Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Europe yakawana chinjo huru mukuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweukama hwepedyo. Rudzi rwekodzero dzeroorano nesonganiro dzavagari vemo zvino runoratidzira kurwisana nezvose zviri zviviri mipimo inofambira mberi uye kurambwa kwetsika kwakadzikama. Kuvambira pamitemo yokupayona yeNetherlands kusvikira kuganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo mumativi eEastern Europe, mamiriro emitemo epamutemo nokuda kwavaroorani (hwuvakwanyina) kana kuti vakwanyina vemo yevatano yakasiana nechavagari vemo (8) inopfuurira kushanduka. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kune chiremera chenhau, mamiriro ezvinhu enguva ino, uye kuzivikanwa kworumwe pamutemo muEurope yose, kusimbisa kubatana pakati pouchangamire hwenyika, kodzero dzavanhu, uye kuchinja kwetsika dzavanhu.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwomutemo Weroorano MuEurope

Kwemazana emakore, Chechi yeKaturike yakatanga kudzora kuroorana kwemurume nomukadzi chete uye tsika dzemo. Zvishoma nezvishoma yakatanga kudzora kuroorana panguva yeMiddle Ages, ichida kubvuma, mhiko dzavose, uye kukomborera pamutemo.

Kubva Muroorano Yechitendero Kuenda Kuroorano Yehurumende

Reformation nokumuka kwakatevera kwemitemo yenyika zvakadenha chiremera chechechi pamusoro peroorano.Chinjo yePurotesitendi yakabvumira chatanuro mumigariro yakaganhurirwa, asi kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira paChinjo yeFrance apo murangariro weroorano yavagari vemo wakava wakasimbiswa mumutemo. France yakatanga roorano yavagari vemo yokumanikidzirwa muna 1792, ichibvisa chechi yechiremera chapamutemo uye ichiisa roorano pasi pechiremera chehurumende. Iyi roorano yakapararira muEurope yose muzana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe, nenyika dzakadai seGermany, Italy, uye United Kingdom ichiita mitemo yeroorano yavagari vemo iyo yakabatana nemitambo yorudzidziso. Kuchinja kworudzidziso kuisa nheyo yehurumende yorudzidziso nokuda kwechinjo gare gare gare gare, sezvo kutaura zvino kungagona kushata muroorano yakaisvonaka pasina kurangarira dzidziso yechechi.

Kuwedzera Kwemitemo Yechatanuro Nekuenzana Kwavanhu Vane Urudzi

Zana ramakore ramakumi maviri rakaita chinjo dzechinjo dzapamutemo kumutemo weroorano. Chatanuro yakava yapamutemo munyika zhinjisa dzeEurope, kunyange zvazvo pazvikonzero zvinoganhurira zvakadai soupombwe kana kuti utsinye. Masangano amadzimai avanhu vavanhu vakaenzana muma 1960 na 1970 akasundira nokuda kwokuenzana mukati meroorano, achibvisa dzidziso yokufukidza iyo yakaisa chiziviso chapamutemo chomukadzi pasi pomutemo womurume wake. Nyika dzakafanana neSweden neDenmark dzakatungamirira nzira mukugamuchira mitemo yeroorano yomurume nemunhukadzi, kubvisa zvinodikanwa kuti mudzimai atore zita romurume wake rokuberekana remazita rake uye kupa kodzero dzakafanana kunzvimbo nero. Iyi chinjo yakagadza nzvimbo yomuganhu mukuru: kuzivikanwa kwoukama hunotevera hwevatano hwevatano.

Kutanga Kwezvikwata Zvevagari Vomunyika Sechinotsiva Kupinda Mumutemo

Roorano yevatano yakafanana isati yavapo, zvikwata zvehurumende zvakatanga sekubvumirana mamiriro ezvinhu. Mufungo wazvino uno wakavamba muDenmark, uyo muna 1989 wakatanga hurumende yokutanga yenyika yebatira pamwe yakanyorwa nokuda kwavakwanyina vounzenza humwe chete. Iyi sangano idzva rapamutemo rakapa kodzero dzakawanda nemisengwa yeroorano .(kugara nhaka, nhevedzano yehurumende, uye betsero dzenzanga (panguva ino kudzivisa shoko rokuti "muchato" uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kubvisa mutambo worudzidziso nokugamuchirwa pamwe chete. Muenzanisiro weDenmark wakaratidza kuva une simba.

Mavambo uye Kupararira muEurope Yose

Pashure peDenmark, mamwe marudzi eNordic akagamuchira zvibvumirano zvakanyoreswa: Norway (1993), Sweden (1995), Iceland (1996), uye Finland (2002). Netherlands yakatanga kunyoresa kubatana kwevose vari vaviri vakaroorana voga voga voga voga voga voga voga voga voga voga voga voga voga voga. Muna 1998, ichitarisira kuenzana kwakazara muna 2001, France yakatanga Pacte Com de Sonalité [[FLT] [FLT] [1] [PACS] [mubatanidzwa] (pas) muna 1999, kuwanikwa kusiri kwomutemo kwakazarukira varoora vose., United Kingdom, uye Switzerland yakaumba mitemo yavo pakati pa200000 na200000, kubatana nepakati penyika dzehurumende dzehurumende dzakava kumadokero kumadokero okumadokero kumadokero, kugovera kudzivirira kusava pamutemo.

Kodzero Nemisengwa Muukama Hwehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo kubatana kwevanhu kuine zvakasiyana - siyana munyika, kune zvinhu zvinoumba:

  • .L. . kunyoresa kwapamutemo nesimba rapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji kunoda miitiro yokuparadzana yakafanana nechatanuro.
  • [[[FOL:0] purofiti namaruramiro enhaka:[[FT:1] mano okugara nhaka pasina kuda, dziviriro dzakabatana, uye kusunungurwa kwenhaka yenhaka.
  • [ Kuchengeteka kwemudyandigere nebetsero dzemudyandigere: Access kumari yomudyandigere inopukunyuka, bhaisikopo yeinishuwarenzi youtano, uye betsero dzemhuri.
  • Kupinda nokupinda munyika norudzi: Kutsigira mubiyako nokuda kwokugara kana kuti kuva mugari munyika dzakawanda.
  • Mutoro woUbereki: Humwe ubatanidzwa hunobvumira kugamuchirwa kwavabereki vamwe kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwavabereki kuripo nokuda kwavana vanoberekerwa muukama hwacho.

Zvisinei, kubatana kwevanhu kwaiwanzova neganhuriro, munyika dzinoverengeka, havana kupa kodzero yokurera vana pamwe chete, uyewo havana kubvumira mhemberero dzechitendero.Makakatanwa okuchengeta vana vakaberekwa vasati vabatana aisagonawo kugadziriswa.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwevakaroorana Vane Utano Hwakasiyana

Chinoitika chinokosha chave chiri kutambanudzwa kwekubatana kwevagari vemo nevakaroorana vanopesana muvatano. Netherlands, France (PACS), uye Belgium yakatobvumira ikoku. United Kingdom yakavhura kubatana kwevagari vemo kuvakwanyina vevatano vanopesana muna 2019 pashure pechibvumirano cheDare gurusa. Finland, Ireland, uye Luxembourg dzinopawo wirirano dzakanyoreswa kuvaroorani vose. Vakaroorana vakawanda, vakaroorana vehurumende vanomirira chimwe chinhu chinodikanwa kuroorano. (jere anotakura zvisungo zvishoma kana kuti kariro dzegamuchidzanwa). Izvi zvinokarakadza kuti kubatana kwevagari vemo havasi hachisi chigamupi chevaviri voga vezera rimwe chete asi chirongwa chepamutemo chakasiyana nechetezogona kupfuurira kuwirirana neroorano.

Roorano Yevatano Youtere: Muitiro Unowedzera Kupfuura Europe

Kubatana kwevagari vemo kwaiwanzotsoropodzwa senzvimbo yeboka rechipiri.Vatsigiri vakataura kuti kuparadzana kwakanga kusina kuenzana, zvikurukuru apo kubatana kwaibvisa kodzero dzokurera vana kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwakazara kwenzanga. Kukwidziridzwa kwokuenzana kwomuchato kwakawana simba muma 2000, nedzimba dzomutemo nematare enyika zvichitungamirira nzira yacho.

Nyika Dzinopayona Nezviitiko Zvikuru Zvinoratidza Kutonga

Netherlands yakava nyika yokutanga kunyoresa muchato wezvevatano munyika muna 2001, Belgium yakatevera muna 2003, Spain muna 2005, Norway neSweden muna 2009. Portugal yanyoreswa pamutemo muna 2010, Iceland (nemhemberero yakakurumbira munyika yose nomutungamiriri wayo), Denmark muna 2012, uye France muna 2013. United Kingdom yakatanga muchato mumwe chetewo wema28sex muEngland neWales muna 2014, Scotland muna 2014, uye Northern Ireland muna 2020. Mune Central Europe, Austria inonyoreswa zviri pamutemo muna 2019 kuburikidza nokutonga kweDare reMitemo yeMitemo, Malt muna 2017, uye Germany muna 2017. Kubvira muna 2025, 2117, nyika dzeEurope (kusanganisira nyika dzose dzekumadokero dzeItaly, idzo dzinopa muchato wehurumende muna 2014, uye Northern Ireland dzakaita kusangana ne20202020).

Basa reDare reEurope Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu (ECHR) rakaita basa rinokosha asi rokungwarira. Munhau yechiratidzo Schalk neKopf v. Austria (2017), dare rakatonga kuti Dare reEurope reKonqution on Human Rights harina kubvumira kuti nyika dzipedze roorano imwe cheteyo, asi rakaziva kuti ukama hwechikamu chimwe chetecho hunowira mukati mepfungwa ye "mhuri]. Gare gare gare, uye Dzimwe. Italy[FLT:] (20) [20], dare rakawana kuti Italy yakanga isina kubvumira kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwevakwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwevakwa kwevakwa. Iyi nyika ino inosatendera kunyoresa.

Mutemo weEU Nekodzero Dzesangano Dzakasununguka

Mutemo weEuropean Union waumbawo nyika. Nheyo yeEU yokufamba kwakasununguka kwavanhu inoshanda kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano munyika dzinoziva roorano, asi zvinetso zvinomuka apo vaviri vaitama kubva muroorano kukusaenzana kukuva mugariro usingaoneki wemitezo. Mu Coman] naVamwe mhaka (208]), Dare reChiratidzo reEUSCO raidavira kuti mukwanyina mumwe cheteyo weEUSpouse" nokuda kwezvinangwa zveEUC Free Moveration, kunyange kana mugariro weroorano wavanhu usingabvumiri 2016 roorano yezete. Ikoku kunoreva kuti Romania inofanira kupiwa kodzero muMelika muRomania. Iyi idzo ino yokutonga yogarudzo yogarudzo yogaro yogaro yogaro kupfurikidza nokusagona kushatirwa kwehurumende kudzorwa kwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo isingabvumiri kudzodzodzodzodzodzodzo kupfurikidza neroorano.

Matambudziko Anoramba Achinetsa uye Asina Kubatana

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi yakati, kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwavakwanyina vevatano vamwe chetevo kunoramba kusina kuenzana.

Eastern Europe Nerambidzo Yebumbiro remitemo

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagadziridza mabumbiro emitemo adzo kuti dzirondedzere zvakajeka roorano somubatanidzwa pakati pomurume nomukadzi. Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Croatia, uye Slovakia dzine gadziriro dzakadaro. Muna 2020, Hungary yakapfuudzawo mutemo unorambidza kurera vana vakaroorana vezvechiBhunu. Poland haina kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwavaroorani vamwe chetevo vezvechine zera nevatano kunyange zvazvo, uye kuedza kwesangano rehurumende kuvamba kuumba mubatanidzwa wevagari vemo kwakundikanazve. MuHungary, bumbiro remitemo harisati richingoisa roorano imwe cheteyo yomutemo asi rinogoverawo mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo, anosiya varoorani vasina dziviriro nokuda kwenhaka, chipatara, kana kuti nhaka. Uku kurambidza kwemitemo kunowanzosimbiswa nechishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika chinobva kumapoka ezvenyika uye zvechitendero.

Kudzokorora Zvataurwa uye Mafungiro Akakurumbira

Kuedza kuwedzera kodzero dzimwe nguva kwakadzorwa nevanoongorora. MuSlovenia, 2012, bhishopu yakamisa mutemo wehurumende waipfuudzwa neparamende, kunyange zvazvo gore ra2015 rekuzotevera pamuchato wezvemagariro akakundikana (mutemo weroorano wakazopfuudzwa neparamende). MuRomania, 2018 mendendium yakatsvaka kurambidza muchato mumwe chetewo wevane simba mubumbiro remitemo, asi yakakundikana nemhaka yokuderera. Referendendium zvishandiso zvinoparadzanisa, uye migumisiro yacho inowanzoratidza kupesana kukuru kwekodzero dzechikaro pane kubvumirana zvakajeka pakodzero.

Muchinji Wekodzero Dzevakaroorana NeIntersex

Kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweukama hunobatana nechiratidzo chevatano munzira dzakaoma. Munyika dzinobvumira bedzi roorano yakapesana nevatano, roorano ingabviswa kana munhu anochinja pamutemo vatano yavo pashure pokuroora, kutoti mutemo unogovera zvakajeka kupfuurira kweroorano. Nyika zhinjisa dzokuMadokero eEurope zvino dzinobvumira vanhu vanochinja vanhu vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano yapamutemo pasina kuda kurambana, asi iyi haisati iri yavose. MuHungary nePoland, ganhuriro dzorudzo dzomutemo pamusoro pokuzivikanwa kwapamutemo navanhukadzi kuti varambe vari vakaroorana kana kuti varambe vasina kuroorwa. Nokuti vanhu vamwe navamwe, tsika yapamutemo inowanzova yevatano yechipa vatano nevatano, inoparira zvinetso zvokunyoresa nenhaka. Kuva mubatanidzwa kwevatano kwevatano nehurumende kunopfuurira kubvisa mitemo yevatano yevatano nehurumende uye kuzivikanwa kwemhuri dzakasiyana - zvimiro zvemhuri.

Zvimwe Zvimiro Zvekuzivikanwa Mumutemo

Kunze kwokuroorana uye kubatana kwehurumende, nyika dzeEurope dzakaumba mitemo yakasiyana - siyana nokuda kwevakaroorana vasingarongi ukama hwavo.

Kunyoresa Kubatanidza Vari Mumhuri

Kugarisana kusinganyoreswi kwakasiyana - siyana. Kugarisana pasina kunyoreswa kwepamutemo kunowanzoitika muEurope yose. Zvisinei, migumisiro yepamutemo inosiyana zvikuru. MuSweden neFrance, vakwanyina vanogara pamwe chete vangawana maruramiro akati, akadai semapoka ezvinhu pashure pokuparadzana kana kuti nhaka kana akapiwa zita rechido. Mukupesana, munyika dzakawanda dzeEastern Europe, kugarisana pamwe chete kunotakura vashoma kukodzero dzinoshanda dzoga. Mamwe magariro, kufanana neUnited Kingdom (ngano dzeroorano dzemitemo dzakafanana), anopa dziviriro yakaganhurirwa inoda mhaka 0666. Nokuda kwavaroorani vazhinji, vanyoreswa vanoramba vari nzira inovimbika zvikurusa yokuchengeteka pasina roorano.

Misiyano Yorudzi Mukodzero Dzokurera Vana

Kodzero dzokurera vana vanopesana kwevatano dzinoenzanisira kusawirirana kwasara. Munyika dzine wirirano yakakwana yeroorano, yakadai seNetherlands, Spain, uye United Kingdom, vakaroorana vevatano vanogona kugamuchirwa pamwe chete. Zvisinei, muhurumende dzinoverengeka dzehurumende, kurera vamwe kuchiri kurambidzwa. MuPoland, Hungary, neSlovakia, kurera vana vaviri vakaroorana vanorambidzwa zvakajeka. Kurera vana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano yevatano yevarume, kunoshandiswa navamwe varume, ndiimwe nharaunda umo mitemo yakakamukana zvikuru, ichibva pakurambidza (Germany, France) kuganhurira nzira dzepamutemo (Grece, UK). Kushayikwa kwekodzero dzavabereki dzinozivikanwa navabereki vari mhiri kwemitezo inoparira mamiriro ezvinhu emhuri anenge ari kuberekana munyika imwe chete.

Nhungamiro Nemhedziso Zvomunguva Yemberi

Kupindirana Kwakaita Kumwe Nokubatana MuEurope

Nguva yemberi yokuzivikanwa kwoukama muEurope inotsamira pakusawirirana pakati pezvigaro zvorudzi nemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yamarudzi ose. Dare reEurope reConvention on Human Rights rakadudzirwa zvishoma nezvishoma, asi dzvinyiriro inobva kuEuropean Court of Human Rights ingapfuurira kumanikidza mipimo mishomanene. EU iri kuita nhano duku: chisarudzo cheParamende yeEurope 2022 chokuzivikanwa kwemitezo yemhuri munyika dziri nhengo, kunyange zvazvo isingabvumirwi, chinopa chirevo chekufamba. Zvisinei, mutemo upi noupi unosungirwa ungada kubvumirana nebvumirano, izvo zvisingabviri kupiwa chishoro chenyika dzakawanda dzokuMabvazuva.

Nzira Yokuva Nemwero Wakazara

Vatsigiri vemitemo nenyanzvi dzemitemo vanobvuma kuti chinangwa chikuru ndechekuenzana kwose: kuvapo kwezvose zviri zviviri roorano nehurumende (kana kuti sangano rimwe) kune vakaroorana vose pasinei zvapo nechimiro chevatano, kuzivikanwa kwevarume nevakadzi, kana kuti zvepabonde. Izvi zvingabvisa kudiwa kwehurumende dzakaparadzana dzinosimudzira kusaenzana. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neSweden neMalta, dzakatovhara mukaha nokubvumira kuti vanhu vose varoorane musiyano wevatano uye kuti vawane. Vamwe, kufanana neIreland neLuxembourg, vakaita zvakafanana. Pfungwa yakajeka ndeyokuti: dzimwe nyika dzeEurope dziri kufambira mberi kukuwana kwakaenzana, kunodzorwa nematare, chibvumirano chemitemo, uye kubvumira vanhu kubatana munzanga.

Kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweroorano nebatano dzavagari vemo muEurope kunoramba kuri nzvimbo ine simba. Nepo kondinendi yacho yakaita fambiro dzinoshamisa chifo chokuvambana kwokutanga kwakanyoreswa muDenmark muna 1989, mipambo inokosha inopfuurira. Basa remitemo rinopfuurira kutapura upenyu chaihwoihwo(acces kutarisiro youtano, nhaka, kurera, uye kubuda munyika. Kupfuurira kubatira pamutemo, uye kuchinja kwemitemo kunokosha kuvhara idzi nzvimbo. Sezvo nzwisiso yeEurope yemhuri neukama zvinopfuurira kuchinjika, tsika yepamutemo inofanira kuchinjika kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vose, pasinei zvapo nokuti vanoda, vanogona kuvaka, kusimbisa, mhuri dzinodzivirirwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Council yekodzero dzavanhu yeEurope inopa hwiro hwemitemo yenhau yakafanira. ILGA-Eupainmow Mepu yeBhuku yeReinmot [[FLT:] inopa nyika inowirirana neyapamutemo. Kunzvera kwechiComan uye zvakunoreva kunogona kuwanikwa pa [[FLT:] Mutemo weRekorifini[[[FLT:]]]. Pakupedzisira, [FLT:] Dwoopencactracracy med mepu yemist [FFFLG]]