Mavambo Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Haasi Dziviriro Dzepamutemo Chete

Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinomirira zvibvumikiso zvapamutemo zvinodzivirira vanhu pakusarurana uye zvinovimbisa mano avo okutora rutivi zvizere muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika, hwenzanga, uye hwemari hwenyika yavo. Kodzero idzi dzinobatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo, mirau, mirau, uye mienzaniso yekutonga, kuumba gadziriro inoratidzira ukama pakati pehurumende navagari vayo. Pakati, kodzero dzavo dzevagari vemo dzine chokuita nokubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo, pasinei zvapo nedzinza, chirume, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, vatano, urema, kana kuti mamwe mavara anodzivirirwa.

Pfungwa yekodzero dzevanhu inotambanudzwa kupfuura kungozivikanwa zvapamutemo. Inobatanidza mano anoshanda okushandisa idzi kodzero pasina kudzongonyedzwa. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokuvhota haina revo kana kuvhota kuchiganhurirwa nenzira ikarongwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa, mitemo yemavhoti, kana kuti kuvharwa munharaunda duku. Nenzira yakafanana, kodzero yokusununguka kutaurira haidziviriri bedzi mashoko atinotaura asiwo mano okuungana, kunyunyuta, uye kukumbira hurumende nokuda kwokugadzirisa zvigumbuso.

Dziviriro huru dzekodzero dzevanhu muUnited States dzinobva mumagwaro ehwaro kubatanidza Bumbiro remitemo, Bill of Rights, uye gadziridzo dzinotevera. Bhill yekodzero dzemunhu oga [ inopa dziviriro dzakananga nokuda kwekodzero dzevanhu, nepo Civil Rights Act ya1946 inoramba iri imwe yezviitwa zvinokosha zvikurusa zvemitemo munhau yeAmerica, ichirambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mumabasa, pokugara kwavose, uye zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende.

Kupfuura United States, gadziriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo dzinosiana mumiitiro yapamutemo. Declaration of Human Rights , yakagamuchirwa neUnited Nations General Assembly muna 1948, yakatanga mupimo wenyika yose wekodzero dzavagari vemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Marudzi akawanda anobatanidza nheyo idzodzi mumiitiro yawo yemitemo yomumba, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro dzokuchengeta nokudzivirira zvichipesana zvikuru.

Chinyorwa Chenhau: Kuderedza Kwakaita Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kodzero dzatinadzo nhasi uye kuziva basa richiripo. Kurwira kodzero dzevanhu nguva dzose kwave kuri kupesana negadziriro dzokudzvinyirira uye dzokuparadza, uye chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinorondedzera miganhu yorusununguko.

Sangano Rokusarudza Kuda Kusarudza uye Kuvandudza Nguva

Kubviswa kwouranda muzana ramakore rechi19 kwakamirira kukura kukuru kwokutanga kwekodzero dzevanhu munhau yeAmerica. Dare reHBM, rakabvumirwa muna 1865, rakabvisa nenzira yakarongwa uranda, nepo Iweneth Amendment yakatanga kuva mugari woudangwe uye yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Idzori reFiremende ye15 yairambidza kusarura ganda. Zvisinei, chipikirwa cheConstanton hachina kupera. Kubvumira kwa1877 kwapamutemo kwakagumisa kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muSouth, kuchiunza Jim Crown Eram of Confuncicissement, uye revolment.

Mukati meiyi nhambo ine rima, vaBlack America vakatarisana namasimba masimba akarongwa kupfurikidza nokuparwa kwemari, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kupfurikidza nokuvhota, uye kubviswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nemitero yokuvhota, kunzverwa kwokurava nokunyora, uye zvitsauko zvasekuru. Dare Gurusasa re̱ chisarudzo mu Plassy] v. Ferguson [1896] [186]) yakabatanidza dzidziso yakaparadzana asi inowirirana netsika, ichigovera chifukidzo chapamutemo kwamakumi amakore orusaruraganda. Nguva ino inoratidzira kuti kodzero dzapamutemo dzinogona kubviswa sei kunze nokuchengetwa kwoutsinye nedudziro yedare, chidzidzo chinoramba chichishanda nhasi.

Kushanda Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Vokuzana Remakore Repakati pe20

Chivil Rights Movement yazvino uno ye 1950 ne 1960 inomirira nhambo inoshandura zvikurusa munhau yekodzero dzavagari vemo veAmerica. Yakatungamirirwa nezviverengero zvakadai saMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, John Lewis, uye varoous vasingaverengeki, sangano rakashandiswa kudzivisa kusina masimba masimba kudenha kusarura nokusarura. Nheyora huru dzinobatanidza Brown v. Board yeDziriro muna 1954, iyo yakapidigura Pelby ndokuzivisa kuti zvikoro zvakasatenderwa; Montmergo Bus Boycottle muna 1955-1956; March paWashington muna 1963; uye Selmall kuMontgomery kuforea muna 1965.

Zviitwa zvehurumende zvenhambo ino zvinoramba zviri zvehwaro kukodzero dzevanhu veAmerica. Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu cheChivil Agasti ya1946 chinorambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose nemabasa. Chibvumirano cheVoling Rights cha1965 chakabvisa mhinganidzo dzokuvhotera vaBlack America kuSouth. Chibvumirano cheFair Howation Act cha1968 chairambidza rusaruro mudzimba. Mitemo iyi haina kubvisa rusaruro kana kuti kusaenzana, asi yakagovera zvishandiso zvepamutemo zvinodenha rusaruro uye kufambira mberi kwenzangano.

Kukura Kwamaruramiro Avagari Vemo Kumamwe Mapoka

Gadziriro yakatangwa neCivil Rights Movement yakagadzira mutevedzeri wemamwe mapoka aitsvaka kuva akaenzana pamutemo. Women’ Kodzero Dzekodzero dzakaita rukundo rukuru, kubatanidza Thitut IX muna 1972, iyo yakarambidza kusarurana mudzidzo, uye Pregnancy Discrimination Act ya1979. LGBTQ+ sangano rekodzero dzakaita kukunda kwakatanhamara muObergefell v. Hodges (2015), iyo yakatanga kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yekodzero dzemitemo yekodzero dzevatano neAmerica dzakaitapunzi Crimicalean Act muna 1990, izvo zvakarambidza kusarura vanhu neurema mumabasa, pokugara vanhu, uye zvokufambisa.

Rimwe nerimwe raaya masangano rinoratidzira nzwisiso inochinja yekodzero dzavagari vemo. Mufungo wokuenzana wakakura kupfuura kuenzana kwapamutemo kuti ubatanidze kuva akaenzana kwepamutemo, kuziva kuva namasangano, uye kubvuma kuti kubatwa kwakaenzana kungada nzvimbo dzakasiana - siana nokuda kwamapoka akasiyana - siyana.iyi mhindumupindu inoratidzira nzwisiso huru zvikuru yokuti rusaruro runoshanda sei uye izvo uenzani hwechokwadi hunoda.

Mabasa: Mabasa Anotsigira Ubati Ubati ushe Hworuzhinji

Iyi mitoro haisi misengwawo zvayo yapamutemo asi misengwa yetsika inotsigira kudzora kwehurumende nebatira pamwe yenzanga. Kunzwisisa ukama pakati pekodzero nemitoro kunokosha mukuderedza zvinetso zvevagari vemo vazvino uno.

Kuteerera Mutemo uye Kuremekedza Kurongwa Kwemitemo

Mutoro mukurusa wokuva mugari wemo kuteerera mutemo.Mitemo inomirira zvibvumirano zvakabatana izvo nzanga dzinoita kuti dzizvitonge dzimene, uye kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo kuri madikanwa nokuda kwokuchengeta nhevedzano nokudeya kutaurwa. Zvisinei, mutoro uyu hauna kuzara. Tsika yokusateerera hurumende, inoenzanisirwa nezviverengero zvakadai saHenry David Thoreau, Gandhi, uye Martin Luther King Jr., inoziva kuti vanhu vane musengwa wetsika wokudzivisa mitemo isina kururama. Kuoma pakati peteerero yapamutemo nehana yetsika rutivi runopfuurira rwoupenyu hwedemocracy, uye kuva mugari wenhaka ane mutoro kunoda kubatanidzwa neiyi chinetso.

Kutora Rutivi Muupenyu Hwokubatana

Democracy hausi mutambo wevaoni. Zvinoda kuti vagari vemo vatsigire basa zvinobudirira. Uku kutora rutivi kunoitwa nenzira dzakawanda: kuvhota muvhoti, kubatira padare ravose, kupinda misangano yavose, kuonana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kupinda mumasangano enzanga.

Kuvhota kwokungwarira kunoda kuti vazvidzidzise vamene pamusoro pevanoda kufunda uye nhau, kutsvaka mashoko akavimbika, uye kurangarira revo huru dzezvisarudzo zvavo. Kuderera muvhoti muhurumende dzakawanda kunomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pokuvimbisana kwehurumende neutano hwemasangano ehurumende yedemocracy.

Kuremekedza Kodzero Dzevamwe

Mutoro wakakomba unoperekedza maruramiro evagari vemo ndewokuremekedza kodzero dzavamwe. Munhu mumwe ’ kushandiswa kwamaruramiro avo hakugoni kuuya nendyiko yomumwe munhu ’ kodzero. Iyi nheyo iri nyore kududza asi yakaoma kushandisa mukushanda, zvikurukuru mumamiriro ezvinhu umo kurwisana kwekodzero dzekodzero. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokutaura norusununguko ingapesana nekodzero yokusununguka pakunetswa kana kuti kusarurwa. Rusununguko rworudzidziso rungarwisana nekodzero yokubatwa neLGBTQ + vanhu vamwe navamwe.

Kudzikamisa idzi rwisano kunoda kudzikamisa nokusanowirirana nemitemo yakadai seshiviriro, kuwanda, uye ruremekedzo. Kunodawo kuzivikanwa kuti kodzero hadzina kuganhurirwa. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira wokudanidzira mwoto muimba yemitambo yakatsvikinyidzana unoratidzira kuti kutaura kunoparira ngozi iri pedyo hakuna kudzivirirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, maruramiro okutakura zvombo anodzorwa nemiraudzo ine mufungo. Kubviswa kwekodzero muitiro unopfuurira unoratidzira kuchinja kwemipimo yenzanga nemigariro.

Kubatsira Vanhu Vose

Kupfuura misengwa yapamutemo yakananga, vagari vemo vane mutoro mukuru wokupa kuwirirano. Ikoku kunobatanidza kubhadhara mitero, kuita basa rehondo kana kuti rimwe basa apo kunenge kuchidikanwa, uye kupinda mumabasa omutsa nemunzanga. Zvikurukuru, kunobatanidza kusakurira pfungwa yendangariro yevoruzhinji iyo inopfuura kuzvifadza kudukusa. Utongi hunotonga hwehurumende hunotsamira pavagari vemo vane hanya negarikano yavamwe uye vanoda kuita zvibairo nokuda kwebetsero yavose.

Zvinetso izvi hazvigoni kupedzwa nezvinoitwa nomunhu oga oga; zvinoda mhinduro dzinopindirana dzinotsamira pakubvuma mabasa anoitwa nevagari vemo uye kutsigira mitemo inobatsira vose, kunyange pazvinotemesa mari.

Kuparadzana Kwekodzero Nemabasa

Kubatana kwekodzero dzevanhu nemabasa hakungoiti zvokungofungidzira chete, asi kunotoita zvinhu munzira dzakajeka, kunoitwa kuti mitemo ishande sei, kugadziriswa kwemagariro, uye kuti tsika dzenzanga dzinochinja sei. Kunzwisisa mharadzano iyi kunokosha pakufamba - famba nzvimbo yakaoma yokuva mugari wemunyika yemazuva ano.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nemutoro Wokuteerera

Rusununguko rwokutaura nderumwe rwamaruramiro avanhu anokosheswa zvikurusa munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Runodzivirira mano okuratidzira mirangariro isingadikanwi, kutsoropodza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye kutora rutivi mukurukurirano yavose. Zvisinei, urwu maruramiro ane mitoro inowirirana. Kushandiswa kwokungwarira kwokutaura kunoda uzvokwadi, ruremekedzo nokuda kwemirangariro inopesana. Chinoitika chenhema nekusataura zvakanaka munhambo yemichina yekombiyuta chinoratidzira chinoitika apo kutaura kunoitwa pasina mutoro.

Masangano enhau dzenzanga akakudziridza kusvika kwamashoko enhema, achiparira miuyo yakakomba nokuda kwoutano hwavanhu, sarudzo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kubatana munzanga. mutoro wokuyera mashoko usati waagoverana wava unokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.

Kodzero Yokuunganidza uye Mutoro Wokuchengeta Rugare

Zvisinei, kodzero iyi yokuungana zvine rugare ndiyo inokosha pakutora rutivi mune zvehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Black Live Matter ya2020, sangano rokuramba gurusa munhau yeAmerica, rinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba regungano nedenho dzarinopa.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Nemutoro Wokuva Akadzidziswa

Kupa kodzero uye mutoro zvose zviri zviviri, uye utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunotsamira pakurangarira zvose zviri zviviri zvakakomba. Kodzero yokuvhota yakawanwa muzvizvarwa zverwisano, kubva kuboka reReting Rights Act kusvikira kuRwisano yekodzero dzinopfuurira kurwisana nokudzvinyirirwa kwomuvhoti. Asi kushandiswa kwekodzero iyi kunotakura mutoro wokuvhota uchiziva.

Vanhu vagari vemo vanofanira kuongorora nzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau umo kuvhiringidzwa kwevasingashandisi mashoko okune dzimwe nyika kungaita kuti vanzwisise vanhu vanenge vachida kuenda uye vasanzwisisa nyaya dzavo.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Pakusiyana Kwekodzero Nemabasa

Zvinetso izvi zvinoedza simba remasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu kuti achinjire kumamiriro ezvinhu ari kuchinja uye kuti agadzirise kutyisidzira kuri kumuka kwokuenzana nokururamisira.

Kuchinja Kworusarura Rusaruraganda Nemapurisa

Kupfuurira kwerusaruro rwedzinza, zvikurukuru mugadziriro yamatsotsi eruramisiro, kunomirira chimwe chedenho yakakomba zvikurusa kukodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States. Kuurawa kwamapurisa kwavanhu vechiBlack vasina zvombo kwakanyandura kunyunyuta kwakapararira nezvinodikanwa zvokuchinja. Kukwikwidzana pamusoro pokuchinja kwamapurisa kunoratidzira kusagadzikana pakati pemitoro yekotsekano yavanhu navanhu nekodzero dzavose, kuchimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa, kushandiswa kwemipimo yesimba, uye miitiro yokuzvidavirira.

Kuedza kugadzirisa urudzi hwematopidhiya mumapurisa kwaisanganisira kukumbira madhipatimendi emapurisa akabviswa kana kuti kubvisa basa, kugadzira makambani anotarisira vanhu, uye kutanga masangano anotarisira vanhu vasiri varwi. Nzira imwe neimwe inobatanidza kutengesa kwakaoma pakati petsika dzinokwikwidzana uye inoda kunyatsofunga kuti ungadzikamisa sei kodzero nemabasa nenzira inobatira zvose ruramisiro nekotsekano yavose.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kweshoko Neperero Yechisarudzo

Kupa kodzero kwasara kuri kukwikwidzana mune zvematongerwe enyika zveAmerica. Pashure pekuvhota 2020, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo inoganhurira kusvika kwokuvhota, ichidudza itiro hanya pamusoro peperero yesarudzo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi mitemo inotapura zvikuru vavhoti vashomanene uye inomirira chimiro chokudzvinyirira vavhoti. Kukakavadzana pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota kunomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pedziviriro dzekodzero dzokuvhota uye mutoro wokuita kuti vasarudzo vachengetedze.

Mutemo weFederal wakadai seJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act, uyo waizodzorera nokusimbisa gadziriro dzeVoting Rights Act dzakaneteswa neDare Repamusorosoro muShelby County v. Hoker (2013), unomirira nzira imwe yokudzivirira nayo kodzero dzokuvhota. Mugumisiro wekurukurirano iyi uchaumba nguva yemberi yehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa nevanhu uye uchasarudza kana kodzero yokuvhota ichiri nyore kuvagari vemo vose.

Kushandisa Mapepa Anenge Achishandiswa Zvitayera

Mutemo wokutaura panzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzinopa denho itsva dzegadziriro dzekodzero dzavanhu dzakatangwa munguva yapakuvamba. Makambani epachivande, kwete hurumende, anodzora nzvimbo inogarwa yavose, anomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuva nenheyo dzeFirst Amendment. Kukwikwidza pamusoro pemwero yezviri mukati, kudzikamisa kwealgorithm, uye kuzvidavirira pachikuva kunobatanidza mipimo inokwikwikwidzana yokutaura kwakasununguka, kuva woga, uye chengeteko yavose.

Vanhu vakasiyana - siyana vakasvika pakufunga zvakasiyana - siyana pamusoro pokudzikamisa tsika idzi, European Union ichibvuma kutungamirira mitemo yakadai seMaginical Service Services, nepo United States yave ichinyanya kuvimba nemipimo yebhizimisi yokuzvidira. Chinetso chokudzora kutaura kwemakombiyuta chichangowedzera sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoramba ruchingowedzera.

Kodzero Dzokutama uye Mitoro Yorudzi

Gadziriro yokutora nyika inomirira imwe nzvimbo umo kodzero dzavagari vemo nemitoro zvinobatanidzwa munzira dzakaoma. Nharo pamusoro pokutama dzinobatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pamaruramiro avasati vari vagari vemo, mitoro yamarudzi yokudzora miganhu yavo, uye misengwa iyo inotaura kuvapoteri navatsvaki dziviriro. Chimiro cheDromers, vanhu vamwe navamwe vakaunzwa kuUnited States savana vasina manyoro apamutemo, inoenzanisira mativi avanhu eiyi kurukurirano.

Mutemo wokutora zvinhu unobatanidza kusawirirana kukuru pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu.Marudzi ane fariro yapamutemo mukudzora miganhu yawo nokudzora kutama, asi iyi fariro inofanira kudzikamiswa mukurwisana namaruramiro avanhu vanotiza chitambudzo, kutsvaka banza rezvemari, kana kuti kubatanidzwazve nemitezo yemhuri.

Dzidzo Senheyo Yekodzero Nemabasa

Kana vagari vemo vachizonzwisisa ndokushandisa maruramiro avo vachizadzika mitoro yavo, dzidzo inofanira kuita basa guru. Dzidzo yeCUVIC inoshongedzera vanhu nezivo, unyanzvi, uye zvimiro zviri madikanwa nokuda kwougari hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Dzidzo yevagari vemo inobudirira inobatanidza kupfuura kudzidzisa maidi pamusoro pechimiro chehurumende. Inobatanidza kukudziridza unyanzvi hwokufunga kwakakomba, kusimudzira ruremekedzo nokuda kwemhatsa, kukurudzira kurangarira pamusoro penhau dzenharo, uye kugovera mabanza okutora rutivi kwenzanga. Programu dzakadai se Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab’ inoshanda padzidzo yehurumende uye zvirongwa zvakafanana ne CIVX zvinobatana zvinoratidzira kusvika kukusimbisa kudzidza kwemagariro anogona kugadziridzwa kuwiswa kumativi akasiana.

Dzidzo pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu inofanirawo kukurukura kurwisana kwenhau kwakawana kodzero idzi uye zvinetso zvinoramba zvichiitika. Kudzidzisa nhau yakazara yeCivil Rights Movement, kubatanidza mipiro yevanorwira kodzero dzeuswa uye kushanda kunopfuurira kwevavariro dzahwo, zvinobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti kodzero hadzingopiwi chete asi kuti dzinokurirwa nokurwisa kunopfuurira. Nenzira yakafanana, dzidzo pamusoro pemitoro inofanira kusimbisa kukosha kwokushingaira uye kugovera mikana chaiyo yokuti vadzidzi vabatanidze muupenyu hwavo.

Kuvaka Tsika Inoremekedza Kodzero Nemabasa

Mubvunzo wetsika unobatanidza tsika, tsika, uye tsika dzinoumba mararamiro edu pamwe chete.

Pamunhu mumwe nomumwe, zvinoda kusakurira unhu hwakadai sokushivirira, ruremekedzo, kunzwira tsitsi, uye kufarira vanhu. Panzvimbo yenzanga, zvinoda kuvakwa kunokurudzira kukurukurirana, kukurukurirana, uye kutsigirana. Panzvimbo inoumbwa, zvinoda kugadzira mitemo, mitemo, uye miitiro inodzikamisa mipimo inokwikwidzana uye inogovera nzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo makakatanwa norugare.

Kana tikanzwisisa kubatana kukuru kuripo pakati pekodzero dzedu nebasa redu, tinogona kuvaka nzanga inoremekedza munhu wose asi ichiziva kuti isu tine zvatinofanira kuudza mumwe nomumwe uye kuti tinoita zvakanaka.

Kodzero dzavagari vemo nemitoro hazvisi mativi anorwisana asi mativi anowirirana okuva mugari wemo wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kodzero dzisina mitoro dzinogona kukura kuva rezinesi noudyire. Mitoro isina maruramiro inogona kuva dzvinyiriro nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Denho ndeyokuibatanidza pamwe chete, kuchiziva kuti kuratidzirwa kwakazara kworusununguko kunowanwa kwete mukushayikwa kwomusengwa asi mukugamuchirwa kwokudisa kwomutoro nokuda kwedu timene, nokuda kwavamwe, uye nokuda kwechaunga chatinogoverana.