Kunzwisisa Roorano Yavose Yemutemo: Nheyo Yekodzero Dzeroorano Dzazvino Uno

Kodzero dzeroorano dzave dziri chinhu chinokosha zvikuru chegadziriro dzemitemo nedzenzanga, zvichirondedzera kuti nzanga dzinoziva sei uye dzinodzivirira ukama hwepedyo. Mumazana amakore apfuura, rondedzero yeroorano yakawedzera ndokuita, asi chimiro chimwe chinogara iroorano inowirirana nemitemo. Kusafanana neroorano dzemitambo dzinoda rezinesi, kusava nomukurumbira, roorano dzapamutemo, uye mutambo wakarongwa, roorano dzinobva mumufambiro weroorano nevavariro dzevaviri. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzverwa kukuru kweroorano dzemitemo imwe cheteyo (nhoroondo yavo), kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo mumitemo, zvinodikanwa, mibayiro, zvinetso, uye muuyo yavo yavose pakodzero dzeroorano nehuenzani.

Mavambo Enhau Omuchato Wavose Wemutemo

Roorano yavose, inozivikanwawo seroorano isina kurongwa kana kuti roorano kupfurikidza netsika nerepututi, ine mavambo makuru enhau. MuMiddle Ages England, roorano yaiwanzova vatano yakavanzika pakati pemhuri, nemhemberero dzapamutemo dzechechi dzichiva dzinopararira gare gare. Varoorani vazhinji vakabvuma zvavo kuva murume nomudzimai uye vakagara pamwe chete savakadaro, pasina kubatanidzwa kupi nokupi kwechechi kana kuti hurumende. Chechi yakaziva uku kubatanidzwa kudai vaviri vacho vakanga vatsinhanhana kubvuma zviripo (parta de Prentini) uye gare gare gare gare. Iyi nheyo yakaendeswa kunzvimbo inodzo kupinda mumaruwa eAmerica uye yakaramba ine pesvedzero kupfurikidza nezana ramakore rechi 19, zvikurukuru munharaunda umo vakuru vorudzidziso nevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakanga vasingawanzowanwi.

Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 20, nyika zhinjisa dzokuMadokero dzakavamba kuda kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kweroorano, asi nyika dzakawanda dzeU.S. uye dzimwe nyika dzakachengeta chisarudzo cheroorano yemitemo imwe chete. Muitiro wacho wave uri wokuparadza, asi mishomanene yemitemo ichiri kukudza dzidziso yacho. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau inokosha nemhaka yokuti inotsanangura chikonzero nei roorano yomutemo wavose ichipfuurira pasinei zvapo nokupararira kwemiitiro yetsika.

Chii Chiri Rooramo Yavose Nhasi?

Kuroorana kwomutemo wevose mubatanidzwa unozivikanwa zviri pamutemo usingadi rezinesi reroorano kana kuti mutambo. Panzvimbo pezvo, vaviri vanofanira kusvitsa mipimo yakananga iyo inoratidzira kuti vakapinda muroorano chaizvoizvo. Iyi mipimo inosiana nechiremera asi inobatanidza:

  • Kugarisana kunopfuurira kwenguva yakati (kazhinji kazhinji gore rimwe kana kuti kupfuura, asi urefu hahuna kurongwa nguva dzose nomutemo).
  • A chibvumirano [ chokuroorana, icho chinogona kuratidzirwa namashoko kana kuti mufambiro.
  • vachizviita vamene [ somurume nomudzimai munzanga (Somuenzaniso, kuronga mutero wejoini kunodzoka, kushandisa zita rimwe chetero, kutumidzana zita romukwanyina pamagwaro apamutemo, uye kusuma mumwe nomumwe sa “murume wangu” kana kuti“ mudzimai wangu. ”
  • [ kuroora kana kuroorwa, kureva kuti vaviri vakasarudza nokuzvidira kupinda muukama seroorano, kwete sevaviriwo zvavo vanogara pamwe chete.

Kunokosha kucherechedza kuti kungogara pamwe chete, kunyange kwamakore akawanda, hakungoerekani kwaita roorano yomutemo mumwe chete.vaviri vanofanirawo kuva nevavariro nomukurumbira wavose wokuva vakaroora. Dare rinotarira hwerengedzo youfakazi, uye hapana chinhu chimwe chinodzivisa.

Kusiana Kunoita Roorano Yavose Yemutemo Neroorano Yamarererwo

Musiyano mukuru ndewo wetsika. Kuroorana kwepamutemo kunoda rezenisi, utongi, mutongi, zvichingodaro, uye kazhinji kazhinji mutambo. Roorano inoda kusavapo kweidzi. Zvisinei, kana roorano yavose yatotenderwa, inotakura kodzero dzapamutemo nemisengwa seroorano yetsika. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okukamuranisa zvinhu, tsigiro yemari, nhaka, uye kuita chisarudzo mumigariro yokurapa. Vaviri havagoni kungo “kurambana.; vanofanira kuwana chatanuro yapamutemo kubvisa mubatanidzwa.

Kuziva Nzvimbo Dzacho: Kunobvumirwa Michato Inowanzoitwa Nemutemo

Kuzivikanwa kweroorano dzinozivikanwa navose kunosiana zvikuru munyika yose. Mukati meUnited States, nyika shomanene dzichiri kubvumira kuumbwa kweroorano itsva dzinotendwa nemitemo. Kusvikira muna 2025, idzodzi dzinobatanidza Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, New Hampshire (nokuda zvinangwa zvenhaka bedzi), Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Utah (nemigariro yakati) uye Disiti yeColumbia. Dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinoziva roorano dzinozivikanwa navose kana dzakaitwa nenzira yapamutemo muhurumende inodzibvumira kuva ne “kutenda kwakazara nechikwereti” muU.

Munyika dzakawanda, nyika dzakawanda dzakaparadza roorano inodzorwa nemitemo yavose, asi dzimwe dzinochengeta mirangariro yakafanana. Canada, somuenzaniso, haina roorano yomutemo mumwe nomumwe pase asi ine “mubatanidzwa wemitemo inowirirana” muruwa rwakawanda, inopa kodzero dzakawanda dzeroorano pashure penhambo yeroorano (izhinji makore matatu). Australia[FT:3] ine“ ukama hwechipo. [FLT:] hunozivikanwa zvakafanana. [FL:] Umambo [FL:] hunopa] muchato wakakurumbira mazana amakore akawanda apfuura, asi vakaroorana vangava namaruramiro echinzvimbo kana kuti “vane kodzero dzakaganhurirwa kupfurikidza nomutemo. [FFT] [F]

Nokuda kwendaza ine udzame yokuzivikanwa nenyika nehurumende, ona shoo yeroorano yavose [[FLT: 1].

Zvinodikanwa Zvokutanga Roorano Yavose

Nyika imwe neimwe inogadza zvinodikanwa zvayo imene, asi zvinhu zvikuru zvinowirirana nenzira inoshamisa.Pazasi kuputsika kwemigariro chaiyo nemienzaniso inoshanda.

Kubvumirana Nokubvumirana Kucharoorana

Vaviri vacho vanofanira kubvumirana kuva murume nomudzimai. Chibvumirano ichi hachifaniri kunyorwa. Chinogona kunzi chinobva mumufambiro. Chinogona kunzi kuno mumwe nomumwe se “pachinobudisa nhau, kubhadharisana mitero, kana kuti kutumidza zita kuti vanobatsirana pamitemo yeinishuwarenzi. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naTexas, dzinoda kuti vaviri vacho vasaine fomu (Chibvumirano Chomuchato Wemabhaimani) kuti vave noufakazi huri nani. Kana vasingasaina fomu, vanofanira kubvumikisa chibvumirano chacho kupfurikidza nohumwe ufakazi.

Kubatanidza

Kugara pamwe chete mudenga rimwe kunokosha. Hurumende zhinji dzinoda nhambo inopfuurira yokugarisana, asi nguva dzose haidudzwi. MuIowa neMontana, somuenzaniso, hapana nguva inotemwa; nhau dzinoda kuti vaviri vagare pamwe chete chaizvoizvo savaroorani. MuTexas, kugara pamwe chete kunofanira kuvapo, asi mutemo wacho haudi nhamba yakati yemakore. Mukupesana, dzimwe nyika dzakafanana neAlabama (iyo yakagumisa roorano yavose muna 2017) kare yaida makore manomwe. Uko kusina kuganhurirwa kunenge kuripo, matare achayera hwerengedzo yemigariro.

Kuziviswa Pachena Sevaroorani

Kazhinji kacho izvi ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha, nokuti vaviri vacho vanofanira kugara vachizvimiririra kuvamwe vanhu vatatu vakaroorana.

  • Maakaundi ebhangi akabatana kana kuti makadhi okutenga nechikwereti anoronga vose vari vaviri savakwanyina.
  • Zvibvumirano zvemari yokutenga kana kuti chikwereti chemba.
  • Kudzorwa kwemitero kwakachengetwa se “kunyoreswa pamwe chete.”
  • Kubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano kusingashandiswi.
  • Kushandisa zita rezita rimwe chetero (kunyange zvazvo kusati kuchidikanwa).
  • Uchapupu hwaibva kushamwari, mhuri, kana kuti vaaishanda navo hwokuti vaifunga kuti vakaroorana.

Kana vaviri vachigara pamwe chete asi vachiudza shamwari kuti, “Tinenge tichingogara pamwe chete; hatina kuroorana,” muchato wevose ungasavapo.

Kukwanisa Kuchengeta Mutemo

Vose vari vaviri vanofanira kuva vezera rapamutemo (kazhinji kazhinji 18) uye vane mufungo wokunzwisisa. havafaniri kutoroora mumwe munhuwo zvake.

Betsero Dzomuchato Wavose Wemutemo

Nokuda kwavaroorani vazhinji, roorano yomutemo mumwe chete inopa betsero dzinokosha pasina nguva, ndyiko, uye mitambo yorudzidziso kana kuti yetsika ine chokuita nemichato yakarongwa. Betsero huru dzinobatanidza:

  • [ Mari yakachengetwa: Hamuna ndyiko nokuda kwemhemberero, raisenzi yomuchato, kana kuti opianiant.
  • Dziviriro dzeLegal:[ Kana bedzi yakabvumikiswa, vakwanyina vomutemo vawana maruramiro mamwe chetewo savakwanyina vakarooraniswa nenzira yetsika pamusoro pekukamuraniswa kwezvinhu, nhaka, tsigiro yomuchato, uye Ruchengeteko rwenzanga kana kuti midyandigere.
  • [ Kurongera muchato kana kuti kuronga mapepa panguva yokupinda muukama. (Zvisinei, kuguma ukama kunoda kurambana kwepamutemo.)
  • Kuziva kwakananga kunodudza: Munsi meTraise yaParamende yeU.S. Imba yokuroorana yavose yeClaus neCredit Claus, yakaumbwa nenzira inoshanda mune imwe nyika inofanira kuzivikanwa mune dzimwe nyika dzose. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vaviri vanobva Texas kuenda kuMichigan (imo isingabvumiri roorano itsva dzemitemo yavose) vacharangarirwa kuva vakaroora muMichigan.
  • purofiti: Varoorani (kubatanidza avo vari muroorano dzine mutemo wapamutemo wavose) vanogona kunyora mitero yehurumende inodzorwa, ingagona kuderedza mutero wavo. Vanogonawo kushandisa mutengo weroorano nokuda kwenzvimbo nemitero yezvipo.

Zvisinei, varoorani vanofanira kuziva kuti betsero idzi dzinoshanda bedzi kana vakasvitsa zvinodikanwa zvose zvapamutemo. Kana ukama hwacho hukaguma, dare rinofanira kusarudza kana roorano yomutemo mumwe chete yaivapo — iyo inogona kuva muitiro unokwikwidzana, unodhura.

Matambudziko Nengozi Dzomuchato Wavose Wemutemo

Pasinei nezvakanaka zvazvinoita, kuroorana kunoitwa nevanhu vose kunopa zvinetso zvakawanda zvinogona kukonzera zvinetso zvakakomba zvepamutemo kune vakaroorana vasingafungiri.

Kubvumikisa Imba

Rimwe ramazambiringa makurusa ndiro mutoro wechibvumikiso. Kana vaviri vakaparadzana kana kuti mumwe mukwanyina akafa, mukwanyina asara anofanira kazhinji kazhinji kubvumikisa kuvapo kweroorano mudare. Pasina rezinesi reroorano, ufakazi hunova husingawirirani. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kururefu, zvikurukuru kana rimwe boka rikaramba roorano. Somuenzaniso, kana vaviri vakagara pamwe chete kwamakore 20 asi vasingatongopinyimi mutero kana kuti kuva nenhau dzebhangi dzinobatanidzwa, uye mumwe mubiyake akafa asina kuda, mukwanyina akapukunyuka angafanira kurwisa mhuri yavakafa nokuda kwekodzero yenhaka.

Mitemo Yehurumende Inochinja

Vaviri vashomanene bedzi vehurumende dzeU.S. zvino vanobvumira roorano itsva dzinobvumirwa navanhu vose. Kana varoorani vakaenda kumugariro usingazivikanwi, vanoramba vakaroora (kana roorano yakasikwa nenzira yapamutemo), asi vakaroorana vangasaziva kuti vanofanira kuwana chatanuro. Dzimwe migariro yakadai se Georgia na FLORID havazivi roorano dzemitemo dzinoumbwa pashure pomusi wakati, asi vanoziva roorano dzinogara dziripo kubva kune mamwe maruwa. Iri basa remitemo rinogona kuvhiringidza.

Hadzisi Kodzero Dzinongozviitikira Dzisiri Dzokuroorana Nadzo

Varoorani vazhinji vanofungidzira kuti kungogara pamwe chete kwenguva refu kunoparira roorano. Ikoku hakusi kwechokwadi mumativi mazhinjisa. Pasina mugariro wapamutemo, vagari vemo havana maruramiro anovapo oga kumapoka ezvinhu, almony, kana kuti nhaka. Somuenzaniso, munyika dzakadai seNew York, mukwanyina anogara kwenguva refu asina kuroorana nenzira yetsika haana kutongozviti kumari yomumwe kana kuti betsero dzeSangano reSangano, kunyange kana vachigoverana musha nemari kwamakumi amakore.

Zvinodikanwa Zvechatanuro

Kana murume nemudzimai vakasarudza “kuparadzana” pasina kurambana, vachangoroorana zviri pamutemo. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti mumwe wacho asazoroorazve munguva yemberi uye zvingakonzera zvinetso kana mumwe wavo akazoedza kurooranazve.

Kutapura Kodzero Dzeroorano Dzakafara Nokuenzana

Kuzivikanwa kwemuchato unobvumirwa nemutemo mumwe chete kwakabatsira zvikuru pakuumba kodzero dzevakaroorana, kunyanya kana vakaroorana vasingakwanisi kana kuti vanosarudza kusaita mitambo yepamutemo. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kuvanhu vane mitezo yakafanana yevatano uye mamwe mapoka anopesana.

Basa Renhau Nokuda Kwevakaroorana Vezvevatano Yakafanana

Pamberi pechisarudzo cheDare guru reU.S. mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015 roorano yohumwe pamutemo munyika yose, roorano inobvumirwa napamutemo yakagovera nzira inobvira kuzivikanwa yapamutemo nokuda kwavaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano muhurumende apo yakanga iripo. Mumagariro akafanana ] Iowa[ uye [[FLT:]]] Colado, matare anozivikanwa neroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano inotova imo kunyange pamberi pokuva nemitemo inowirirana kwakazara yeroorano, yakagovera varoora kugovera zvinodikanwa zvamagamuchidzanwa. Iyi yakabvumira varoorani kuwana betsero dzamagariro dzapamutemo uye zvimwe chetezvo.

Kupfuurira Kukudzwa Kweshamwari Dzisina Kuroora

Kunyange pashure pokuenzana kweroorano, roorano inodzorwa nemitemo inozivikanwa navose inoramba roorano yapamutemo pazvikonzero zverudzidziso, zvetsika, kana kuti zvomunhu oga. Inodzivirirawo varoorani vanosvitsa mipimo yacho vasingazivi (Somuenzaniso, varoorani vanofamba pamwe chete, vanozvipa vamene savakaroorana nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoshanda, uye gare gare vanowana kuti vakaroorana pamutemo vasina kuve vakazvironga. Kuchinja kwavazhinji, roorano yemitemo yavose inowirirana nezvivako zvemhuri zvazvino uno zvinosimbisa kuzvipira pasina kunyoreswa kwehurumende.

Nharo Pamusoro Pekodzero Dzokugarisana

Kuvapo kweroorano inodzorwa navabereki vose kunoparira kurukurirano huru pamusoro pokuti vakaroorana vanofanira kupiwa maruramiro akati nenzira yoga. Nyika zhinji, dzakadai se Brazil uye France, dzakatanga zvimiro zvapamutemo (mhiko, zvibvumirano zvevagari vemo) zvinowira pakati peroorano nevatano. MuUnited States, zvisinei, hakuna “kubatana kwomutemo kwavose". Panzvimbo pezvo, vanyakuroorana vanofanira kuroorana nenzira yapamutemo kana kuti zvimwe kugutsa mipimo yapamutemo. Vareveri vatsigiri veroorano inodzivisa kuti tsika inotevedzanisa vanhu vazhinji vasingadziviriri pamutemo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Muroorano Yavose Yemutemo

Mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo eroorano yavose anopfuurira kusimudzwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakaiparadza, nepo dzimwe dzakaibatanidza nezvinodikanwa zvakajeka. Mu2024, somuenzaniso, Oklama yakasimbisazve kuziva kwayo roorano yemitemo yavose kupfurikidza nenhau. [FLT:] [FLT]] Alabama[ yakabvisa zvizere roorano yavose muna 2017, kunze kwevaroorani vakanga vatotanga. Zvinganzi vabvisa roorano inowirirana nechata. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLD:] [FFFD]] [5] yakapfuudza nguva dzakawanda asi haina kupfuvura. Chimiro chinoratidzika kuva chinoitwa chikaro chakarongwa, kana kuti chikasaitwa chikashati.

Nyika dzakawanda, nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga kuziva “masangano eroorano, ayo anopa maruramiro akati pashure penhambo yokugarisana asi anorega maruramiro akazara eroorano. Somuenzaniso, mu New Zealand [, varoorani vanorarama pamwe chete muukama hweroorano kwamakore matatu vanowana zvamazvirokwazvo akawanda okusasarudza kupfurikidza nebvumirano. Iyi nzira inopa tyisidziro huru zvikuru kupfuura roorano yomutemo apo ichiri kugovera kuchinjika. Ona [[FLT:] New Zealand] nhungamiro yenhau paukama hweroorano nokuda kwoudzame.

Nguva Yemberi Yeroorano Yavose Mumutemo muU.S.

Zvichirangarirwa basa rakamanikana remitemo yehurumende, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinokarira kuti dzimwe nyika dzingabvisa zvakajeka roorano inodzorwa nomutemo wavose kuti ideredze kudzorwa panhau dzinotsigira. Zvisinei, kukurumbira kweukama husina kurongwa kunokarakadza kuti imwe shanduro yedzidziso yacho ichapfuurira. Munguva ino, Dare roMutemo reUniforma Uniform Prinig and Monial Requences Act [[[FLLL:1]] inobatanidza gadziriro dzokuzivikanwa kweroorano namasanga, asi hapana nyika yakaigamuchira seyo 2025. Varoorani vanokoshesa kuchinjika kwomutemo weroorano wavose vanofanira kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro pemitemo yavo yazvino unovapo uye vanorangarira kunyora (zvakadai seChiziviso cheroorano chaMatmon anowanikapo munguva yemberi) kuti zvive nyore.

Mazano Anoshanda Kune Vakaroorana Vanofunga Nezveroorano Yavose Yemutemo

Kana uchigara mumamiriro ezvinhu anobvumira kuroorana kwevamwe, kana kuti usina chokwadi kana ukama hwenyu huchikodzera, ita matanho aya:

  • Aizi iri yose. Chengeta bhengi namashoko ekadhi rechikwereti, zvibvumirano, mitero, uye inishuwarenzi inokutumidzai savakwanyina.
  • Ita kuti donzo rako rive rakajeka. Shandisa mashoko akafanana na “murume wangu” kana kuti“ mudzimai wangu” mukurukurirano napapepa repamutemo. Dzivisa kuti “mukwanyina wangu” kana uchida kuroora pamutemo.
  • Funga chibvumirano chakanyorwa. MuTexas, unogona kusaina Chiziviso cheroorano yemasanga, icho chinogovera chibvumikiso chisingaperi. Dzimwe nyika dzingagamuchira kutaura kunonyorwa kwedonzo.
  • Comment gweta. Nemhaka yokuti mitemo inosiana nehurumende, gweta remhuri rinogona kukubetsera kunzwisisa kana une roorano inotova nomutemo mumwe uye nzira yokudzivirira nayo kodzero dzako. Nokuda kwezvimwe zvine udzame hwehurumende nenhungamiro yenyika, ona nyaya yakakwana yeNolo pamusoro peroorano yomutemo wavose[[.
  • [[FT:0] Ziva kuti kugumisa kungava sei.[[FT:1] Kana ukasarudza kuparadzana, unofanira kuwana chatanuro kunyange kana usina kutongova neroorano yapamutemo. Dare remhuri rinogona kusarudza kana roorano yomutemo mumwe iripo uye ipapo kubudisa chirevo chinoputsanya.

mhedziso

Roorano yomutemo wavose inomirira mhesano inofadza yomutemo, gamuchidzanwa, uye ukama hwomunhu oga. Nepo kuzivikanwa kwayo kwaderera mumativi akawanda enyika, inopfuurira kugovera dziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwavaroorani vanoda muchato pasina mutambo wetsika. Kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa neganhuriro dzeroorano yemitemo yavose kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anogara munyika inoziva kuti iye anoziva (_nomunhu anoronga kuenda kune mumwe. Sezvo kodzero dzeroorano dzinovapo, nheyo iyo ukama hwakaitwa inofanirwa nepamutemo ($8) inochengeta simba rine simba guru nokuda kweruramisiro nechiyero. Kupfurikidza nokuziva kodzero dzako nemisengwa, unogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti ukama hwako hunodzivirirwa, kwete kuti unosarudza sei kupindamo.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro penhau nemisiano yomutemo weroorano, ona [[FLT: 0] Britannica yokupinda paroorano neAmerican Bar Association’s Chikamu cheMutemo wemhuri.