Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinomira somutemo mukurusa wenyika, kugadza gadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica uye kuronga maruramiro nerusununguko zvevagari vemo vose. Chinosimbiswa muna 1788 nakanatswa kamakumi maviri nenomwe, ichi chinyorwa chipenyu chakaumba nzvimbo yenyika yepamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika kwemazana maviri. Kuti vagari vemo vatsikidzwe nenzira ine revo mukuita matomuro, vanofanira kunzwisisa ganhuriro dzakananga dzorusununguko rwavo, simba rehurumende, uye kuvimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Iyi nhungamiro yakura yakaumba mamiriro ezvinhu evhuro evhu nerevoruzhinji muAmerica inofanira kuziva, mavambo avo enhau, kududzira kwedare guru, uye kushanda kwavo kunopfuurira munzanga yazvino uno.

Bhili Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Gumi Kwokutanga

Bill of Rights, inoumbwa nedzosero gumi dzokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo, yakatenderwa pana December 15, 1791. Iyi gadziridzo yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuitiro hanya dzeAnti-Federast panguva yekurukurirano dzeRegiontion, inosimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga ichangobva kuumbwa yaisazodzvinyirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Nepo Bill of Rights yakatanga kushanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, Id Procession ye145th Reformation's Claus yakazoita kuti dziviriro dzayo dzakawanda zvikurusa dzinomanikidzirwa kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nomuitiro unozivikanwa sedzingatengwa. Pasi apa iko idzo dzorudzo dzomugariro mukurusa mukati medzero.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Musara Werusununguko Rwokuratidzira

Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment inorambidza kuita Congress ipi neipi "inoremekedza kutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwechinobudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu kuungana norugare, uye kukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo. Iyi dziviriro imwe inodzivirira rusununguko rwakasiana: rudzidziso, kutaura, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira idzi dziviriro dzakafara, bva havana kutongokwaniri. Nhau dzenyika dzakadai se [[FLT:]. United States[FLFL:1] [12], anodzivirira, (1919]) nemhaka yokuti anobvumira ganhuriroka yazvinoparira njodzi kuti zvisavapo. [4]

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Kodzero Yokuchengeta Nokutakura Zvombo

Dare reChipiri reMillitia rinozivisa kuti, "Ichi chisakafanira kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa. Kuzhinji kwenhau yeAmerica, iyi gadziriro yakarondedzerwa seyaidzivirira maruramiro akabatana ebato. Asi, mu [[FLT]] Detation of Columbia v. [FLT] [2001] [200] [200], Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kodzero yomunhu yokuva nepfuti yepfuti nokuda kwechipfuramu mukati momusha. Makore maviri gare gare gare gare gare, [[FLT:]] [v] Donald.[FON [FOLD] [FLT] [FLT] [200] [] [200] [i] [i] [i] [inenge]) yakabatanidza kuti kumativi ose enhau.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Nokunyepedzera

Gemende yeChina inodzivirira "kodzero yavanhu kuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha" uye inoda kuti zvibvumikiso zvipiwe bedzi painobvira. Uku kugadziriswa kunobatira sechinhu chehwaro hwekodzero dzakavanzika uye kuganhura kukwanisa kurovererwa kwemitemo kuvhotera mumirarami yavagari vemo. Kududzirwa kwakakomba kunobatanidza [[FLT:] Mapp v. Ohio[ [1961], uko kwakatanga mutemo wokubvisa tsvina (161), wakawana kuputirwa mukuputswa kweGene Demendementation Remplicement hakugoni kushandiswa mudare remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. [FLT:] v.[FLT][FLT] [FLT] [FFFF:] [3] [2011]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera Nokuzvipopotedza

Findre Amendment ine dziviriro dzinoverengeka dzinokosha: maruramiro okupa mhaka kupfurikidza nedare guru rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, maruramiro okuramba kuzviparadzanisa, uye vimbiso yokuti hakuna munhu acha "nyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Chiratidzo chako chimene chinozvipa chiremera ndicho manyuko enyevero yakakurumbira "Mirda," yakatangwa mu Manda v. Arizona[FLT:] (66), inoda mapurisa kuzivisa maruramiro avo orudyi kuti varambe vakanyarara uye kuva nomutongi aripo mukati mvumo mukati mokubvunzurudzwa kwavo. Gaslaundiro rinofanirawo kuiswa mukuita kuti izvi zvizivike kudzivirira utsotsi zvose zveutsotsi, zvinoda kusava kutendeka kutendeka kutendeka kwehurumende uye kutendeka kupfurikidza nokusasarura.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka

Dare reSingth Amendment rinovimbisa mupomerwi maruramiro kukutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwokusarura, vatongi vasingasaruri, chiziviso chepomero, kupesana kwezvapupu, muitiro wokugombedzerwa kuwana zvapupu, uye betsero yezano. Imwe yedudziro dzazvino uno dzinoisvokosa yakauya mu [ Gideon v. Wainwright [1963], iyo yaidavira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuti mutezo unoparira murovereri mutongo mumipomendi. Gare gare gare, [FLT:] Argumerserver v.[FLT] ] [6]] [6] [62]2] [62] [2]

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

, urongwa uhwu hwakashandiswa kudenha chirango chorufu nemigariro yejeri. Mu Furman v. Georgia[[[FLT]][[FLT]] [77]], Dare guru rakamisa jambwa remari, rikawana kuti kushandisirwa kwaro kwakareruka kwakaitwa noutsinye uye chirango chechienzi. Mu [[FLT:] Grojia , [[FLT]][3], yakabvumira chirango chorufu pasi penhungamiro dzakahwirudzwa. Nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, Dare rinopfiga kuuraya vanhu vakangwara ([FFT:]]].[5]] kubvisa chirango chacho nechamunyuko.[FLT]][FF]]]

Kuchinja Kunokosha Kunopfuura Bhizi Rekodzero

Nepo Bill of Rights ichiumba musimboti werusununguko rweAmerica, kugadziridzwa kunoverengeka kwakatevera kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa kodzero dzougari hwemo nedziviriro dzokuvhota. Kugadziridza uku kunoratidza kurwisa kunopfuurira kwerudzi kuti ruzadzise mirangariro yarwo yakavambwa yokuenzana neruramisiro.

Kuchinja Kwechi13 (1865): Kubviswa Kwouranda

Mutezo weHwechi 13 weFizirefu wakabvisa nokusingaperi uranda nouranda mukati meUnited States, kunze kwokuva chirango nokuda kwemhosva. Wakasimbiswa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, wakaratidzira nguva yakashata munhau yeAmerica. Zvisinei, kugadziriswa kwemashoko okunze kwechidimbu (kubvumira uranda hwokusazvidira sechirango nokuda kwemhosva), wakashandiswa kupfuudzira zvimiro zvebasa rokumanikidzirwa mumajeri, nhau yokuchinja kwemazuva ano. Pasinei zvapo neganhuriro dzayo, Hurumende ye13th Amendment inomirira musengwa worusununguko rwomunhu uye inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba mukurwisa kutengesa vanhu nouranda hwazvino uno.

Wegumi Negumi (1868): Kuberekwa Wakakwana Nodziviriro Yakaenzana

Chinjo ye14th Amendment ndiimwe yedzisimudzo dzinokosha zvikurusa nedzinoiswa pasi. Chisarudzo chayo chougarisa chinopa kuva mugari wemo chisingafungidziri kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States uye pasi poudzori hwayo, kuputsa Dare Gurusa renhau nedombo rakashata [ Dred Scott v. Sandford[ [18]] [185] [18], 2015]. Kudzivirira kwaClassiste kunoda kubata vanhu vose pasi pomutemo uye kudzivirira kodzero dzedzinza zvakashandiswa ([FFOR.5]][4],[5],[5],[5], kusimbisa , "[FFFF], kudzivirira , "[5], "[5]], uye kudzivirira maruramiro echipotomugo, kupfurikidza na kutsigira pamutemo.[FF], zvinotsigira , zvinonziromedzerome, zvinotsigira , kana kuti: "f]

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nezvishanu (1870): Kutsigira Rusaruraganda

Hurumende ye15 yeFirence Construction inorambidza hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota mugari wemo yakavakirwa pa "dzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda." Pasinei zvapo neiyi revombiso yakajeka, nyika dzokumaodzanyemba dzakashandisa mitero yenzvero, kunzvera kurava nokunyora, uye tyisidziro yamasimba masimba kubvisa vavhoti veAfrica yeAmerica kwerinodokusvika zana rimwe ramakore. Voting Rights Act ya195959d justiced Developerment ichokwadi. Chiratiso chamagement chinopfuurira munharo chazvino uno pamusoro pemitekotsi yematoota, fenfrancementancement.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechipfumbamwe (1920): Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Demendi rechi19 rinovimbisa maruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavakadzi vose veAmerica, richitaura kuti maruramiro "haasati achizorambwa kana kuti kuvharwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano. Kusimbiswa pashure pamakumi amakore okuvamba kwavakadzi neboka ravakadzi, iyi gadziridzo haina kukurumidza kudzora vakadzi vose mamiriro ezvinhu okusasarura achingodzivisa miitiro mizhinji yamaIndia eAmerica, Asian America, uye vaAmerica kusvikira kumutemo wetsika mukuru weAfrica. Kunyanguvezvo, Pendementendiceth Amendment inomira setement yesimba rokuronga midzi inogadzira noushambishi.

Amakumi maviri neFour Amendment (1964): Kubviswa Kwemitero Inotengwa Netsika

Chibvumirano Chamakumi maviri neFourth Amendment chairambidza kushandiswa kwemitero yokuvhota muvhoti dzehurumende. Mitero yokuvhota yakanga yave iri chishandiso chikuru chokudzvinyirira vavhoti vakaderera, zvikurukuru vaAmerica veAfrica muSouth. Kunyange zvazvo Amakumi maviri neFourth Amendment yakabatira bedzi kusarudza kwehurumende, Dare Gurusabheti gare gare gare rakaitirwa Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions[ [1966] Mitero inovhotera muhurumende inoputsa dziviriro yeSangano yeSangano yeH

Kupera kweMitemo 20 (1997): Kuderedza Nguva Yokuita Zvokudya Kusvika Ku 18

Kupindura chibvumikiso chokuti avo vakura zvakakwana kunyoreswa nokuda kwebasa rehondo vanofanira kuva nekodzero yokuvhota, Amakumi maviri neSixth Amendment yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvikira ku 18 muhurumende yose, hurumende, uye vvurutsiro dzomunzvimbomo. Kusimbiswa mumwedzi mitatu chete.) Kuitwa kwokukurumidza zvikurusa munhau .It yakakudza kuvhota kusvikira kumamirioni avaduku veAmerica. Nhasi, uku kugadziridzwa kunopfuurira kupfuudzira kurukurirano pamusoro pekuvimbisana kwepwere nedzidzo yehurumende muzvikoro.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Mukududzira Kodzero Dzebumbiro remitemo

Kunzwisisa kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunodawo kuziva kuti revo yavo inoshanduka kupfurikidza nokududzira kwedare. Dare Gurusa rinobatira somupinyi wokupedzisira weBumbiro remitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvaro zvinoumba kushanda kunoshanda kwekodzero dzose. Somuenzaniso, rusununguko rweFirst Amendment rwokutaura zvino runofukidza kutaura kweInternet uye mari sekutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo kudzivirira kweGaramendement yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo kunotambanukira kumashoko etsika nemhiko. Vagari vanofanira kutevera mitemo inokosha nemhaka yokuti vanotapura zvakananga kodzero dzezuva nezuva kuvhotera kuti vaonere voga voga. Kuvhotera basa rechidiary zvinobetsera demy esungai kuita kuti kodzero dzemitemo dzishandure nguva nenguva isati yapfuura.

Nzira Yokuramba Uchidzidziswa uye Uchipa Nayo Kodzero Dzako

Kuziva kuti zvinhu zvagadziridzwa inhano yokutanga bedzi; kuvimbisana kwokushingaira kunosimbisa kodzero idzi kuti dzinoramba dzakadzivirirwa.Hedzi nzira chaidzoidzo dzokukudza nadzo zivo yavo yebumbiro remitemo ndokushandisa rusununguko rwavo nenzira ine mufungo.

  • Kurava Bumbiro reMitemo zvakananga. National Archives inogovera rugwaro rwakazara, pamwe chete namashoko akapoteredza enhau, pa . gov. Kurava kwenguva dzose kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva apo maruramiro avo ari mungozi.
  • Anotevera mhaka dzeDare rapamusorosoro. Mawebsite akadai se Oyez uye Cornell Information Institute [ anopa nyaya yepachena yepfupiso nekakavadzano dzinotaurwa. Kunzwisisa zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhotera, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye muitiro woutsotsi zvinokosha nokuda kwougarikidzani hunozivikanwa.
  • Partipate mupurogiramu dzedzidzo yavagari vemo. Masangano akafanana ne [ American Civil Libersions Union[ inogovera zviwanikwa parusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo uye zvinetso zvepamutemo zvazvino uno. Koreji dzenzanga namaraibhurari kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinova nemabasa okushandira.
  • Misangano yavose nenzwi. misangano yemasangano eguta, marusando edare rechikoro, uye kutongwa kwemitemo inzvimbo umo vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa maruramiro eFirst Amendment kuti vape mvumo. Kunyora nokushuma pazvinoitika zvakadaro kunosimbisawo rusununguko.
  • Kubatanidza nenhau dzebumbiro remitemo pasociation. Tevera nyanzvi dzemitemo, mapoka ezvibvumirano, uye zvibudiso zvenhau zvinogona kuzivisa rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Indaneti, apo idi rinotsamira, inogona kuva chishandiso chine simba kukudzidzisa vamwe nokuronga itiro hanya dzebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzisi mirangariro isinganzwisisiki yazvino uno nezvinodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye zvinovimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kubva parusununguko rwokutaura pfungwa dzomunhu ndokushandisa rudzidziso rwomunhu kusvikira kumaruramiro kumuedzo wakaenzana nedziviriro pasi pomutemo, kugadziriswa kuri kwose kune miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika. Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro rinopfuurira kududzira iyi gadziriro uye sezvo chaunga chichichinja, vagari vemo vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira. Kupfurikidza nokufunda Bill of Rights, Constantionsmenditions, uye gare gare gare kukura kwemite yefranchise, vaAmerica vanogona kutsigira zviri nani nheyo dzedemocracy dzinorondedzera rudzi. Zvorororo inheyo, yakaronzeswa, uye inosimbiswa kuva mugari wemo.