munhau, Dare Gurusa rakaparadza nenzira inobudirira iyi rugwaro mu Cases Cases [1873] [83], richiganhurira dziviriro yaro kukodzero shomanene pamusoro porudzi pamusoro pomugariro worudzi (se kodzero yokuenda kuhurumende yehurumende yemubatanidzwa). Kwamakore 150, chitsamaudzo chaveri chaverwa zvikurukuru. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinochengeta uye dzinochengeta pamutemo dzakataura kuti irwo senzvimbo yakachinjirwa nokuda kwekodzero dzapakodzero dzapapo. Rukurusaruno haruchisati ruchingovawo Dare rinorangarira mutemo uhumbiso.

Kuchinja Kwazvinoita Munzanga: Kuchinja Kunoita Kunoita Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Kunze kwenhau dzinooneka, Ivhu Revhunduko rechigumi nerechigumi namana rinopesvedzera mativi asingaverengeki enzanga yazvino uno.Heyi mienzaniso mishomanene bedzi:

  • Kodzero dzokuvhota: Nepo Kuvhota neKuchinja kwechigumi nashanu neChigumi nepfumbamwe kwehurukuro, Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuchishandiswa kudenha mitemo inovhota, kuvhotera kwedare, uye gadziriro dzemitero yokuvhota (Kuchinja kwechimakumi maviri nerechiduku gare gare kwakabvisa mitero yevhotera musarudzo yomubatanidzwa).
  • Chiito chokusimbisa: Chitsama chave chiri chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano pamusoro pemitemo yokubvuma dzinza inoziva. Mu Fiir Adgicts v. Harvard[ [2023], Dare rakamisa zvirongwa zvokuramba pakoreji, richiita kuti kubvumira ikoko kwakavakirwa padzinza kuputse dziviriro yakaenzana ya Claus.
  • Kuchinja kweruramisiro kwomutemo: dziviriro dzakakodzera dzinovimbisa kuti vakwirirwi vanogamuchira kutongwa kwakarurama, zano rakakodzera, uye maruramiro okunangana neZvapupu. Kugadziridzwa kunoparirawo mutemo wokubvisa ufakazi hunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo (Kusvikira panhau dzeGeneral Amendment, gadziriro yokuchengeta purogiramu yazvo inodzokera shure kumuitiro wakafanira).
  • Kupinda munyika uye kuva mugari wemo: Dare Claus rinopfuurira kurondedzera kuti ndiani ari mugari wemo weUnited States, richitapura nhau dzakafanana nougari hwekodzero yevana vevatami vasina kunyorwa, sezvakurukurwa pakuvamba.
  • Mutemo wemhuri nekodzero dzevatano dzimwe chetedzo: Muitiro wapamberi unodzivirira maruramiro okuroora, maruramiro okugara pamwe chete semhuri, uye maruramiro okugamuchira vana, sezvinooneka mu [ Obergefell[ nezvinoitika zvinowirirana.
  • Kodzero dzemitemo:[[FLT: 1] The Encic Protection Claus yakashandiswa kudenha rusaruro pavanhu vane urema, kunyange zvazvo dziviriro huru yapamutemo zvino ichibva mumirau yakafanana neAmerican ine Urema.

Nguva iri yose hurumende kana kuti hurumende yomunzvimbomo inoita chiito chinotapura upenyu hwako (hwungava kupfurikidza nokubvisa rezinesi rokutyaira, kuraira kubviswa kwomwana wako mumusha mako, kana kuti kuganhurira mano ako okutaura nejekiseni rechigumi namana kunoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro yakafanira uye kuva nechikonzero chapamutemo chokurapa kupi nokupi kwakasiana.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Dare reMitemo rechigumi namana harisi gwaro rakabatana; revo yaro inoshanduka kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare, gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika, uye chinjo yenzanga. Nhau dzazvino dzinopisa dzinobatanidza:

  • Kuva mugari wemo wakakwana nokuchinja kwokubereka: Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanopfuurira kudenha ukuru hwekodzero yokuva mugari wemo. Nepo muenzaniso wapamutemo wakasimba, dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ingagona kutungamirira kukumutsidzirwa kana kuti kuraira nokuda kwekugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo.
  • dziviriro yapamutemo nemhesano yemari: Chikamu chinoshanda kumiraudzo yezvemari (mumukuhwirudzura kune mufungo), asi Dare risingatongoishandisi kukurira rusaruro rwakavakirwa papfuma. Vashandisi vanopikisa kuti chitsama chinofanira kutaura kusaenzana kwetsika mudzidzo, dzimba, uye tarisiro youtano.
  • Muitiro unodikanwa muzera remipimo: Muitiro wakafanira unofanira kushandiswa sei kuchirango chapaindaneti paIndaneti — kufanana neakaundi yenzanga yenhau, zvisarudzo zveatmatoms, kana kuti kunzvera kwehurumende? Dare Rapamusoro rinongovamba bedzi kunzvera iyi mibvunzo.
  • Kudzokororwa: Mufungo wokushandisa zvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo rehurumende zvedziviriro yakaenzana pahurumende yomubatanidzwa uchiri mungozi, kunyange zvazvo Gwendedzero reFindrome yeChiteshi cheFite Claus ichiri kutobatanidza rutivi rwedziviriro rwakaenzana.

Iyi kurukurirano inoratidza kuti Amendment yechigumi namana inoramba iri chinyorwa chipenyu, chichichinjira kumigariro mitsva nepo ichichengeta kuzvipira kwayo kukuru kururamisiro nokuenzana.

Mugumisiro: Hwaro Hworusununguko rweAmerica

Mutezo weKinaith Amendment unopfuura zvikuru mashoko omuzasi enhau. Ndiwo maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwavazhinji vekodzero dzeAmerica anokoshesa zvikurusa: maruramiro okubatwa zvakaenzana, maruramiro okutonga kwakarurama, maruramiro okuroora waunoda, uye maruramiro okuva mugari wemo kupfurikidza nokungoberekwa pano. Mashoko awo (‘dziviriro yakaenzana,”“ kukurumidza,” akaitwa kuti ashandiswe navatsigiri, magweta, uye vatongi kubvisa maruramiro okuvhotera, kukudza maruramiro okuvhotera, kudzivirira maruramiro emhuri, uye kuvimbisa ruramisiro nokuda kwavose.

Kunzwisisa kugadziriswa kwacho kunobatsira kunzwisisa kodzero dzako. Paunovhota, paunonyorera rezinesi renyanzvi, apo mapurisa anokumisa mumugwagwa, kana kuti paunoverenga nezvedare repamusorosoro rinenge richitonga munhau, Dare Repamusorosoro kazhinji rinodzivirira zvakasimba pakushandisa hurumende pasina donzo uye vimbiso inopfuurira yokuti mutemo uchabata munhu wose noruremekedzo uye zvakarurama.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, unogona kunzvera mashoko akazara egadziridzo nenhau yayo pa Throwaral kana kuti LGETAL Information Institute[. Nokuda kwenhau yemajekesi, [[FLT:] project [[FLT]]OYEZ project [ inogoveraidzo dzakadzadzadza nokurekodha zvibvumikiso zvokutaura.