Kushandisa mitemo isimba rinosunda kuchinja kwenzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika, asi kubudirira kwayo kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pakunzwisisa pamutemo mhoteredzo. Mutemo unogovera gadziriro yekodzero nemitoro izvo mushingairi ari wose anofanira kushandisa. Nepo mirau yakananga ichisiana zvikuru kupfurikidza norusununguko rwokutaura, kuungana, uye muitiro wakafanira unoita musimboti wedziviriro dzapamutemo munzanga dzehurumende yehurumende. Kunzwisisa zvakakwana izvo mutemo unobvumira jeko ($ems) uye zvinodzivisa vatsigirisi kuti vashande nechivimbo, kuderedza ngozi, uye kuvaka masangano anoramba. Iyi nhungamiro inonzvera mifungo mikuru yemitemo iyo inoita chiito uye inogovera mapurakiti omugwagwa kuti uzvidzivirire umene uye chisakiso chako mukati meno yomutemo.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokutaura: Nheyo Yapamutemo

Manyuko Enyika Yose Nemitemo

Kodzero yokutaura kusabvumirana ikokusikirwa kwehwaro hwechiito chedemocracy. Zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose, zvakadai se International and Political Community on na Political Rights (ICCPR), izvo zvakatenderwa nenyika dzinopfuura 170, zvinodzivirira zvakajeka kodzero yokuti "va nemirangariro pasina kudzorwa" uye "rusununguko rwokutaura." iyi zvivako zvemarudzi ose zvinogovera mubatanidzwa wetsika. Mitezo yeruwa, kufanana neEuropean Convention on Human Rights and American Convention on Human Rights Agements, inosimbisa iyi mipimo inosungi yapamutemo inosungirwa pamapoka enyika.

MuGermany, Chikamu 5 cheMutemo weSicial Law chinovimbisa kodzero yokutaura nokuparadzira pfungwa. Kunzwisisa kwakananga kodzero dzako ndiko nhano yokutanga yokudziita kuti dzibudirire. Iyi dziviriro haisati iri yokudzoresa rusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kodzero yokuungana murugare asi inowanzogovera dziviriro dzakasimba dzekutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uko kunopiwa mwero mukurusa wokuongorora dare.

Kutaura Kusingadzivirirwi

Kunyange zvazvo mutemo uchidzivirira kutaura kwakafara, mamwe marudzi ekutaura anodzivirirwa nemitemo. Kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kutaura kwokufananidzira (kufanana nomureza kana kuti kupfeka maoko), uye mipiro yekurukurirano yavose inofarikanya rusununguko rukurusa. Zvisinei, kutaura kunoumba kunyandura kwakananga kumasimba masimba, kusvibiswa kwomunhu, kushatiswa, kana kuti tyisidziro dzechokwadi hazviwanzodzivirirwa. Mutsetse pakati pokuramba kwakasimba kana kuti kunyandura kusiri kwapamutemo musiyano wapamutemo wakakomba.

Mitemo yemashoko yoruvengo inosiana zvikuru. MuUnited States, kutaura kworuvengo kunodzivirirwa zvikuru kutoti kwaipfuura kuvhundukira kunetswa kana kuti kunyandura. Mumarudzi akawanda eEurope, mitemo inodzora ruvengo, kubatanidza kuramba Rukudzo kana kuti kuzvidza rudzi, inoganhurira zvikuru. Vashandi vanoshanda munyika yose vanofanira kuva vanoziva zvikuru misiyano iyi. MUSAYERAMU nePRONGWA YECUN on Hate Spect inogovera gadziriro inotungamirira, asi mibato yomunzvimbomo inochinja.

Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu

Kodzero yokutaura norusununguko haingoerekani yapa kodzero yokuzviratidzira umene munzvimbo ipi neipi panguva ipi neipi. Hurumende dzinobvumirwa kuisa ganhuriro dze “nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo" pakutaura negungano. Idzi ganhuriro dzinofanira kuva dzinogutswa nedzakasiana, dzakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro inokosha yehurumende, uye dzinosiya mikoto yakazaruka inotsiva nokuda kwekurukurirano.

Somuenzaniso, guta ringada mvumo yokufamba kukuru kuti ritarisire kufamba nokuchengeteka kwavanhu. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobvumirwa kana muitiro webvumidzo usingasaruri wakavakirwa pazviri mukati meshoko.

Kudzivirirwa Kwapamutemo Pamakwikwi Nokuratidzira

Kugadzirira, Kubvumidza, uye Kuronga

Gadziriro yapamutemo chinodikanwa pamberi pechiito chipi nechipi chavose. Kunzwisisa kana mvumo inodikanwa nokuda kwomubato wakati(nzi kufamba, musangano wenzvimbo, kana kuti projekiti inotsiva(inokosha) kudzivisa mvumo dzisiri madikanwa nokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Masangano mazhinji ane mirau yakananga inoonesa zvinodikanwa. Kana regin inodikanwa, iva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro wokushandisa unova wakajeka uye hauna kusarura.

Kuronga kunobatanidzawo kurondedzera zvakajeka mabasa avatori rutivi. Masangano akarovedzwa mukubvisa maruramiro emitemo anogona kudzivisa zvinoitika zviduku kuwedzera kuva kusungwa kukuru. Chikwata chetsigiro yapamutemo, chakanyatsobatanidzwa nenhamba inopisa yakanyorwa pamaoko kana kuti papepa, chinogona kugovera nhungamiro yapakarepo kana vatori rutivi vakachengetwa. ACLU's Know Know Leaders Your Rights for assss [[[[FLT: 1]] ipfundo rakaisvonaka rokutanga nokuda kwokuita gadziriro yekotsekano yapamutemo.

Kodzero Yokuchengeta Nokusimbisa Mutemo Wakanyorwa

Rimwe rematurusi anobudirira zvikuru okuzvidavirira kwemapurisa ikodzero yokunyora mashoko anotaurwa nevanhu.Matare ari munzvimbo dzakawanda akasimbisa kuti kodzero yokuunganidza mashoko pamusoro pevakuru vakuru vehurumende inosanganisira kutepfenyura mutemo munzvimbo dzinoonekwa nevanhu.

Vaiti vemitambo vanofanira kunzwisisa mifungo yomunzvimbomo yeichi rudyi. Zvikurukuru, unogona kunyora chinhu chipi nechipi mumurangariro wakajeka. Zvisinei, kudzongonyedza namabasa amapurisa kana kuti kuputsa mitemo kupfurikidza nokurekodha kurukurirano dzavanhu pasina kubvumirana kunogona kuparira kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo. Kuchenjera kubudisa pachena uye zvakajeka donzo rako kana ukabvunzwa. Komiti yeRusununguko rwePress inochengeta nhungamiro yakakwirira yesangano rerudyi kunyora mapurisa muUnited States, iyo inobatira somuenzaniso unobetsera nokuda kwemimwe nheyo dzakafanana munyika.

Kupindirana Nemapurisa uye Kunzwisisa Zvaunoda

Paunenge uchiwirirana nemitemo inorambidza kukwikwidza, mabasa epamutemo chaiwo anoshanda. Mumatare akawanda, une kodzero yokuramba kunyarara uye kodzero yokuramba kubvuma kuongororwa. Nenzira yorurimi asi zvakasimba uchitaura kuti: "Ndiri kushandisa kodzero yangu yokuramba ndakanyarara" kana kuti "Handibvumiri kutsvakwa" inogona kudzivirira fariro dzako dzepamutemo pasina kuwedzera mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kunokosha kuziva kuti kukundikana kuparadzira apo kurairwa pamutemo kuita kudaro kunogona kuva mhaka youtsotsi, kunyange kana gungano rakatanga riine rugare. Kana murairo usati uri wapamutemo ukapiwa, vatori rutivi vanofanira kuyera ngozi yapakarepo yapamutemo yokuramba vasingadi kuterera kwavagari vemo. Kusateerera kwapamberi pekurongwa, uko vatori rutivi vanobvuma nokuziva miuyo yapamutemo, inzira yakasanosimudzirwa yakaita chinjo huru yenzanga. Kuva vazvipiri vapa pamutemo vaparidzi vamasangano se Lavicals Guid

Kuongorora Madhigirii: Kodzero Nengozi Dzacho paIndaneti

Kodzero Yokutaura Zvisingazivikanwi

Intanevhi yazova nhandare huru yezviito. Kodzero yokutaura paIndaneti isingazivikanwi inodzivirirwa nematare muhurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu sechinhu chinokosha chokutaura kwakasununguka. Anonymatics anobvumira vashinganyi kukurukura misoro inotapurika, kuronga zvinoitika, uye kutsoropodza fariro dzine simba pasina kutya kutsiva. REctronic Foundation (EFF)[FL:1] rave riri inzwi rakatanhamara mukudzivirira urwu rudyi.

Iyi dziviriro haisati iri yakakwana. Kuchengetedzwa kwomutemo kunogona kazhinji kazhinji kumanikidza vatarisiri vemitemo yeInternet kuzivisa zivikanwo yomukurukuri asingazivikanwi kupfurikidza nokuwana murairo wedare wapamutemo kana kuti dare. Mipimo yapamutemo nokuda kwezvikumbiro izvozvi inosiana, asi inowanzoda kuratidza kuti kutaura kwacho hakuna pamutemo kana kuti kunokosha kukutaura kwapamutemo kwapamutemo. Vateshi vanofanira kuziva kuti tsoka dzavo dzemichina dzinobuda namashoko dzinovandika dzinosiya nzira. Kushandisa kurukurirano dzakavanzika uye zvishandiso zvinopa magetsi zvakafanana naTor kana kuti maFilish kunogona kuwedzera ruvaramende rwedziviriro, asi hapana gadziriro yenhema inodzivisa pamutemo muvengi akatsunga.

Kuvanza Mashoko Nokunyora Sezvishandiso Zvokushandisa Kutevedzera Mutemo

Nokuda kwavatsigiri vanoshanda panhau dzinotapura mamiriro ezvinhu . zvakadai sekodzero dzavanhu, kurira mhete, kana kuti ruramisiro yokubereka `kudzivirira kwemadhigineti kwakaenzana nekotsekano yomunhu oga. Kunyora mashoko ichinhu chakasimba zvikurusa chinowanika kudzivirira kurukurirano pakusangana. End-end-te ne Impera yemashoko enziyo dzeChiratidzo anopa mwero wakakwirira wechivande. Mitemo inoraira kana kuti kuderedza kunyora mashoko okunyora pafoni inoparira tyisidziro yakananga kukuchengeteka kwevatori venhau navatsigiriri munyika yose.

Mitemo yakavanzika yakadai seGDPR muEurope kana kuti mitemo yenzvimbo yakavanzika yehurumende muUS, inopawo dziviriro. Iyi mitemo inopa vanhu kodzero pamusoro pemitengo yavo yomunhu oga. Vashandi vemitemo vanogona kukumbira kuti zviteshi zvemasangano enhau dzenzanga kana kuti mapepa adzorerwe kana kuti mazita anenge aunganidzwa pamusoro pazvo. Kunzwisisa nzira yokushandisa nayo kodzero idzi rutivi runokosha zvikuru rwenzira yokudzivirira yapamutemo yakakwana. Kupfuurirazve, kuchengeteka kwekudzora shoko rokuti udirego nokusimbisa kuisa shoko riyi pamutemo imipimo inokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira nhau dzesangano.

Mabudiro Nemwero Yezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Zvisinei, zvikuva izvi masangano evanhu voga uye hazviwanzodzorwa nemitemo yemitemo yokutaura yakasununguka. Chikuva chinogona kubvisa zviri mukati, kumisa maakaundi, kana kuti kurambidza vanoshandisa basa racho kuti vaputse mitemo yacho, kunyange kana zvirimo zviri pamutemo.

Ikoku kunoparira mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma apamutemo neakanaka. Kuisa misengwa mitsva pamapuraitiki makuru kuti aone ngozi dzechikuva nokuona zviri pachena inzvimbo iri kukura yemitemo. Dare reEuropean Union's Digitaril Servicess Act (DSA) rinoisa misengwa mitsva pamapuraneti makuru kuti rione ngozi uye kuderedza mamiriro ezvinhu, kubatanidza ngozi kurusununguko rwokutaura. Vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kuzvibatanidza vamene nemiitiro yokukumbira yezviteshinamu zvikuru uye kuziva nzira yokuwana nayo mashoko pamberi penhauro yakaiswa. Zvinetsoro zvemitemo zvokuongorora zviri kuva zvinozivikanwa zvikuru uye zvinogadziridza nguva yemberi yemashandiro anoshandisa kombiyuta.

Kurova Kwakakomba uye Kushanda

Dziviriro Nokuda Kwavapfuri Vamahwanda

Vapfuri vanoita basa rakasiyana uye rakakwirira mukufumura chakaipa. Dziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwavaridzi verimba dzinosiyana zvikuru, asi nyika dzakawanda dzine mitemo inodzivirira vashandi pakutsiva nokuda kwokushuma basa risiri rapamutemo, kubiridzira, kana kuti kuputswa kwedziviriro. Idzi dziviriro kazhinji kazhinji dzinoda mupfuri werimwe kuva nechitendero chine mufungo chokuti mashoko anoshumwa ufakazi hwokuputswa uye kuashuma kupfurikidza nemikoto yakati, yakadai sechishandiso chehurumende chinopisa kana kuti chishandiso chehurumende.

Varidzi veriyi vechengeteko verudzi vanotarisana zvikuru nenzvimbo dzepamutemo dzakaoma zvikuru. Kuzivisa mashoko akaganhurirwa kazhinji kazhinji kunotakura zvirango zvakakomba zvoutsotsi, kunyange kana kuzivisa kwacho kuchibatira fariro yavose. Kunzwisisa musiano pakati pokuridza khwero kwapamutemo nokuburitsa kusina mvumo kwakakomba. Masangano akafanana ne Governation Accouncial Project [[[FLL:1]]] Anogovera tsigiro yapamutemo nearatime nokuda kwokupfura.

Kuzvipira Kubasa

Kuvashandi vepachikamu chehurumende muUnited States, Vashandi vanogona kutokudzinga pamutemo nokuda kwokutaura kwako zvematongerwe enyika kutoti kutaura ikoko kwadzivirirwa nomutemo wakananga, wakadai seNational Labor Relations Act, unodzivirira kodzero yokuita basa rakabatanidzwa nokuda kwokuyamurana kana kuti kudzivirirana.

Vashandi vehurumende, kune rumwe rutivi, vanofarikanya dziviriro huru zvikuru. Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rakati vashandi vehurumende havagoni kudzingwa nokuda kwokutaura panhau dzeitiro hanya yavose, chero bedzi kutaura kwacho kusingadzongonyedzi nzvimbo yebasa. Nheyo dzakafanana dzinoshanda mudzimwe nyika, kunyange zvazvo nzvero dzapamutemo dzakafanana. Varwi vanofanira kurangarira kuvapo kwavo kwesociation; posveti yakashata kana kuti inovavarira nguva inogona kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kushandiswa sezvikonzero zvokudzingwa basa, zvikurukuru kana ichiratidza mukurumbira womushandirwi kana kuti kuputsa muitiro wakajeka.

Kudzivisa Ngozi: Kurevererwa Kwapamutemo Nokutarisirwa Kwengozi

Kunyengera Kwoutsotsi Nedziviriro

Vanoita zvechikwata vanogona kutarisana nemhosva dzezviito zvinoitirwa vanhu panguva yokuramba.Kupomera kunowanzobatanidza kusazvibata, kudarika mutemo, kudzivisa kusungwa, uye kukundikana kuparadzira.

Kuzvidzivirira kwakanakisisa kugadzirira. Kuziva zvinhu chaizvo zvinobvira kupomera kunogona kubetsera vashingairi kudzivisa kuyambuka mitsetse yepamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kunzwisisa chinoumba "roo" pasi pomutemo womunzvimbomo (kazhinji kazhinji kunoda boka roukuru hwakati rinoita nevavariro yakafanana yokuita masimba masimba(inokosha). Kusateerera kwevagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza ngozi inoverengerwa yokusungwa nokuda kwepomero chaiyo (sekuvhara mugwagwa), asi kuziva chirango chinobvira kunokosha.

Mitemo Yechitsotsi Netsigiro Yokunyama

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvapamutemo zvine simba zvikurusa zvinorwisana nekuita zviito zvakarongwa ipomero yerangano. Mitemo yakaparirwa inogona kuranga chibvumirano pakati pavanhu vaviri kana kuti vakawanda kuti vape mhaka. Ikoku kunogona kuita kuti misangano yetsika yokuronga kana vachuchisi vachigona kutaura kuvapo kwebvumirano youtsotsi. Vacherekedzi vemitemo vanonyevera kuti pomero dzechirongwa dzinogona kushandiswa kutyisa songaniro yapamutemo kupfurikidza nokuita mhoteredzo yenyumwiro.

Munyika dzakawanda, "tsigiro yokunyama" inoita utsotsi kugovera zviwanikwa(kubatanidza mari, rovedzo, kana kuti midziyo) . yakarongwa semapoka amagandanga. Iyi mitemo inogona kuva netapuro inotyisa pabasa romutsa nekodzero dzavanhu. maruramiro eHuman Watch Q& A on Counter Corbinosticism and Human Rights [[FLT: 1] inodudza tsinhirano yakaoma pakati pechengeteko yorudzi nechiito chapamutemo. Activrivs inoshanda panhau dzamarudzi ose anofanira kuita basa guru rakafanira kuti adzivise kudzorwa kwapamutemo neiyi mitemo.

Kuronga Zvakanaka Kunoita Kuti Pave Nengozi

Kutarisira njodzi kunoshanda inzira yapamutemo. Ikoku kunobatanidza: [[[FLT: 0]

  • [FLT]][FLT]] . Kuva nenyanzvi dzakarovedzwa dzokunyora basa ramapurisa kugona kugovera chinyorwa chakakomba.[[FLT:] [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT:][F:] Jail Super Source:[[[FLT:]][FFF:7]] Kugadza mazaimariro ekurumidziro, kuunganidza mari yechamuchipo yebhero, uye kuziva miitiro yokusungwa kunoderedza njodzi.[FFFFF:8] [FF:] [FF:] [FF:]

    Kuwana Zviwanikwa Zvepamutemo Negadziriro Dzetsigiro

    Zvirongwa zveBono Nezvemari

    Chirongwa chakasimba chiripo kutsigira zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo. Masangano erusununguko rwavagari vemo, akadai se ALU, Amnesty International[[, uye [[FLT] National Lawyers Guild, kazhinji kazhinji anogovera mativi epamutemo ezvishandiso zvakakwirira kana kuti agovera matare ezvokuwana. Maguta akawanda ane zvipatara zvakananga zvakananga pakodzero nekodzero dzemapurisa.

    Mari iyi yave kudiwa chaizvo nemasangano anobatsirana anenge aripo iye zvino.

    Michina Yekodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

    Apo gadziriro dzapamutemo dzomumba dzinokundikana kugovera dziviriro yakakwana, vashingairi vanogona kutendeukira kumasangano amarudzi ose. Dare reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose rinorangarira kunyunyuta kunobva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe vanoshora kuputswa kweICCPR. Mitumbi yeruwa yakadai seInter-American Commission on Human Rights kana kuti European Court of Human Rights inopawo miitiro yokunyunyuta yapamutemo. Nepo iyi miitiro inogona kuva inononoka, inogovera nzira inokosha yokuzvidavirira uye inogona kuparira dzvinyiriro huru pahurumende.

    Iyi mitoo yamarudzi ose inoda kuti mishonga yomumba itange kupera. Iyo haisati iri chishandiso chokutanga asi chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwenhambo refu yapamutemo. Masangano akafanana First Reficurers uye Freegation Watch[[FLT:] Rightss] inogovera pfuma neadvoccoracy nokuda kwevatsigiri mumigariro yakakwirira, ichibetsera kuunza ngwariro yamarudzi ose kurwisano dzomunzvimbomo dzapamutemo.

    mhedziso

    Zivo yapamutemo irudzi rwesimba. Apo vanorwira vanonzwisisa miganhu chaiyoiyo yekodzero dzavo nemitoro, vanowana chivimbo chokuita nenzira yakasimba uye uchenjeri hwokudzivisa ngozi dzisiri madikanwa. Mutemo hauna kumira; unochinja nomukurwisa kumene kunouumba. Kupfurikidza nokushanda nenzira inoshanda mutsika yemitemo, nepo vachishandawo kusundira miganhu yawo kururamisiro huru zvikuru, vanosimudzira vanogona kuumba masangano akasimba anokwanisa kuita chinjo isingagumi. Sangano rakasanoumbwa harina kukuvakwa bedzi rakakotsekana asi rinobudirira zvikuru, rinoshandura zivo yapamutemo kuva hwaro nokuda kwechiito.