Kodzero dzako ndidzo mavambo enzanga yakasununguka, asi revo yadzo noukuru hazvisi zvakabatana. Zvinorondedzerwa, zvakanatswa, uye zvinodzivirirwa kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare renhau zvinodudzira Bumbiro remitemo nemitemo. Kunzwisisa idzi nhau kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti rusununguko rwevagari vemo runoshandiswa sei muupenyu hwezuva riri rose uye kuti vanochinja sei kutarisana nezvinetso zvitsva. Nyaya ino inonzvera mitemo inokosha mukodzero dzinokosha dzinoverengeka, inoratidza kuti vatongi vakaumba sei dziviriro dzaunovimba nadzo zuva nezuva.

Kodzero Yokutaura Norusununguko

First Amendment inovimbisa kuti “Kutonga hakuzoregi mutemo unoganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura. ” Bva miganhu yedziviriro iyi yakaedzwa yaedzwazve. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadzikamisa ratidziro yakasununguka mukupesana nefariro dzorudzi, nhevedzano yavose, uye chiremera chomunhu oga.

Kutaura Kwevadzidzi Nesuo Rechikoro

Mutongo .Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Community [1969] unoramba uri mupimo nokuda kwekodzero dzevadzidzi dzokutaura. Muna 1965, boka ravadzidzi rakapfeka zvisungo zvitema zvehambo kuchikoro kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam. Ruwa rwechikoro rwakarembedzwa, kupikisa kungagona kuvhiringidza kudzidza. Dare repamusoro redare rinodzivirira kuti vadzidzi vasa "kubvisa kodzero dzavo dzemitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo rechikoro. Dare rakatanga kuti zvikoro zvingaganhurira kutaura bedzi kana zvichidzongodzongova zvemari kana kuti zvinodzongova zvinopinda mukodzero dzedzidzo. Mupimo uyu wakadzivirira kutaura kwevemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo gare gare gare gare zvaitwa zvisina kushatsa pamutemo nokuda kwemagariro ezvikoro kana kuti zviito zvechikoro.

Kunyandura uye Chiito Chisiri Chomutemo Chisina Kutsarukana

Mubvunzo wakasununguka hausati uchitambanudzira kukunyandurwa kumasimba masimba. Mu Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], Dare rakanatsiridza muedzo wekutaura kwokuzvitutumadza. Mutungamiriri Ku Klux Klan akanga apa kutaura kwokutyisidzira kutsiva hurumende. Dare rakatonga kuti kutaura kunokurudzira simba kana kuti chiito chisiri pamutemo kunodzivirirwa kunyandura uye sezvinobvira kuparira chiito chokukurumidza chokusateerera mutemo. Uku kuedzwa kudukuduku zvikuru kwedziviriro yorusununguko kupfurikidza nokuputsa mipimo yapakuvamba, mipimo isina kujekajeka. Kunoreva kuti kupfuudzira kurwisana kwamasimba masimba kunodzivirirwa kazhinji kazhinji; kutaura kwose kuri kuviri kunoitirwa kunyandura uye sezvinobvira kuparira mabasa akashata kunogona kurangwa. Ichi dziviriro nokuda kwokusabvumirana mukurumbira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. [2][3]

Kupandukira uye Kudzivirirwa Kwehurukuro Yavose

Kodzero dzokutaura dzakasununguka dzinoganhurirawo kutaura kwenhema. Mu [[FLT Times Co.0] New York. Sullivan (1964]), Dare rakaramba kuti First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vehurumende kutoti vakaitwa ne "chakaipa chapamutemo". Ruzivo rwokuti kutaura kwacho ndokwenhema kana kuti kusakendenga pamutemo. Iyi bhawa rakakwirira rinovimbisa kuti kutsoropodzwa kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende hakudzorwi nokutya sututi. Mhaka yacho yamuka kubva kumashoko echiziviso chemapurisa anoshora muMontgomery, Alabama. Chisarudzo chakashandurwa chinosimbiswa pamutemo muAmerica uye chakasimbisa basa rezvokunzvera pamusoro pehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvinotambanuro zvomuzvarirwo kuzvinhu zvavose zvinoitirwa vanhu vose uye kutyira mhaka huru, kugadzira nzvimbo inodzivirirwa yavose.

Mimwe Miganhu Yekutaura Kwakasununguka

  • Citizens United v. FEC (2010): Yakawana kuti mari yebhizimisi yokuparadzira kwakasununguka kwezvamatongerwe enyika haigoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment, chisarudzo chakagadziridzazve mari yenhimbe.
  • Snyder v. Phelps (2011): Kudzivirira kuratidzira kworuvengo pamariro ehondo sehurukuro panhau dzeitiro hanya yavose, kusimbisa kuti kutaura kwakashata kunowanzodzivirirwa.
  • Mahanoy Asport School District v. B.L.[[FL:1] [2021]: Kuganhurirwa kwemano ezvikoro kuranga kutaura kwokurega kutaura panzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzenzanga, kushandisa mipimo yeTinker asi nokungwarira.

Dziviriro Pakunzvera Nokunyengedza Zvisina Uzivi

Rechina Amendment inorinda kutsunga kwavanhu kuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzvera kusina mufungo uye nhumbu.

Mutemo Wokugumisa: Mushonga Wokuputsa

Mu Mapp v.O. (1961), Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa mutemo wokubvisa kuhurumende. Mhaka yakatanga apo mapurisa akanzvera Dollree Mappe' musha pasina pamutemo, achitaura kuti akanga achitsvaka kubhomba. Vakawana zvinhu zvinonyadzisa panzvimbo pezvo. Dare rakatonga kuti ufakazi hunowanikwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina mufungo haugoni kushandiswa mumiedzo yenyika. Iyi chisarudzo chakapa mazino kuChipfuudzo cheChina: pasina mutemo wetsika, mapurisa aizova nekurudziro duku yokuteerera ganhuriro dzemitemo. Mukufamba kwenguva yakati, Dare rakaparira mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana (zvakadai sekumwe kusiiwa kwakanaka kwekutenda), asi Mapu inoramba nheyo yokudzvinyirira ufakazi husiri hwapamutemo.

Misa uye Frisk uye Kuzvinyima kunodzikamisa

Hakusi kusangana kwose kwamapurisa kunoda chisakiso chinobvira. Mu .O.[FLT] [1968], Dare rakaramba kuti vakuru vakuru vangamisa ndokuisa munhu munzeve kana vane nyumwiro ine mufungo yemibato youtsotsi uye kuti munhu angave ane zvombo. Iyi ganhuriro yakaderera inodikanirwa nechivande. Chisarudzo chinoda kuti kunyumwira kuve kwakavakirwa pa "Indaneti namaidi anodzoreka," kwete hunch. Terry inomira kuva chinhu chaichoicho chezuva nezuva nokuda kwavazhinji, zvikurukuru nzanga duku, uye nhau yacho yave inokamuraniswa zvikuru. Dare gare gare gare gare rakajekesa kuti kotseko kotseko kosero yomukuru wemapurisa anofanira kuva ane mufungo, uye mafrikis aganhurirwa nokuda kwezvombo.[2][Fok][2]

Mafoni, Foni, uye Ruzivo Rwemazuva Ano

Ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runodenha miganhu yeD5. Riley v. California [2014] (2014, Dare rakasarudza kuti mapurisa aingoda pamutemo wokunzvera chiitiko cheserura chokusungwa. Dare rakaziva kuti serura dzine mashoko akawanda emunhu oga, anopfuura zvikuru kunzvera kwetsika. Nenzira yakafanana, muna 2018 Carcenter v. United States[FLT]], Dare rairangarira kuti hurumende inoda maruramiro okuwana mashoko enhau dzekare kubva kuvanotakura majeri. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti magadzirirwo eDHWE echine.

  • KAtz v. United States (1967): yakasimbisa kukarira kune mufungo kwekuva woga", ichitsiva dzidziso dzekare dzakavakirwa papfuma.
  • [ Florida v. Jardines (2017): Kuwanwa kuti kushandisa imbwa inotengesa mirimo pavharanda remberi kutsvaka kunoda rugwaro.

Kodzero Yokutongwa Kwakarurama

Mubatanidzwa weTsvene yoKuchinja weChitanhatu unovimbisa kutongwa kwedare kunokurumidza uye kwevoruzhinji, dare rinobetsera vatongi risina rusaruro, uye betsero yezano.

Kodzero Yezano: Chirindi Chisingachinji

Mu Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Dare Rapamusoro rehurumende rakataura kuti matare ehurumende anofanira kugadza magweta nokuda kwavakwirirwi avo vasingagoni kuvapa mhosva. Clarence Earl Gideon akanga ari murombo aipara mhosva yokupaza mhosva yokupunza horo yedziva redziva pashure pokuramba gweta. Akava mhaka yake amene muchikumbiro chakanyorwa nomuromo kuDare Gurusa. Dare rakabvumirana kuti kodzero yeTsikisi yekodzero yepangiro inoshandiswa kuhurumende kupfurikidza neI145 Emplieframendment. Nhasi, anodzivirira gadziriro dzavose dzinogovera zano mumamirioni enhau, kunyange zvazvo mari ichiri nhau inowirirana. Mhaka yacho inhau yakaenzana nedare redare rehurumende yogaro: haina kutarisana nechiremera.

Mufundisi Asingasaruri Nebasa Redzinza

Dare redare risingasaruri rinobatanidza maruramiro edare rinobetsera vatongi vaisasarura. Mu Batson v. Kentucky (1986), Dare rakatonga kuti vachuchisi havagoni kufuratira vatongi pahwaro hwedzinza. Mhaka yacho inobatanidza mutongi mutema aipomerwa mhaka yakasarudzwa pashure pokunge mutongi arova vose vatema vaigona kuva vatongi. Dare rakasika muedzo wenhatu: mupomeri anofanira kuita mhaka yePrigma facie facie, muchuchisi anofanira kupa rondedzero yedzinza-neuper, uye mutongi anosarudza kana rondedzero yakasarudzwa pakuvamba. Batson awe kuva munhurume nedzinza, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropotesi varopokisi varo.[FB]

Kutongwa Kunokurumidza uye Kunyengera Kuviri

Dare reSingth Amendment rinovimbisawo kutongwa kwokukurumidza. Dare rinononotsa muganhu pazvikonzero zvokusundira mberi. Mu Barker v. Wingo [772], Dare rakatanga kuedza kudzikamisa mativi mana: kureba kwokunonoka, chikonzero chokunonozesa, kunyora kwemukwiridzwi, uye kufungira mano akaipa kumukwiridziri. Mukuwedzera, muganhu weFindmerformed wenjodzi inodzivisa kuedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Matsoro akadai se staker v. United States[FLT][FG] [FG3] [1932]) akagadza kuedza nokuda kwekuti kana zvikanganiso zviri zviviri zviripopoka.

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Mumutemo

Mubatanidzwa we14 We Amendment Exlumence Protection Claus chishandiso chine simba mukudzivisa rusaruro. Mitongo yezvikwangwani yakawedzera kusvika kwayo mudzinza, muvatano, uye mamwe mativi.

Kugumisa Rusarurano rweHurumende

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) zvichida chisarudzo chakakurumbira zvikurusa chekodzero dzavagari vemo. Dare rakazivisa nokubvumirana kuti zvikoro zvakaparadzaniswa zvakanga zviri "zvisingaenzaniswi" uye zvakaputsa nheyo yeSangano reNyidzo yaClaus. Kuchinja "inopesana" dzidziso kubva [[FLT:] P [FLT]. Ferguson [1866] [186], kutonga kwaibviswa de jurecration ndokuisa nheyo yekodzero dzavagari vemo. Dare rakaita chigadziko mu [2] [195]] [195] nenhungamiro kudzorose "kudzorwa kwamadokero ose" makore anodzorwa, Novhomberi anoparira kudzosa.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Nevanhu Vane Chivi uye Kupindirana

Mu United States v. Virginia (1996), Dare Gurusa rakakurira kubvumira system yeVirginia Military Institute. Dare rakataura kuti rinofanira kugovera kuti "kunyengetedza kukuru" nokuda kwemipimo yevatano. Uku kunzvera kwakawedzera / kunosashandiswa zvikuru sedzinza(kune zera rakaenzana nerechirume munharaunda dzakafanana nedzidzo, basa, uye basa rehondo. Pakuvamba, Craig v. Boren yakatanga kunzvera kwapakati pevhuro nokuda kwoukwa.[7]

  • Lovang v. Virginia (1967): Mitemo yehurumende yakaregeredzwa inorambidza roorano yamarudzi.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kuziva roorano yevatano yakafanana muChiitiko chapanguva napakudzivirira Claus kwakaenzana.
  • Vadzidzi veFair Adgings v. Harvard [2023]: Kubvuma kwapamhene kwedzinza kwakaganhurirwa mudzidzo yapamusoro.

Kodzero Yokuva Woga

Kunyange zvazvo isingataurwi zvakajeka muBumbiro Remitemo, Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvuma kodzero yokuva voga inodzivirira zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga pamusoro pemhuri, roorano, uye kuzvitonga kwomuviri.

Kodzero Dzomubereko Nerusununguko

Mu Roe v. Wade [773]), Dare rakawana kuti maruramiro okuvandika anobatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri. Chisarudzo chacho chakavakirwa paGuer Procession Clause ye 1450 Amendment. Kwaanenge makore 50, Roe akadzivirira kubvisa mimba munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo yakabvumirawo hurumende kudzora kubvisa mimba pashure pokushanda. Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization yeVakadzi [[FLT:] [202], Dare rinotonga Rod, kubvisa mimba kudzokera kukutaura. Mumagariro pamusoro pezvigaro nenyama zvinopfuungira.

Kushandisa Mishonga Yemarara uye Zvisarudzo Zvepedyo

Mu Griswold v. Connecticut (65), Dare rakamisa mutemo unorambidza kushandiswa kwezvinodzivisa kubata pamuviri pakati pavaroorani. Mutongi Douglas akataura zvakakurumbira kuti Bill of Rights inoumba "penumbras" kuumba nzvimbo yakavanzika. Iyi mhaka yakagadzirira nzira yomufambiro wakavanzika wapashure. LAWREnce v. Texas[FLT] [2003] [2003], Dare rinotambanurira dziviriro kumufambiro mumwe chetewo wedzero. Kudzivirira mufambiro wapakuvamba [FLT].BBBB] v[fFFFF]

Kodzero Yokutamba

Kufambisa mari ikodzero inokosha, asi zviitiko zvezviratidzo zvakarambidzwa munhau.

Munhu Mumwe, Munhu Mumwe

Mu Reynolds v. Sims (1964), Dare rapamusoro-soro rakataura kuti maruwa emitemo anofanira kuva akaenzana muvagari vemo muPureziyo yePurection Claus. Uyu "munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe" akabvisa nheyo yakakomba iyo yakapa nzvimbo dzomumaruwa simba gurusa. Chisarudzo chakamanikidzirwa kukwevazve maruwa makore gumi ari ose akavakirwa pamipimo yemifungo yokuverengwa kwavanhu.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu uye Kupa Vanhu Ropa

Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota, uye Shelby County v. Horer (2013) yakarova gadziriro inokosha inoda nyika dzakati kuti dziwane tendero yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Dare rakataura kuti mutemo wokubhadharira wave wechinyakare. Iyi chisarudzo chakatungamirira kukukura kweganhuriro itsva dzevhoti mune dzimwe nyika, kunyandura kurongwa kupfuurira pamusoro pemitemo yevhoti yeiota, nzvimbo inovhotera, uye gerrymerdering.

  • Harper v. Virginia Board of Evotions (1966): Mitero yokushatisa haiwirirani.
  • Bhush v. Gore [2000]: yakagumisa rondedzero yeFlorida musarudzo yapurezidhendi, ichisimbisa basa redziviriro yakaenzana mukuverenga vhoti.

Muitiro Wakafanira: Ururami Muutsotsi Nefambiro Mhosva Yavagari Vemo

Gadziriro Yechishanu neYechina inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira — miitiro yehurumende isati yatorera mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu.

Nyevero dzeMiranda Nokuzvishora

Mu Mira v. Arizona (1966), Dare raida kuti mapurisa azivise vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo kuti varambe vakanyarara uye kuti vave negweta paripo pabvunzurudzo yekodzero yokupa. Chisarudzo chakanangidzirwa kudzivirira kodzero yeFindmer Amendment pakuzvipa mhosva. Zvino mhevedzo ye" yava mapurisa, kunyange zvazvo Dare rakabvumira kudzivirira njodzi yavose uye kubvunza kutete.

Kuzvipira Kwevagari Vemo Nedziviriro Dzomusikirwo

Muitiro wakafanira unoshandawo mumigariro yavagari vemo. Mu Addington v. Texas [1997], Dare rakatonga kuti kuzvipira kwehurumende nokuda kwechirwere chendangariro kunoda ufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa, mupimo wakakwirira kupfuura vhudzi. Mu Goldberg v. Kelly [1970]), Dare rakati vagamuchiri vegari veyamuga vanopiwa vane kodzero yokunzwa pachena pamberi pokupera kwemibayiro. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidza kuti muitiro wakafanira hausati uri bedzi weva vatsorori vemhosva.

Mugumisiro: Kodzero Manyoro

Zviitiko zvemachaja zvinoita zvakawanda kupfuura kusarudza kusawirirana kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe; zvinotsanangura uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinowedzera revo yamaruramiro emunhu ari wose. Kubva pakutaura kwakasununguka muzvikoro kusvikira kuusiri wakavanzika munguva yemitengo, nheyo dzakatangwa muidzi mirau dzinopfuurira kuumba mutemo weAmerica. Nepo pasina maruramiro akakwana, basa rejaji rekudzivirira rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo rinoramba riri madikanwa. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinoitika zvinopa simba vagari vemo simba rokuzvitsigira vamene ndokuziva apo kodzero dzavo dziri mungozi. Sangano itsva nedenho dzenzanga dzichabvunzwazve kurondedzera miganhuro yorusununguko. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvenguva yakapfuura zvinogovera nheyo, asi basa rokuchengeta kodzero hazvitongokwaniswi.

nokuda kwokuravirwazve pamutemo webumbiro remitemo, Bumbiro reMitemo reNyika [ inogovera zviteshi zvakaisvonaka, uye [ ] Hurumende dzeAmericani KwinjizaNUNIT Union[[[FLT:]] zvinyorwa zvekodzero dzinopfuurira.