Kudzosera mberi, muitiro wokunyorazve miganhu yemitemo yedare rehurumende nehurumende yemitemo yehurumende pashure pemiganhu yetsika inodzorwa, unomira pawirirano yemipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzvera kwevagari vemo, uye mutemo wemitemo. Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora muitiro uyu yakaoma uye yakaoma, inobatanidza kwemakumi emakore nezvisarudzo zvedare guru redare guru rehurumende nemutemo. Chinangwa chikuru chemitemo iyi ndechokuyananisira kuyananisa mararamire ezvosero etsika dzeseimoga yetsika dzetsika nenheyo yenheyo yehurumende inoyera uye yakaenzana. Miganhu yeruwa yacho mizhinji inogona kusarudza kudzora Hurumende, kuumba kuenzana kwesimba mudzimba, uye kusarudza kana nzanga duku dzine inzwi rine rene revoko muhurumende yavo. Nyaya iyi inogovera kuongororwa kwepamutemo kwedzidziso kwemitemo yemitemo, uye kurondedzera kutrutsikidzwa kweUnited States, kunyora mugadzirisoteji yedare rekare rekudzoka kudika.

Chitendero cheBumbiro reMitemo: "Munhu Mumwe, Mukurumbira Mumwe"

Nzvimbo yokutanga yenzvero yapamutemo ipi neipi yokuzvishandura iUnion Protection Claus ye Amendment ye14th kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. munhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvechiratidzo mukati mema 1960, inowanzonzi kuchinjwa kwedare," Dare rapamusoro reU.S. rakatanga kuti maruwa ewirojudha anofanira kuva akaenzana zvikuru muvagari vemo. Pasati patonga uku, nyika dzakawanda dzakava namaruwa akashata zvikuru uko vhotera yemaruwa yakabata simba gurusa kukwira vagari vomumaguta, kuchideredza simba rokuvhotera ramamirioni avagari vemo.

Mu [FLT][FLT] (1962]]], Dare rakazarura masuo edare rehurumende kudzosera denho, richitonga kuti kudhirowa kwenzvimbo dzewirirano kwakanga kuri nhau inoruramisa uye kwete "nhau yedare" kupfuura hwirudzuro. Yakateverwa ne [FLT]]] Hafurberry v. Sandrs[[FLT:] [64] [194]] [1] [124]] [4], iyo yakashandiswa "munhu mumwe, , pamutemo.] kuUPFOTS. , nzvimbo dzinoda kurangarira chiverengero chavagari vemo.[10]

Muuyo unoshanda weiyi mitongo mikuru. Mepu iri yose inodzorwa inofanira kutanga nokunamatira kwakakomba kumashoko echiverengero chavagari vemo. Nokuda kwamaruwa esangano, kutsauka kupi nokupi pakuenzana kwakakwana kwechiverengero chavagari vemo kunofanira kururamiswa nefariro yepamutemo, isiri yezvokuyera. Maruwa ehurumende, matare kazhinji kazhinji anobvumira mupimo unochinjika, kubvumira kutsauka kwakakwana kwechiverengero chavagari vemo kweisiri pasi pe 10% pasina kuraira ruramiso yakakura zvikuru yedariro yacho haina kurongedzerwa kuronga kufarira rimwe boka kana kuti nzvimbo. Ichi chinodikanwa chenheyo chinovimbisa kuti vhoti yomunhu ari wose anotakura uremu hunoda kuenzana, nheyo iyo inoramba iri bhegi huru yebasa rebhenji rezvinetso zvose zvapamutemo.

Mutongo Wokugamuchira Kodzero: Kudzivisa Rusaruro Rwourudzi

Nepo Fimende yechi14 ichipa vimbiso huru yokuenzana, Vating Rights Act ya 1965 (VLT:1] inopa dziviriro dzakananga, dzine simba pakusarura ganda mugadziriro inosarudzwa. Chikamu 2 cheVRA, chinoshanda munyika yose uye ndechenguva dzose, chinorambidza kuvhota kana kuti muitiro unoguma nokuramba kana kuti kudzorwa kwekodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mutezo muboka romutauro muduku. Mumashoko akapoteredza tsvukui, ikoku kunoreva kuti mepu haigoni kushatisa simba rokuvhotera vanhu vashoma.

Mupimo wapamutemo nokuda kwokuyera Chikamu 2 chinotaura kuti kuvhota kwakabva muchisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro mu [FLT][FTHORN] .Gingles (1986). Muchikamu ] Gingles chisarudzo, mastaff anofanira kuratidza maPreftive matatu: (1) boka duku rakakura zvakakwana uye renyika kuti riumbe voruzhinji muruwa rumwe; (2) boka duku rinovhotera zvamatongerwe enyika; uye (3) voruzhinji vachena vavhotera kuti vakukunde vafarirwe seboka rinowanzodiwa. Kana zvikamu zvitatu zvikakoshana, zvingasangana nemamiriro ezvinhu anenge ari nani kuti vamiririri vamiririri vapfumi vapfumi vama.

VRA yaivawo nechinodikanwa chine simba chokuva pachena muChikamu 5, icho chakamanikidzira nyika namaganhu nenhau yorusaruro kuwana tendero yehurumende yechinjo ipi neipi yokuvhota. Zvisinei, mu [[FLT]] Shelby County v. Raker[ [2023] [2021] [pachisarudzo chikuru], Dare rakakwirira rakabvisa nzira yokupfuudza nokuda kweChikamu 5, nenzira inobudirira. [FLT][6]

Kurwisana Nehosha: Miganhu Yedzinza Neyenyika

Kuwedzera Rudzi: Miganhu Yemitsetse Yakavakirwa Padzinza

Nepo VRA pane dzimwe nguva ichiraira kurangarirwa kworudzi kudzivisa kukuvadzwa kwevoti, Kudzivirira Kunoenzana Claus kunorambidza kushandiswa kwakanyanyisa, kusina kururama kwedzinza se "panfect" mukunyora mitsetse chaiyo yoruwa. Uku kuoma kwapamutemo kwakanyorerwa musoro pa [[FLT]][[FLT]] Shanow v. Reno[[FLT] [[FLT]] [93] [93] [[FLT]] [[FLT]], apo Dare rapamusoro rakasarudza kuti maruwa akagadzirwa nenzira yakashata asingagoni kutsanangurwa nenzira yechero nemitemo yedzinza anofungidzirwa nenzira yepamutemo. Kana mupata utle uchifanira kuratidzira kuti rudzi rwakanga rwuri rukuru uye kurangarira mumitsetse woruwa, mepu inova inova inobvumikisa kuva yakatsvindirwa zvakasimba. Ipapo muganhu wedzinza unofanira kubvumikisa kuti muganhu wenharo yedaro yedaro yedaro yedaro yedaro yedaro yedaro yedaro yedaro yedaro yedaro yezvo.

Partisan Gerrymandering: Mubvunzo Wezvamatongerwe Enyika Wematare Ehurumende

Kwamakumi amakore, Dare Gurusa rakaparapatika kusarudza kana jaji rinosarura zvakanyanyisa ``FLT'] (2011]) kukweva mepu kuikwidza rimwe sangano rezvematongerwe enyika() yairuramisirwa mudare rehurumende. Mukutonga kwakasundwa mu [[FLT]]] Ruuko v.Chosal [2010] [2010] [2011] , Dare remite rinonangi dzinoti dare rinopa kuti gerrymerdering rinopa risati riri pamutemo "PUPUPUPUPURO. Dare rakagumisa kuti nepo pari reGergermanndering, matare ehurumende anoshaiwa zvikuru mupimo wokusarudza, uye kuti chisarudzo kudzodzodzo.

Muuyo unoshanda we Ruko unokosha: matare ehurumende haasati achanzwazve denho kumepu dzakavakirwa chose chose pakutaura kworusaruro. Zvisinei, murangariro wakasiya zvakajeka suo nokuda kwematare enyika kuhwirudzura medzo dzinobatanidza stagrations[ yapamutemo. Izvozvi zvakatanga fungu rehurumende retempostation renyika. Muzvinhu zvakadai, North Carolina, uye Pennsylvania, matare makurusa akabvisa mepu dzedare rehurumende pasi pemiraudzo yehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvichinzi system repution of revhostructionaiat.

Nheyo Dzegamuchidzanwa Dzinoderedza: Zvinodikanwa Zvehurumende

Kupfuura mirayiro yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende neremitemo, madhirowa anofanira kurwisana nemutsetse wenheyo dze "tsika dzinochinja." iyi mipimo inoiswa zvawo mukati mebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti mirau uye inobatira senhungamiro dzamavambo dzokuyera mepu dzoruwa. Nheyo dzegamuchidzanwa dzinozivikanwa navose zvikurusa dzinosanganisira:

  • [[FT:0] Kutsarukana: Mativi ose oruwa anofanira kuva akabatanidzwa noruwa, kuva nechokwadi chokuti mugari wemo anogona kufamba kuenda kurumwe rutivi rupi norupi rworuwa pasina kurusiya.
  • Kubatana: maruwa anofanira kukweverwa muchimiro chakaumbwa, achidzivisa kurongeka kwakasiyana, kukura kunokarakadza kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwemiganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti yedzinza.
  • Kuchinja kwemaProviti ePublic Particals: Madrowa anowanzodikanwa kuremekedza miganhu yenzvimbo, maguta, mataundi, uye mawiridha, kuchengeta idzi nzanga dzakabatana pose pakwaibvira.
  • Kuchinja kweNzanga dzeChishuvo (KOI): Maruwa anofanira kuramba ari pamwe chete nzanga dzinogoverana fariro dzenzanga dzakafanana, dzemari, dzetsika, kana kuti dzenhau, kuabvumira kuva nenzwi rakabatana mudzimba dzemitemo.

Vagadziri vemamepu vazvino uno vanoshandisa purogiramu yakaoma kuyera uwandu hwemitemo yakaoma kunzwisisa (zvakadai sePolsby Popper kana kuti nzvero dzeReock) uye kuzivisa nzanga dzinobvira dzefariro kupfurikidza neruzivo rwezviverengero zvevagari vemo uye zvenzanga. Uku kukwanisa kuyera kunamatira kunheyo dzegamuchidzanwa kunogovera mipimo yakananga iyo matare anogona kushandisa kuyera kuva pamutemo kwemepu yoruwa. Nheyo idzi dzinowanzoshanda sedzinodzivisa zvakasimba mumuitiro, uye apo zvinetso zvinomuka mumatare enyika, vatongi vanowanzotsamira patsika dzehurumende kutevedzero kuiyi mipimo kuti vasarumbidzo kana mepu yakadhindwa mukutenda kana kuti kuumbwa nebhirimani asina pamutemo.

Kuchinja Muitiro: Masangano Anochinja

Mumhinduro kuhondo iri kukura yokusashanda zvakanaka nokusarurana yakapoteredza kugadziridza, nhamba inowedzera yehurumende yakasundwa kubvisa chiremera chinokweva mapu kubva kuvaiti vemitemo ndokuchiisa mumaoko e Redicoliging Commissions (IRCs). Nharidzano yeidzi purogiramu ndeyokuita kuti pave nokusasarura, kujeka, uye kuisa pachena mugadziriro, kuchideredza mano evatendi vezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vasarudze kuva vezvematongerwe enyika. United States yakadai seArizona, California, Michigan, uye Coloradow yakatanga masangano evagari vemo akasimba vakasimba. Iowa inoshandisa muenzaniso wechienzi apo masangano asiri vategistiki anonyora mapu nemitemo inodzivisa kudzosaidzosa mashandirwa kwematengwa kwematejinga.

Ukushanda kwapamutemo kweaya mabasa kwakasimbiswa neDare Rapamusoro-soro mu [FLT: 0][FLT]] [FOLT:1] Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redificialiging Commission[[FLT:] (202015][[FLT]]]. Dare raidavira kuti vanhu veArizona, kupfurikidza nokutanga kwechikwata, vangagona kutora simba rinotora kubva kudivivi retiomgence rehurumende ndokuripa kuboka razvimiriro, se "Leglature" inonongedzerwa muEcostadeus Claus of U.S.. Constitutions. Iconsoletions kupfurikidza nokuedza. [FFF:][5]

Kutenderera Kwakaitika Muna 2020 Nenzvimbo Itsva Yokuchenesa Marimi

Kutenderera kwokubatanidza kwakatevera Chiverengero cha 2020 kwakanga kuri chimwe chezvisakiso zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Kubatanidzwa kworuzivo rwazvino uno rwokunyora mapu, kubatana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mienzaniso yeDare rapamusoro zvikurusa zvakaparira dutu rakakwana redenho dzapamutemo. Zvisarudzo zviviri zvechiratidzo zvakabva kuDare Gurusa muna 2023 zvichaumba zvikurukuru mhoteredzo yapamutemo yamakore gumi anotevera.

Mu Alligan v.[FLT], Dare rakashamiswa vacherechedzi vazhinji kupfurikidza nokutsigira Chikamu 2 cheVRA mukurwisana nedenho huru kubva kuAlabama. Hurumende yakanga yaita nharo nokuda kwokuva nenhangemutange yenhangemutange yokuita kuti shoore, asi Dare rakasimbisazve [[FLT:] Gingles ndokuraira mepu itsva yakabatanidza diviti remite-Brillion. Iyi chisarudzo yakatotomanikisa kukwezve mepu mudzimwe nyika, kubatanidza Louisiana naGeorgia, uye jó idzo dzinoramba dziri denho dzechishandiso chenyika dzinotsvaka nhevedzano.

Mu rondedzero, iyo yakabatanidza kuti masangano emitemo ehurumende ava pedyo nokudzorwa, chiremera chisingadzoreki pamusoro pemitemo yehurumende, kubatanidza kudzorwa kwemitemo. Chisarudzo chakachengeta mano ematare ehurumende okuhwirudzura nokushatisa mepu dzehurumende pasi pemirayiro yehurumende. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti mamiriro ehurumende etsika achapfuurira kuva nzvimbo huru yegakava rega, kunyange mishonga yomubatanidzwa yegariro dzechinjo, kubatanidza kurambira pamutemo pashure pokusavapo [FFFO:]

Kutarira Mberi: Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kudzika Mitemo, uye Kutenderera Kwomune 2030

Sezvo rudzi runotarira kuzhetembo 2030 dzoruvara rwemipimo, miitiro mizhinji yemitemo neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ingadzora. Kushandiswa kwe uchenjeri hwokugadzira uye madata makuru zvinoumba nyora. Hondo dzemitemo dzichapesana nokuchinja kukuru kworuzivo rwemitsetse isati yapfuudzira muganhu wechinangwa nechinoshatisa. Maaruki anowedzera emitemo anogona kudzora nokunyatsoita zvakarurama, achikuita kwakaoma kuziva nokubvumikisa mirangariro yetsika. Hondo dzemitemo dzichatevera dzichapesana nokuchinja kwakawanda kwounyanzvi hwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvisati zvabvumirwa kupinda muvhoti yenhau dzinorambidzwa muvra kana kuti dziviriro yeClausspo.

Murairo, kusunda nokuda kwechigadzikiso chehurumende ku John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act donzo rokudzorera nokusimbisa VRA, kubatanidza mutoo mutsva wezvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvakaparadzwa mu [[FLT:] Shelby County[. [[FLT:]] Freedom kudzorera chibvumirano cheVete yaizotanga mipimo mitsva yenyika nokuda kwechibvumirano, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvokuoneka nokuzvimirira. Nepo izvi zvakadzikisa pamwero yemubatanidzwa pamwero mukuru mukuru, kupfurikidza nechinjo yehurumende, kupfurikidza nokudzokororwa kwemitemo kupfurikidza nomutemo.

Nyaya Yenheyo Dzemitemo Dzakanyorwa Muchidimbu

Gadziriro yapamutemo yokubatanidza yakaumbwa nokubatanidzwa kwakaoma kwezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye mitemo yehurumende. Kubva pakunzvera kuri pamusoro apa, mitemo mikuru neganhuriro zvinodzora muitiro wokukweva mitsetse zvinogona kupetwa sezvinotevera:

  • Kudzikamisa mutengo: Munhu mumwe, mupimo mumwe" unoda maruwa emisangano kuva akaenzana mutsika uye maruwa emitemo ehurumende kuva akaenzana zvikuru muchiverengero chavagari vemo.
  • .Iractic Non-Discrimination: Mutemo weKodzero unorambidza mepu dzinoderedza simba rokuvhota shomanene. Kudzorwa kwedzinza kunofanira kuongororwa zvikuru.
  • Mitongo paPartisanship: Dare rehurumende nepo risingazonzwi kutaura kwechivhozhokero chemubatanidzwa, matare ehurumende ari kushingaira mukusimbisa zvirambidzo zvebumbiro remitemo rehurumende pakushandisa zvigaro zvakanyanyisa.
  • Mipimo yemagamuchidzanwa: nyika dzinosungwa nemitemo yadzo dzimene inoda kubatana, chinzwano, uye kuchengetwa kwemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika nenzanga dzefariro.
  • Utariri hunozvimirira: Kushandiswa kwemasangano anonzvera akazvimirira ikomba inokura, uye chiremera chawo chakasimbiswa neDare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. secherekedzo yapamutemo pasimba romutemo.

Izvi mbiru dzepamutemo dzinoumba gadziriro inokosha yokuva nechokwadi chokuti kudhirowa kwamaruwa anosarudzwa kunoramba kuri kwapamutemo kunheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzokururama, kuenzana, uye kumirira.