Pfungwa yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo inokosha pakudzora uye kudzikamiswa kwemitemo yenyika kupota nyika.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinobatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo renyika kana kuti mutemo wehwaro, unoshanda segwaro repamutemo gurusa. Idzi kodzero dzinowanzobatanidza rusununguko rwevagari vemo, kodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika, uye kodzero dzemagariro. Kuzivikanwa nokushandiswa kwekodzero dzakadaro kungasiyana zvikuru kubva kurudzi rumwe kuenda rumwe, zvichipesvedzerwa nenhau dzakapoteredza, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye misengwa yenyika yose. Somuenzaniso, Declaration of Human Rights [

Mabumbiro emitemo anganyorwa kana kuti kunyorwa, kuoma kana kuti kuchinjika, uye anowanzoratidzira mipimo mikuru yenzanga. Nhevedzo yekodzero dzinovimbisa kuti hadzigoni kushatiswa nyore nyore nomutemo wavose, kugovera dzikamo nokudeya kujeka. Zvisinei, kunyange gadziriro dzinofambira mberi zvikurusa dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kukanganiswa nokudzikamiswa, kududzirwa kwedare, kana kuti dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mavambo Enhau uye Mavambo Edzidziso Dzenhema

Murangariro wazvino uno wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo unotevedza mavambo awo kuvafungi vokuvhenekera vakadai saJohn Locke, Montesquieu, naRouss. Magna Carta (1215) uye French Bill of Rights [ [1689]) yakatanga ganhuriro dzapakuvamba pasimba roumambo. Gare gare gare, U.S. Declaration of Independence and Frandment of the Rights of Man and the Citizences Declation of the famignetic. Magwaro ai akaisa nheyo nokuda kwokuvanzwa kwekodzero dzakanyorwa mukati mazana 18 ne19 echi19 echi19.

Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, zvakadai semitemo mikuru yeGermany (1949) nebumbiro remitemo reJapan (4749), yakasimbisa chiremera chavanhu ndokuramba hondo. Zana ramakore rechi20 rakaonawo kukura kwekodzero dzenzanga nedzemari mumirayiro yemarudzi matsva akazvimirira, zvikurukuru muAfrica neAsia. Nhasi, gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti kodzero dzavanhu ndedzenyika yose kana kuti dzine tsika dzakafanana.

Zviratidzo Zvinokosha Zvokodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvinoverengeka. Nepo zvisinganyatsopedzisi, mapoka anotevera anowanzozivikanwa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno:

  • Kusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo
  • Kodzero Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika
  • Kodzero Dzemagariro Avanhu Nezvemari
  • Kodzero Dzemhoteredzo
  • Kodzero Dzeboka

Kusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo

Mvumo dzavagari vemo dzinodzivirira vanhu pahurumende dzinonyengerwa.Idzi maruramiro anobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, kuungana, rudzidziso, kubudisa, uye kuva woga. Munyika dzakadai seUnited States neCanada, dziviriro dzakasimba dziripo, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshandiswa kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare.

Dare reGermany Rinokosha Romutemo rinoronga chiremera chavanhu [FLT] sechisingaregi, uye Dare reFederal Constitution rakatanga murairo wakasimba pamaruramiro emunhu oga, kubatanidza maruramiro kurudungwe rwokuzvizivisa. Mukupesana, vimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo reChina dzematauriro dzinokwaniriswa zvikuru noutariri hwehurumende uye "mipimo yetsika yetsika yenzanga."

Kodzero Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika dzinogonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi mukudzora kwenyika yavo: kodzero yokuvhota, kutsigira chinzvimbo, uye kuumba mabato ezvematongerwe enyika. Kodzero idzi dzinosanodzivirirwa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakakura dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, India, uye South Africa. Mukupesana, hurumende dzine simba rakaipa dzakadai seNorth Korea kana Saudi Arabia inoganhurira zvakakomba kutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika anogona kutarisana nedenho dzakadai sokudzvinyirira muvhoti, ganhuriro, kana kuti ganhuriro pamari yenhimbe. International International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)[FLT: 1] inogovera gadziriro yaaya maruramiro, asi kuwirirana kunosiana.

Kodzero Dzemagariro Avanhu Nezvemari

Iyi maruramiro anobatanidza kusvika kudzidzo, tarisiro youtano, pokugara, uye mupimo wakakwana wokurarama. Nyika dzeNordic dzakadai seSweden, Norway, uye Finland dzinoisa maruramiro enzanga musengwa kupfurikidza nomutemo negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo reSouth Africa rinocherekedzwa nokuda kwokubatanidza maruramiro enzanga anoruramisirwa ayo matare anogona kuisa musengwa, zvakadai sekodzero yokuwana tarisiro youtano. Munyika dzine urombo, mitengo yezvipiso inoganhurira kutemwa kwaaya maruramiro.

Kodzero Dzemhoteredzo

Mabumbiro emitemo ari kuwedzera ava kusanganisira kodzero yezvakatipoteredza zvakanaka.Bhuku rekuEcuador ra2008 ndiro rakatanga kupa kodzero dzepamutemo. Mutemo weBolivia wekodzero dzaAmai Pasi unoteverawo.

Kodzero Dzeboka

Rimwe gwaro reCanada rinonzi Charter of Rights and Freedoms rinosanganisira kodzero dzevaAborigine, nepo bumbiro remitemo reIndia richiita kuti pave nokusabvumirana mudzidzo uye pabasa revoruzhinji reSepted Castes and Schemid Forms.

Kuongorora Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo Kunoenzaniswa Namarudzi

Kuenzanisira misiano mukodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, tinonzvera nyika dzinoverengeka mumakondinendi akasiyana. Masvikire enyika imwe neimwe anoratidza nhau yayo yechienzi negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

United States

Hurumende yeU.S. inogovera gadziriro yakasimba yerusununguko rwevagari vemo kupfurikidza neBill of Rights uye gadziridzo dzinotevera. First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro; Second Amendment inochengeta maruramiro okutakura zvombo. 14th Amendment inovimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana negadziriro inowirirana. Zvisinei, nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu nedanho (dzakadai sokubvisa mimba (yachinja Dobbs v v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Women’s Organization), kudzora kwepfuti, uye kutaura kwakasununguka pamusoro pezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga. U. U.S.S.

Germany

Dare reMarudzi reGermany rinonzi Basic Law (Grundesetz) rinoisa chiremera chomunhu pachinhu chikuru charo. Rinovimbisa rusununguko rwevagari vemo, kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kodzero dzenzanga dzakadai sekodzero yokuvanda. Federal Constitution Court inoita basa guru mukusimbisa kodzero, kazhinji kazhinji idzinodzienzanisa nefariro dzavose. Germany mutsigiri akasimba wekodzero dzevanhu muEurope, kubatanidza European Convention on Human Rights.

India

Bumbiro remitemo reIndia (1950) rine nhevedzano yakakwana yamaruramiro makuru (Party III) ayo anoruramiswa, pamwe chete neDraictive Principles of State Policy (Parapatimendi IV) iyo inotungamirira hurumende asi isingamanikidzwi namatare. Mhindu dzavagari vemo kufanana norusununguko rwokutaura norudzidziso dzakadzivirirwa, asi makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona itiro hanya pamusoro porusununguko rwokudzvinyirira nokushandiswa kwemitemo yokupandukira. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakudza maruramiro kupfurikidza nechiito chokutonga, kuturikira maruramiro kuupenyu kubatanidza maruramiro okubandika nemhoteredzo yakachena.

South Africa

Dare reMitemo reSouth Africa rapashure pechikamu chenyika (1996) rinochengetwa nokuda kweChinyorwa charo chikuru chekodzero, chinofukidza kodzero dzavanhu, dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzenzanga, dzemari, uye dzemhoteredzo. Dare reMitemo rakamanikidzira kodzero dzenzanga nedzemari, dzakadai sekodzero yokugara mu Grootboom nhau. Zvisinei, kusaenzana kukuru uye urombo zvinoramba zvichidzika mifarwa nekodzero dzinoshanda.

China

Bumbiro remitemo reChina rinodzivirira nenzira yakarongwa kodzero dzakawanda, asi mukushandisa Chikwata cheChikomonizimu cheChina chinochengeta udzori hwakasimba pamusoro pokutaura, gungano, uye rudzidziso. Gadziriro yemitemo haisati ichiwana kuzvimirira, uye kodzero dzinoiswa pasi pefariro dzehurumende. Masangano ekodzero dzavanhu amarudzi ose kazhinji kazhinji anoratidzira kuputswa kwakadai sokupfigirwa kwokuzvidira uye kuongororwa. China yakasaina ICESCR neCICPR asi haina kuzvishandisa zvizere.

Brazil

Dare Repamusorosoro rehurumende rakatoita kuti kodzero idzi dzivepo, kunyanya pakodzero dzokutarisira utano. Kodzero dzezvakatipoteredza dzakakurumbirawo, asi mutemo unoramba usina simba nemhaka yokutemwa kwemasango nouori.

Kushandiswa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

Zvibvumirano nekokorodzano zvenyika dzakawanda zvinopa mupimo wakafanana wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) – 1948
  • Sungano Yamarudzi Ose Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematongerwe Enyika (ICCPR) – 1966
  • International Common on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) – 1966
  • Zvishandiso Zvomunharaunda: Chibvumirano cheEurope chekodzero dzevanhu, Chata yeAfrica pakodzero dzevanhu nedzevanhu, American Convention on Human Rights
  • Kokorodzano Yokubviswa Kworusarura Rwose Pavakadzi (CEDAW)
  • Kokorodzano Pamusoro Pekodzero Dzemwana (CRC)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

UDHR, yakagamuchirwa neUnited Nations General Assembly muna 1948, inoronga maruramiro makuru avanhu anofanira kudzivirirwa munyika yose. Kunyange zvazvo isingasungirwi pamutemo, yakabatira sekurudziro nokuda kwamabumbiro enyika akawanda nezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose.

Sungano Yenyika Yose Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematongerwe Enyika (ICCPR)

ICCPR inoita kusaina nyika kuremekedza maruramiro evagari vemo neezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza maruramiro oupenyu, rusununguko rwokutaura, kutonga kwakarurama, uye kuvandika. Inoumba mutumbi unoongorora, Dare rekodzero dzavanhu, iro rinohwirudzura mishumo yehurumende uye rinogona kunzwa kunyunyuta vamwe pasi peProtooto yeFirst. Nyika zhinji dzakakweverwa paICCPR pakunyora zvikwereti zvadzo vamene zvamaruramiro.

Sungano Yenyika Yose Yekodzero Dzevanhu Nedzetsika (ICESCR)

ICECR inonangidzira ngwariro pakodzero dzakadai sekodzero dzokushanda, dzidzo, tarisiro, uye mupimo wakakwana wemararamire. Inoda kuti nyika dzitore nhano "kuukurusa hwezviwanikwa" kuti dzizive maruramiro aya nenzira inofambira mberi. Dare rezvemari, Social and Cultural Rights rinoona kuteererwa. ICESCR rave richipesvedzera mukuumba kodzero dzenzanga mubumbiro remitemo remarudzi ari kubudirira.

Michina Yokurambidza Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kuva nekodzero papepa hakuna kukwana; kushanda kwokuita kuti zvinhu zvitendwe kunoratidza kushanda kwazvo.

  • [ hwirudzuro yeJudicial – matare anogona kurova mitemo inoputsa bumbiro remitemo
  • Matare ebumbiro remitemo kana kuti matare makuru ane misha yekodzero dzevanhu
  • Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu erudzi rwose (ambudman, masangano anoona nezvekodzero dzevanhu)
  • Kufarira vanhu kunoparirwa
  • Kunyunyuta kwebumbiro remitemo (vanhu vanogona kukwirira zvakananga kudare rebumbiro remitemo)

Nyika dzine matare anozvitonga akasimba, akadai seGermany, India, uye South Africa, dzakabudirira kushandisa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Zvinetso Mukudzivirira Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Pasinei nokuvapo kwemitemo, nyika dzakawanda dzinosangana nezvipingamupinyi zvikuru pakudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu.

  • Hurumende Yakakurirwa uye Yakadzvinyirira
  • Rusarurano uye kusaenzana
  • Uori Nokushayikwa kwokuzvidavirira
  • Gadziriro dzemitemo dzisina simba
  • Zvipingamupinyi zvemari nokushaikwa kwezviwanikwa
  • Kutyisidzira kuri pachena: ruzivo rwokuongorora zvinhu, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, zvirwere

Kunyanyowandirwa Nehurumende uye Kutsigira Kudzora

Munyika dzakawanda, hurumende dzingadarika miganhu yadzo, dzichiputira kodzero dzadzo munyengedzo yechengeteko yorudzi kana kuti nhevedzano yavose. Masimba enhamo, anorwisana nemitemo yokutyaira, uye hurumende dzokunzvera kazhinji kazhinji dzinodzivisa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kukura kwerupopu nedzokudzokera kwehurumende munyika dzakadai seHungary, Poland, uye Turkey zvakanetesa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Madare ayo asina kuzvimirira haagoni kubatira secherekedzo pasimba rechiremera.

Rusarura uye Kusaenzana

Rusaruraganda runobva padzinza, chirume, mafungiro epabonde, chitendero, kana kuti ganda rinoramba richideredza kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunyange apo mitemo inorambidza rusaruro, rusaruro rwenzanga uye rusaruro rwemagariro evanhu zvinoramba zviripo. Somuenzaniso, rusaruro rweIndia runotsamira patsika dzinorambidzwa. South Africa inorwisana nokusaenzana kwemari pamwe chete nemadzinza. Chisimba chemagariro edzinza uye kubhadhara mikaharo inhau dzenyika yose.

Uori Nokushaya Mutoro

Uori mumasangano ehurumende hunogona kudzivisa kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Apo vakuru vakuru vanosarangarirwa kuva vanozvidavirira, kupunzirwa hakurangwa. World Justice Project’s Rwisano yoMutemo [[[FLT: 1] nguva dzose] inoratidza kuti nyika dzine ushati hukuru dzine ruremekedzo rwakaderera nokuda kwamaruramiro makuru.

Gadziriro Dzokutonga Dzisina Une Une Utera

Munyika umo matare anodzvinyirirwa nevezvematongerwo enyika, kushayikwa kwepfuma, kana kuti kudzorwa nemhosva, vanhu havagoni kudenha zvinobudirira kuputswa kwekodzero.

Kuoma Kwemari

Kodzero dzenzanga nedzemari dzinoda kushandiswa kukuru. Marudzi ane GDP yakaderera pamunhu angarwisa kugovera tarisiro youtano hwepasi pose, dzidzo, kana kuti pokugara. Kunyange apo kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoruramisirwa, matare anofanira kudzikamisa kuchengetwa nezviripo. Dambudziko reCHOVID-19 rakasimbisa kuti njodzi dzemari dzinogona kutungamirira kuganhuriro dzamaruramiro.

Nyika Dzinobatana: Kodzero Dzemadhigirii Nekuva Wega

Nguva yemichina inopa denho itsva nokuda kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Nhau dzakadai semazita akavanzika, kururama kwemitemo, uye rusununguko rwokutaura paIndaneti dzinoramba dzichitaurwa mumutemo webumbiro-mitemo. kodzero yokukanganwika [ yakazivikanwa nedare reEuropean Court of Justice. Masangano eBrazil’s Marco Civil da Internet anosimbisa kusatora rutivi nedziviriro dzakavanzika. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neSouth Korea neIndia, dzakaziva kodzero yemitemo yekodzero yokuvandaviriro mumichina. Zvisinei, mapurogiramu ehurumende anoongorora anowanzopesana neiyi dziviriro.

Nguva Yemberi Yamaruramiro Ebumbiro reMitemo

Kuziva kwepasi pose nezvenhau dzekodzero dzevanhu kunoramba kuchikura, uye kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dziri kugadziriswa kutarisana nezvinetso zvemazuva ano. kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuri kuita kuti nyika dzifunge kodzero dzakananga dzezvakapoteredza. Kuwedzera kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira. Munguva ino, kutama uye kupotera kunoedza ganhuriro dzegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo rekupotera.

Kubatana pakati pematare edzimba namasangano amarudzi ose, zvakadai seEuropean Court of Human Rights, kuri kuwedzera. UN Rights Council namasangano ebvumirano anopfuurira kugovera nhungamiro, asi kuchengetwa kunoramba kuri mumaoko orudzi.

mhedziso

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo rutivi runokosha rwekudzora kwehurumende yehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu. Nepo fambiro mberi yakaitwa munyika dzakawanda (chinonyanya kuwedzerwa mukodzero dzenzanga, dzemari, uye dzemhoteredzo (kuoma kwenzanga) kunofanira kukurukurwa. Kuongororwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo munyika dzose kunosimbisa kukosha kwamasangano akasimba, nzanga yakangwarira, uye kuzvipira kumutemo. Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko urwu runokosha kunoda nhamburiko yenguva dzose uye kuchinjika.