Kutanga: Nhaka Isingaperi yeKinai Ye Amendment

Chinjo ye14th Amendment to the United States Constitution inomira seimwe yegadziriro dzinochinja zvikuru nedzinoiswa mumutemo weAmerica. Yakasimbiswa pana July 9, 1868, mukati menhambo yokugadziriswazve, iyi gadziridzo yakaitirwa zvikurukuru kugadza maruramiro avagari vemo avanhu vaichimbova varanda uye kubvisa maruramiro akashata [[FLT] Dred Scott v. Sandford[FLD] [[FLD]] chisarudzo, icho chakanga chazivisa kuti vagari veAfrica havagoni kuva vagari vemo. Kupfuura donzo ravo rapakuvamba, Hurumende ye145 yazova chishandiso chine simba chokufambira, muitiro wakafanira, uye kodzero dzougarikano nokuda kwavanhu vose muUnited States. Zviito zvayo, , uye Kudzivirira kwaClassimessss) zvave zviri nheyo yehurumende, pamutemo rehurumende, uye kuyera kwapamhindiva, ungwarudzo, ungwarumite, urongwa hwenhau, uye kutevedzero yemitemo yenyika yazvinoto yenyika inoto.

Nheyo Yenhau: Kugadziridza Nokudikanwa Kwevimbiso yeBumbiro Romutemo

Mutezo weMitemo we14 wakabuda zvakananga mungwavaira yeHondo yevagari vemo uye nhambo yakawandisa yekugadziridza. Pashure porukundo rweUnion, nyika dzeConferate dzakabvumirwa kuMubatanidzwa mumigariro yaida kuti vagamuchire mitemo mitsva yaibvuma kuguma kwouranda. Zvisinei, dare rehurumende rokumaodzanyemba rakakurumidza kugadza “Mitemo Mitema” yakagadzirirwa kuganhurira rusununguko rweAfrica ndokuvamanikidzira kupinda mumugariro wakafanana nouranda. Mumhinduro, Dare reU.S. rakapfuureta Ganhuriro yeChivi rekodzero dzeChiko chavagari vemo cha 186666, asi kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pomutemo warongedzeidzo kupinza nheyo dzaro nokukurumidza mumutemo mukuva pamutemo.

Kukurira Kudzivisa Kutonga kwaPuerceria

Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Democrat anobva Tennessee, akashora zvakasimba kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye akaisa mutemo weChivil Rights Act ya186. Congress yainyanya kudzorwa nevetom, asi mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika akaramba achichinja. Igumi nerechi4th Amendment yakaiswa mudare reJoint Committee on Conconvention(a communionation komiti chaiyo yeIntegional , (ichive nzira yokuisa nayo dziviriro yekodzero dzevagari vemo kudarika kukwanisa kudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo kudarika kufambikasa zvamatongerwe enyika uye zvinetso zvedare. Kuchinja kwaifanira kutenderwa nehurumende nhatu ne4, kubatanidza yaichimbova nyika dzeConferatetatehateted, idzo dzakamanikidzwa kuidzorwa semamiriro okunyorerwa kwemitemo kuUningo yeUningo. Muitiro wacho wakapedzwa muna 1868, kunyora mudzikano yehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwakakodzera Kwougari Hwomunyika

Pamberi peKinaith Amendment, kuva mugari wemo kwakarondedzerwa zvikuru nomutemo wehurumende. Mutongo wokutanga wekugadziridzwa kwechisaririra chaClaus(*) nechougaritimede Dred Scott kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti “vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vadzorwa kunzvimbo yavo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende umo vanogara." Iyi nheyo yougari hwemo hwakarurama [[FLT:] yave iva ibwe rekona romutemo worudzi weAmerica chifo cha. Yakabvumira pakarepo kuva mugari wemo womunyika dzeAmerica achangobva kusunungurwa uye hwakavamba hwavakidzivisikidza kudzivirira vose.

Gadziriro Huru Dzokuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi

Mubatanidzwa weKinai We Amendment une zvikamu zvishanu, asi gadziriro hurusa dzinovapo dzinowanikwa muchikamu 1. chikamu ichi chinoputswa kuva zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru, chimwe nechimwe chine basa rakasiyana uye nhau yakapfuma yokududzira kwokutonga.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo

Sezvacherekedzwa, Cintutizenshi Claus inogovera kuti munhu ari wose akaberekwa muUnited States (nomusiyano muduku nokuda kwavana vavamiriri vokumwe naavo vakaberekwa kumauto ane utsinye) mugari weU.S. ichi chibvumikisowo kuti vagari vemo vakasikwa vane chimiro chimwe chetecho chapamutemo savagari vomunyika. Chakanga chiri chinhu chikuru kuchisarudzo chedare gurusa muna [2021] mu United States v. Vaello-Madero, icho chinotsigira simba reDare rokugovera betsero kuU.S. apo chaidzosera vagari vemo kuvagari vemo 201 mu United States v.[FLT]

Maitiro Akakodzera aClaus

The Bit Procession Clausle inotaura kuti hakuna hurumende icha “paradza munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Iyi rugwaro rwakadudzirwa kuva nemativi maviri akasiana: gadziriro dzakafanira (miitiro apo hurumende inoita chiito mukurwisana nomunhu) uye muitiro wakafanira (kudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro akati okutanga kubva kudzongonyedzo yehurumende, kunyange kana miitiro yakateverwa). Mutoo wakafanira wave uri hwaro hwekodzero yokuva woga, maruramiro okuroora, maruramiro okudzivisa kubvisa mimba, uye maruramiro okubvisa mimba (kusvikira [[FLT:]] . Jackson’s Health Organization yavakadzi yakaganhurirwa kupfurikidza nemitemo inopesana.

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana

Mutezo Wekudzivirira Claus unoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha “kunangana nomunhu upi noupi mukati moudzori hwakaenzana dziviriro yemitemo.” Ichi ndicho chigadziriso chine simba zvikurusa chokukurira rusaruro. Kunoda kuti vanhu vari munzvimbo yakafanana vabatwa zvakafanana. Matare anoshandisa mwero yakasiana------ngofanana yokuyera panhau: kunzvera kwakakomba kwakananga nokuda kwedzinza, mavambo erudzi, uye mutorwa; kunzvera kwapakati nokuda kwechirume nerusarura; uye kuhwirudzura kwamamwe maruvara mazhinjisa. . Nhlangano waClauslaus wakanga uri nheyo yapamutemo nokuda kwe [FL:][FLT: 0]. . . [1][5] .[5]

Chiratidzo Chenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinotsanangura Mvura Yechigumi Negumi

Simba rechokwadi reKirenceth Amendment rakaziviswa mumatare.Pazasi pane dzimwe dzenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa dzine pesvedzero zvikurusa dzakaumba revo yaro.

Nyaya Dzomumba Dzokuuraya 1873)

Mududziro yokutanga huru yeKinayith Amendment, Dare Rapamusoro rakarondedzera Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmuniti Claus (rumwe rutivi rweChikamu 1) ndokurangarira kuti rakadzivirira bedzi ganhuriro yakaganhurirwa yekodzero dzehurumende, kwete chiverengero chikuru chamaruramiro ehurumende anodzorwa. Iyi chisarudzo chakaderedza zvikuru bviro yemashoko ndokubvisa uremu hwezvikamu zvizhinjisa zveChiitiko neProjectal Ex Exciatect Clauses. Kweriommus dzinopfuura zana ramakore, Rondero kana kuti maImmunity Claus aisse anoisa kusava chose chose.

Ferguson (1896)

Muchisarudzo chakashata chaizotambudza dare remitemo reAmerica kwaanodokusvika makumi matanhatu amakore, Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira rusarurano rwedzinza mu “dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana”. Dare rakaramba kuti Ecult Protection Claus haina kuputswa nemitemo yehurumende inoda dzinza munzvimbo dzavose, chero bedzi nzvimbo dzacho dzakanga dzakaenzana nezita. Ichi chisarudzo chakapa chifukidzo chebumbiro remitemo kuJim Crow muSouth.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akapa murangariro unobvumirana wokuti “akaparadzana asi akaenzana” haana nzvimbo mudzidzo yavose. Dare rakawana kuti dzinza muzvikoro zvavose rakaita kuvadziko yendangariro isingaperi pavana veAmerica ndokuputsa Mutezo wakaenzana waClaus. Brown[ haana kungopidigura [ Plavey[[[FLT]]] P [[FLT]]

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Dare rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yamadzinza, richitaura kuti mitemo yakadaro yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Nhungamiro yaSite yeChiteshi neFomment Clauss. Mukuru Mutongi Earl Warren akanyora kuti “rusununguko rwokuroora, kana kuti kusaroora, munhu worumwe rudzi anogara nomunhu uye haagoni kudzorwa neHurumende.” Iyi mhaka yakatambanudzira nheyo dze Brown[ kuukama hwomunhu oga hwapedyo zvikurusa uye yakagadzirira nzira yezvisarudzo zveroorano gare gare gare.

Wade (1973)

Muchisarudzo chinomutsa nharo zvikuru, Dare rakaziva maruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri sorutivi rwamaruramiro okuvanda anodzivirirwa neChitayera chaClaus. .Roe yakatanga gadziriro yakareruka yaidzikamisa fariro dzehurumende muutano hwaamai uye upenyu hwemwana mukurwisana norusununguko rwomukadzi. Kunyange zvazvo ] RO yaidzoro yaidzorwa mu [[FLT:]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT:] [20]], inoramba iri muenzaniso mukuru wemuitiro wechikwapamberi.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Muchisarudzo chikuru, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti varoorani vane maruramiro makuru okuroora muChiteshi cheChibvumirano naMutevedzeri Claus. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy anorangarira vazhinjisa akasimbisa chiremera noutongi zvavaroorani voutevedzani, vachibatanidza roorano nemirangariro mikuru yorudzi yerusununguko nehuenzani. bergefell anomira sechiratidzo mukukura kunopfuurira kweLBTQ+ maruramiro avagari vemo.

Kutapura Masangano Ane Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo

Kuchinja - chinja kwaro kwakabvumira vatsigiri kuti vavimbe naro nokuda kweruramisiro yedzinza, kuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi, uye kodzero dzevakomana nevakadzi, pakati pedzimwe.

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevanhu Womuma1950 uye wema1960

Vatungamiriri vakaita saMartin Luther King Jr. uye masangano akadai seNaACP Legal Defense Fund vakashandisa Iwenath Amendment kudenha kusarudzwa kwekodzero, ganhuriro dzokuvhota, uye rusaruro mudzimba dzavose. Kugadziriswa kwakagovera hwaro hwapamutemo hwemutemo weChibvumirano chekodzero dzechimbichimbi - chimbiso cha1964 uye Voting Rights Act ye 1965. Rubudiriro rwesangano mukukwidza Exmetic Protection Clauslee rwakaratidzira simba rokuchinja chinjo yenzanga kupfurikidza nokududzira mutemo.

Kodzero Dzavakadzi Nekuenzana Kwevanhu Vasina Ukwanyina

Nepo Mutezo weKinayi weFiji weChinese usina kutambanukira pakuvamba kuvakadzi, vashingairi vezana namakumi maviri nezana vakabudirira kutaura kuti rusaruro runotsamira pavarume navakadzi runoputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana. Mu Reed v. Reed [77], Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba kwenguva yokutanga kuti mutemo unobata varume navakadzi nenzira yakasiana unofanira kuva nehwaro hwakarurama. Gare gare, mu Craig v. Boren[FLT][FLT]] [77], Dare rakagamuchira mupimo wapakati wezvikamu zvevatano. Izvi zvakazarura musuokero zvebasa, kusarura dzidzo, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira pasi pomutemo.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nekuenzana Kweroorano

Kubva pa Romanr v. Evans (1996] kusvikira ku Lawrence v. Texas [2003] [2003] [kuna ]

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa Mududziro Yazvino Uno

Pasinei zvapo nokugamuchirwa kwayo kwakafara sesimba reruramisiro, Ivhu Revhuramisiro ye14 harina gakava rayo.

Chiito Chinosimbisa

Kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwaClaus kwave kuri chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano pamusoro pokubvuma chiito mudzidzo nebasa. Mu Regents dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke [1788], Dare Gurusa renhau rakati mipimo yedzinza yakanga isina kubvumiranwa asi kuti rudzi rwaigona kurangarirwa sechinhu chimwe mukubvuma. Zviitiko zvakafanana ne [[FLT:] v. Bollinger[FLT] [2003] [2003] [mazita]) anosimudzira zviito zvendangariro zvedzinza nokuda kwefariro dzakasiana-nji, asi Dare rakura nenzira inowedzera kupanikira. [FLD:] Zvisarudzo zvechipo zvechienzi. [[FLD]

Kuberekwa Nekodzero Yokuberekwa Ugari Hwomunyika Humwe uye Kutama

Chivimbo choMugariticial Claus chekodzero yokuva mugari wemo chakadenhwa naavo vanotaura kuti vana vavatami vasina kunyorwa hava “dzorerwi kuhurumende” yeUnited States. Zvikarakadzo zvinoverengeka nemirairo yavakuru vakuru zvakaedza kuganhurira iyi tsananguro, asi murangariro wapamutemo wakapararira nematare chifo cha United States v. Wong Kim Ark [1898] [8]

Kuva Munhu Anotonga uye Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Negumi

Munhevedzano yenharo dzezvisarudzo, Dare Rapamusoro rakatambanudzira dziviriro dze 14th Amendment kumasangano. Kuvamba na Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railtrand Co. (186), Dare rakaziva kuti masangano ane “masangano" ane kodzero yebasa rakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana. Iyi rondedzero yakashandiswa kudzivirira kodzero dzemasangano uye, CITAZEN NHAMBA . [FEC[FLT:] (2020)]), kudzosa miganhuro yezvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvamatongerwe enyika. Vatsoropoteveri vanoramba kuti uku kushatsairira mberi donzo renyika yebasa renyika dzapakuvamba.

Nguva Yemberi Yegadziriro Isingakarirwi

Kuparadzwa kwe . mu maDobbs [ akamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pesimba regadziriro yokuda kuitirwa. Mufungo woruzhinji mu [[FLT:]] [FLT]] . Gabheti [[ rakasimbisa kuti kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri haina kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau kana kuti gamuchidzanwa, kupanikira maruramiro asina kuiswa mumiganhuro, ukama hwevatano hwepedyo, uye kunyange roorano. Nyanzvi dzemitemo netsinhidzo zvino dzinokwikwidza kana Dare richizodzokorora kana kuti zvimwe zvisakafanira. Chiteshi chePrejimende chakarevo chomunguva yemberi chinodzivirira kusava nechakavanzika.

Mugumisiro: Kugadziridzwa Kwenyika Kunochinja

Kubva pamavambo ayo muhondo yevagari vemo kusvikira painoshanda munhambo yetsika dzegore negore, kugadziriswa kwave kuri chivako chematehwe akakwirira; urongwa hwebumbiro remitemo hunowirirana nokunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu echikwata nehurumende muUnited States. Kubva pamavambo acho mudota rehondo yevagari vemo kusvikira pakushanda kwaro munguva yetsika, kugadziriswa kwave kuri chivako chemagariro etsika akakwirira. Zvikamu zvamazano zvayo zvinopfuurira kukumbirwa muzviitiko zvinobatanidza kodzero dzokuvhota, utsinye hwemari, ruramisiro yemari, uye dzidzo. Savadzidzisi nevadzidzi, vanobatanidzwa neInneth Amend Amendmendment vaith vaith vaipira mibvunzo pamusoro pezvinodiwa, kodzero dzerudzi dzinova dzinova dzinoshanda, uye kuti mutemo uve chishandiso chishandiso nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri zvokusunungurwa. Kunzwisisa uku hakungoko nokuda kworuzivo rwavanhu vose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Rekodhi reNyika pa 14th Amendment, [[FLT]Cornell Information Information Institute’s, uye [[FLT:]iz] muunganidzwa wenhau dzeDare rapamusoro kududzira rugwaro rwekushandura.