Mutezo Wechibvumirano Wokutanga Nehwaro Hwokutaura Kwakasununguka

First Amendment to the United States Constitution inomira sechinotangira rusununguko rwevagari veAmerica, ichisimbisa nheyo huru yokuti hurumende haigoni kudzvinyirira kutaura pfungwa. Murayiro wayo mukuru(("""Conrer hausati uchizoita mutemo... unoisa midzi mikuru yenhau, masangano edzidziso, kutsanangura kwamagariro emitemo kwakakomba, uye zvazvino uno zvemitemo kururamisirwa. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinokosha nokuda kwokushandisa mitoro yougari hwemo nokuchengeta hurukuro yakazaruka inoreva nzanga.

Pakutanga, First Amendment yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Zvisinei, kupfurikidza nokubatanidza dzidziso yeMitemo yeMitemo ye 14 neMitemo, Dare Gurusa rakashandisa idzi dziviriro kuhurumende nenzvimbo, kuvamba mumwoyo wose Gitrow v. New York [1925]. Iyi fambiro mukuru mukuru wakakudziridza nomutoo wakajeka kusvika dziviriro yorusununguko, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna mwero wehurumende muUnited States ingagona kunyaradza nyore nyore nyore kutsoropodza . Rwendo runobva kuMutengi worudzi rutete kuvimbiso rworudzi runorevererwa inhau huru yomutemo wazvino unorerekera kukutaura kwakasununguka.

Mavambo Enhau Okudzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Vatungamiriri veBill of Rights vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nenyanzvi dzeKuvhenekerwa uye zvakaitika zvavo vamene mukutonga kweBritain.

Pesvedzero Yevanofunga Zvakajekeswa uye Mutemo weChirungu

Manyoro aJohn Locke, uyo akaitirana nharo nokuda kwekodzero dzomusikirwo nokudikanwa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokubvuma, akagovera nheyo youzivi nokuda kwokutaura kwapachena. Iyi mirangariro yakadenha zvakananga mutemo weChirungu wechitsoropozi, uyo wakashorwa noutsotsi hwekorona nehurumende. Vagadziri vairangarira mano okutaura nenzira yakasununguka nokuzivisa sokwakarurama, kunokosha nokuda kwokuronda zvokwadi nokudzivirira udzvinyiriri.

Kuziva Kumwe Kunoitika Muhurumende Dzinotongwa Nenyika Dzadzo uye Kukakavadzana Kwokuparadza Vanhu

Zvichemo zvehurumende yapakarepo mukutonga kweBritain zvakazivisawo kudikanwa kwekutaura kwakasununguka. Kuongororwa kwemasangano emitemo ehurumende anoshandira nyika uye kutongwa kwevadhindi vakadai saJohn Peter Zenger, uyo akatsoropodza zviremera zveBritain, akasimbisa ukama hwepedyo pakati porusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika uye mano okutaura norusununguko. Mukati mekurukurirano dzinotyisa pamusoro pokuvambwa kweBumbiro remitemo, Anti-Fedalist yakataura zvakasimba kuti hurumende itsva yepakati yaizodzivisa nenzira isingadzivisiki kupesana kana murairo wakananga wekodzero wakanga usingawedzerwa. Gadziro yorusununguko rwakananga rwokubvumirana pane izvi, muganhu wakajeka unorwisana noudzvinyiriri unobvira hwevoruzhinji kana kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru anokwirira.

Kuedza Kwapakuvamba: Chiito Chokubvisa Mimwe Miviri cha 1798

Chinenge chinguva chiduku pashure pokunge yatendeutswa, First Amendment yakatarisana nemuedzo wakakomba nokupfuudzwa kweSaundition Act ya1798. Mutemo uyu unomutsa nharo zvikuru wakakuita mhaka kubudisa "nhema, zvinonyadzisa, uye manyoro akaipa" mukurwisana nehurumende. Yakashandiswa zvikurukuru kutongesa vatori venhau navanyori vaitsinhirana ne Jefferson Democratic-Republicans. Kunyange zvazvo gwaro racho rakapera uye avo vakawanwa mhosva vakazoregeredzwa gare gare gare naPrezidhendi Jefferson, kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwarogement kwakasimbisa kunzwisisa pachena kuti chinangwa chikuru cheFirst Amendment chakanga chiri chokudzivirira kusabvumirana mune zvematongerwo enyika. Kutonga kweSdemogation Act kunoramba kunyerwa kune simba pamusoro pekuvapo kwekutaura kwakasununguka munguva dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Marudzi Okutaura Kunodzivirirwa

Dzidziso yeFirst Amendment yazvino uno inobvuma kuti "rusununguko rwokutaura" runobatanidza zvinopfuura zvikuru shoko chete rinotaurwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatanga gadziriro yokuronga nokudzivirira zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvokutaura, richiziva kuti marudzi akasiana - siana okutaura anoshanda mipimo yenzanga yakasiana - siana.

Kutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika: Chikamu Chomutezo Wokutanga

Kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza kurukurirano pamusoro pavadaviriri, muitiro wavose, nhau dzehurumende, uye mufambiro wavakuru vakuru vehurumende, zvinopiwa mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wedziviriro. Iri boka rinowanzorondedzerwa serine "chinotanhamarisa zvikuru chemipimo yeFirst Amendment." Nhau yechiratidzo New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]) yakaisa miganhu yakasimba mukurwisana nesuturo yavose yavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, vachiziva muse wetsika yokuti kurukurirano yorudzi panhau dzavose inofanira kuva isingadzokerwi, inosimba, uye izere. Chisarudzo chainodikanwa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vavanhu kubvumikisa "kukanganisa mhaka inoitirwa zvakaipa" kugovera nzvimbo yokushorwa kwetsvinyuro, kugovera nzvimbo inokosha nokuda kwokutsoropodza kwehurumende.

Kutaura Kwokufananidzira Nomufambiro Wokuratidzira

Zviito zvakaitirwa kupa shoko rakati zvinowanzodzivirirwa sekutaura kwokufananidzira. Dare rakaziva nheyo iyi mu tens v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [1998], akabata kuti vadzidzi vakapfeka zvisungo zvesimba dema kuti vatsutsunge hondo yeVietnam yakanga yakachengetedzwa neYava kutaurira chaivo. Nenzira yakafanana, mu Testas v. Johnson [[FLT:] [19], Dare rairangarira kuti mureza weAmerica sechimiro chokuramba zvematongerwe enyika unoreva mufambiro unosanodzivirirwa neFost Amejime. Uku kuzivisa ikoko kunogona kutaura sechinhu chinokosha sechinhu chinokosha chomutemo wazvino unoregwanwa.

Kutaura Kwezvokutengeserana Uye Kushamwaridzana Neshamwari Dzinotaurisa

Kutaura kwezvokutengeserana, kwakadai sokuzivisa, kunowana mwero wakati wedziviriro yeFirst Amendment, asi kusvikira kumwero muduku kupfuura kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kwounyanzvi. Concentral Hudson Gas & Geality Corp v. Public Service Commission (1980)) kunzvera kunobvumira hurumende kudzora kutaura kwebhizimisi kuri kutsausa kana kuti zvinonetsa zvisiri pamutemo. Kupfuurirazve, Pendmendimendi inodzivirira kodzero yevanhu kuti vasongane nevamwe nokuda kwezvinangwa zvematauriro. NACP [FLD] v. Alabacse[FLT:] (1958]), Dare rakaziva kuti kuratidzirwa kwemasangano emitezo mitezo inotonhora ingagona kutonhora uye nokudaro kubvisa kubatanidzwa, kusimbisa batano pakati pekuronga kuronga kusununguka.

Miganhu Yakasanokarirwa Parusununguko Rwokutaura

Dare racho rataura zvinhu zviduku zvinoverengeka zvisingawaniki nokuti hazvishandisi kukosha kwenzanga kana kuti zvinokuvadza zvinovhiringidza zvinokonzerwa nehurumende.

  • Kunyandura kuChiito chisina mutemo: Muedzo wazvino uno unobva [[FLT]]Brandenburg v.Ohio[[FLT]] [[FLT] [1969]. Kutaura kunokurudzira kushandiswa kwesimba kunodzivirirwa kutoti kwaitwa kuti kunyandure kana kuti kuite chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye kungangonyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro. Kuedza uku kunodzivirira zvikuru kutsinhira.
  • Kureva kwenhema neTsitsi dzenhema: Kutaura kwenhema kweidi kwokuti kukuvadza mukurumbira womunhu hakuna kudzivirirwa. Zvisinei, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kubvumikisa "zvakaipa zvechiito" (kuziva nhema kana kuti kusaremekedza zvokwadi kwokusangwarira) pasi pa [FLT] New York Times Co.v [[FLT:] [194]]
  • Mashoko akajeka muvatano anosangana nemuedzo wapakati patatu we Miller v. California [77]) haidzivirirwi. Ikoku kunoda kuti basa, rinotorwa sechinhu chose, rinofadza fariro huru, rinoratidzira mufambiro wevatano nenzira yakashata zvikuru, uye rishaiwiswe nounyanzvi hwakakomba, unyanzvi, kana kuti ukoshi hwesayenzi.
  • Mashoko anoparadza:[[FT:1] Mu [FT:2] Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), Dare rakarondedzera "mashoko anorwa" seayo anoparira kuvadziko kana kuti anonyandura kuputsika kwrugare. Iri boka rave richingoshandiswa mumakumi amakore akatevera kudzivisa mirangariro isingafarirwi.
  • Tyisidziro dzechokwadi: Dare mu Virginia v. Black [2003] yakarondedzera tyisidziro dzechokwadi semashoko apo mukurukuri anoreva kukurukura kutaura kwakakomba kwedonzo rokuita chiito chamasimba masimba asiri apamutemo. Ikoku kunobvisa rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika nebope.
  • Zvinonyadzisira Zvevana uye Solitiation: Hurumende inofarira zvikuru kudzivirira vaduku, uye kutaura kunotungamirira zvakananga kukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwavana hakupi dziviriro yeFirst Amendment.

Dare Repamusorosoro Sechinochengetedza Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwehwirudzuro yedare, Dare rinodzikamisa kodzero yomunhu yokushora fariro dzehurumende dzinokwikwidzana, chengeteko, uye ruramisiro.

Musi we1919 (1919), Mutongi Holmes akarondedzera dare raiedza kuti Dare risaedza kudzivirira munhu anenge ashevedzera mwoto muhondo.

Kuchinja kubva ku "kujeka nengozi iripo" kuidzosa "chiito chakasimba chokusateerera mutemo" mu Brandenburg kunoratidzira nzwisiso yakura yokuti hurumende yedemokrase inofanira kushivirira kukura kukuru kwokusada uye kunyange kutaura kwokushatiswa kuti ichengetedze kutsinhana kwepfungwa. Mu New York Times Co. v. United States[FLT] [FT:3] [1], Pentags mhaka, Dare rakaramba kudzorwa pamberi pezvi, richiita kuti Hurumende irege kuvhara mutwa wenhau inoshaidzwa unoshairwa unoshairwa.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Munguva Yetsika

Zana remakore rechi21 rakatanga zvinhu zvisina kumboitika mumutemo weFirst Amendment, unonyanya kudzorwa neInternet uye kudzora zvikuva zvevanhu vari voga.

Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kuti Internet inzvimbo yakasiana nokuda kwokutaura kwakadzivirirwa. Mu [FLT: 0] Packingham v. North Carolina (2017), Dare rakakurira mutemo unorambidza vatadzi vevatano vaibvumirwa kubva panzvimbo dzenzanga, ichitaura kuti masiteshipi enzanga "nzvimbo dzavose dzazvino uno" uye anokosha nokuda kwokutsinhana pfungwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, misiyano yakakomba iripo pakati pehurumende nokudzorwa kwehurumende nedare rapachivande. Gadziro yokutanga inodzivirira vanhu pa Policetion [[FLT:]] panzvimbo dzenzanga]. Masangano enhau anzanga ndiwo "FOLD] [FLD:5] [FLD] [FLD]]

Ikoku kunoparira nzvimbo yakaoma kudzika mirayiridzo umo hurukuro yavose inopesvedzerwa zvikuru nemitemo yavanhu voga uye mitemo ine mwero. Nhau dzokubatanidza dzinosanganisira kudzivirira zvinhu zvine chokuita noungwaru hwokugadzira, kutevedzerwa kwekushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye basa rokunyora mashoko okunyora kwokupedzisira mukudzivirira kutaura kwemunhu oga. matare achapfuurira kugadziridza miganhu yokutaura kwakasununguka sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchichinja.

Ukoshi Hwomuitiro Hwokusununguka Kutaura

Kudzivirirwa kwakakwana kweFirst Amendment kunoshanda mabasa anoverengeka anobatanidzwa ayo anokosha munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Vagari vemo veDemocratic Seper-Governance: havagoni kuzvitonga vamene kutoti vakasununguka kugoverana mashoko, noune panhau dzavose, uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vavo vazvidarire. Kutaura kwakasununguka chinodikanwa nokuda kwehurumende inoshanda. Kukwanisa kutsoropodza pachena hurumende icherekedzo inokosha pamufambiro wakashata wapamutemo nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba.

Kubatanidza Musika weIdeas: Mutongi Holmes anovimbisa kuti hurumende haisati ichidzore musika uno kupfurikidza nokudzvinyirira mirangariro iyo haisati iri yokunzvera. Mushonga wokupedzisira wekutaura kwakaipa.

Kudzivirira nzanga inopesana neinobvumira zvimwe zvinhu: Kudzivirira kutaura kwevapanduki, vanhu vashoma, uye avo vane mirangariro yasingadiwi kunokosha nokuda kwenzanga inopesana. Kunomanikidza voruzhinji kunangana nemirangariro inopesana uye kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kubatanidza gamuchidzanwa. Mapoka akazvidzwa munhau akavimba nedziviriro dzeFirst Amendment kufambisira mberi zvinangwa zvavo, kubva paCivil Rights Movement to Suffrage Bation. Rusununguko rwokupesana injini yefambiro mberi yamagariro.

Mugumisiro: Kuzvipira Kusingaperi Kuburikidza neBumbiro reMitemo

Chipikirwa cheFirst Amendment cherusununguko rwokutaura hachisi hacho fariro yorusununguko; inheyo inovakwa nayo hurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica. Inogonesa kunzvera kwounyanzvi nesayenzi, uye inopa kubuda kune rugare kwokupesana. Nhau yokutaura norusununguko muUnited States ndeimwe yedziviriro dzinokura, dzinotsigisa rudzi pakurwisana namafungu orutyo uye dzinogovera hwaro hwapamutemo nokuda kwechinjo yenzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuisa denho yemanzwi akasununguka inoramba iri denho huru nomutoro wevagari vose. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa dziviriro dzakasimba dzakarongwa pano. Marudzi eshoko rakakotsekana rakachengeteka, ganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa padziviriro iyoyo, uye basa rinokosha rokuongorora dare ($9zens anogona kunzwisisa zviri nani simba ramanzwi avo vamene negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inodzivirira. Basa rokudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka harisi kumatare bedzi asi kuvagari vemo vose vanoziva kuti nzanga inonyaradza pakupedzisira inonyaradza. Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro perugwaro rwapakuvamba rwekodzero idzi, bvunza [[FLT:]] National Archive Archives ofs of the Documents of Doography [FOct:1]].