Kodzero Yokuenzana: Rwendo Rwakaipa

Kodzero yokuenzana inomira sechinhu chinokosha chenzanga dzazvino uno dzedemocracy, dzakapinzwa mubumbiro remitemo, zvibvumirano, uye muenzaniso wokutonga munyika yose. Pamavambo ayo, inoda kuti munhu ari wose abatwa nechiremera chakaenzana, anopiwa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, uye akadzivirirwa parusaruro rwakavakirwa pamavara asingachinjiki akadai sorudzi, rudzidziso, kana kuti chimiro chendangariro chevatano. Kushandura iyi donzo kuva chinhu chaichoicho muchinhu chaichoicho chinoramba chiri chimwe chedenho dzinopfuurira zvikurusa dzezana ramakore rechi 21. Nyaya inonzvera gadziriro dzapamutemo idzo dzinoumba kuenzana kwakarurama, kunzvera nhau yetsika iyo yakaumba revo yayo, uye kunzvera mhingano dzinopfuurira kukanganisa kutendwa kwayo zvizere.

Mabasa Epamutemo Munyika Yose Okuenzana

Kubvira pakati pezana remakore rechi520, kodzero dzevanhu vemarudzi ose dzakabvumirana pakodzero yokuenzana.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose

Yakagamuchirwa neUnited Nations General Assembly muna 1948, Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR] inozivisa muChikamu 1 kuti “vanhu vose vanoberekwa vakasununguka uye vakaenzana muchiremera nekodzero.] Chikamu 2 chinorambidza rusaruro pazvikonzero zvakadai sedzinza, ruvara, vatano, mutauro, rudzidziso, murangariro wezvamatongerwe enyika, mavambo orudzi kana kuti enzanga, kuberekwa, kana kuti chimwe chinzvimbo. Nepo UDHR isingasungirwi zviri pamutemo mazviri, nheyo dzayo dzakabatanidzwa muzvibvumirano zvinobatanidza uye dzakaumba mutemo wetsika.

Sungano Dzamarudzi Ose

Sungano mbiri huru dzinopa simba repamutemo kuUDHR iSungano yeNyika Yose Yekodzero Dzevanhu nedzePolitical Consolation (ICCPR) uye International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), dzose dziri mbiri dzakagamuchirwa muna 1966.

  • ICCPR - Chikamu 26 chinovimbisa kuti “vanhu vose vakaenzana pamberi pomutemo uye vane kodzero isina rusaruro rupi norupi kudziviriro yakaenzana yomutemo.” Iyi gadziriro yakatsanangurwa neDare rekodzero dzavanhu kukumbira kuti nyika dziva nechokwadi chokuti mishonga inoshanda muzvose zviri zviviri munharaunda dzavose nedzevoruzhinji.
  • ICR - Chikamu 2 (2) chinoda kuti mapoka eUnited States avigire kuti kodzero dzinodudzwa muSungano “dzichashandiswa pasina rusaruro rworudzi rupi norupi sedzinza, ruvara, vatano, rudzidziso, pfungwa, mavambo ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mamwe, mavambo orudzi, chinhu, kuberekwa kana kuti mumwe mugariro.] Kunyange zvazvo zvichinangidzirwa pakodzero dzemari nedzemagariro ebasa (Artle 6), kodzero yemupimo wakakwana wekurarama (Article 11), uye dzidzo yakarurama (Artle – jislation rekodhimicration isati iri yemagariro yenzanga) iko.

Zvikarakadzo Zvakagadzirwa Nounyanzvi

Kunze kwesungano dzavose, zvibvumirano zvinoverengeka zvounyanzvi zvinotaura zvimiro zvakati zvokusarura:

  • International Convention on the Economotion of All Mafomu of Raccial Crimination - - Kugamuchirwa muna 1965, kunosungirwa kuti nyika dzibvise rusaruro rwedzinza muzvimiro zvaro zvose uye kusimudzira kunzwisisa pakati pamarudzi.
  • Kubviswa kweMiitiro Yose yorusaruraganda Rwokurwisana Navakadzi [[FEDAW] – kazhinji kazhinji inorondedzerwa semutongo wamarudzi ose wamaruramiro avakadzi, CEDAW inoda kuti Nyika dziite matanho ose akakodzera kubvisa rusaruro pavakadzi muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika, hwemari, hwenzanga, hwetsika, uye hwehurumende.
  • Kutsiva Kodzero Dzevanhu Vane Urema [[CRPD]] - - yakagamuchirwa muna 2006, zvinoziva zvakajeka kuti urema hahusi chikonzero chokuramba kuenzana uye hunoda kuwanikwa, nzvimbo ine mufungo, uye kutora rutivi kwakazara.

Zvishandiso izvi, pamwe chete negadziriro dzenharaunda dzakadai seEuropean Convention on Human Rights (Article 14) uye African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (Article 2), zvinoita kuti pave nemitemo yakabatana iyo pamwe chete inorondedzera kodzero yenyika yose yokuenzana.

Mabasa Emitemo Enyika: Dziviriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo uye Mitemo

Nyika dzinoshandura misengwa yenyika yose kuva mutemo wemhuri kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo, mitemo inorwisana nokusabvumirana, uye kududzira kutonga.

Mienzaniso Yebumbiro remitemo

Mabumbiro emitemo amazuva ano akawanda anosanganisira mashoko akaenzana.

  • United States – The 14neth Amendment (168) inogovera kuti hakuna Hurumende icha “dai kumunhu upi noupi mukati moudzori hwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi ndima yave iri chinhu chikuru mukurwisa nokuda kweuwandu hwedzinza, uenzani hwechirume, uye LGBTQ+ maruramiro, kunyange zvazvo U.S. isina mutemo wehurumende wakakwana unodzivisa remagariro ose.
  • South Africa - Pestsiar theid Constitution (1996) iri pakati peyakananga zvikurusa. Chikamu 9 chinotaura kuti “Hurumende ingasasarura nenzira isina kururama kana kuti nenzira isina kufanira munhu upi noupi pazvikonzero zvimwe, kubatanidza dzinza kana kuti zvakawanda, kuvatana, pamuviri, mavambo eroorano, dzinza kana kuti nzanga, mavambo evatano, zera, zera, urema, rudzidziso, hana, chitendero, tsika, mutauro, uye kuberekwa.” Inobvumirawo kutungamirira chiito kupfurikidza nerusaruro rwakare.
  • Indiya - Chikamu 14 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinovimbisa kuenzana pamberi pomutemo nedziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Dare Gurusa reIndia rakapa iyi gadziriro kududzira kwakafara, kurirava kurambidza chiito chehurumende chakazvimirira uye kurayira kuti kufanana navanhu vabatwe zvakafanana. Gadziriro dzokuwedzera dzinodzivisa rusaruro pazvikonzero zvorudzidziso, dzinza, vatano, kana kuti nzvimbo yokuberekwa (Ficle 15) uye dzinobvisa “kushanda kwechipo. ”
  • Canada Chikamu 15 cheCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) chinovimbisa kuva wakaenzana pamberi napamberi pemutemo namaruramiro okudzivirira kwakaenzana nebetsero pasina rusaruro. Kuenzana kweChatichichinovimbisa kwakashandiswa kuputsa mitemo inozvidza pahwaro hwechimiro chevatano, mugariro weroorano, uye urema.

Mabhuku Ane Mafashoni

Nyika dzakawanda dzinoitawo mutemo wakananga wokunangana norusaruro. Somuenzaniso, United Kingdom’s Act younganidzira mitemo yapakuvamba ndokurambidza norusaruro rwakananga uye rwevatano, kunetsa, uye kuva nomushonga pamavara mapfumbamwe akadzivirirwa: zera, urema, kuiswazve mumuviri, roorano uye ukama hwavagari vemo, mimba nedanho, rudzidziso, vatano, uye mufambiro wevatano. Nenzira yakafanana, European Union’s [[FLT:]] Racial Edificity Trection na [FLT:]

Matare anoita basa rinokosha pakutsanangura kodzero dzokuenzana, kazhinji achipindura zvigumbu zvakati zvinounzwa nevanhu kana kuti mapoka evatongi.

Fundo Yenhau Yapanyika

Zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvakachinja zvazvinorevazve kuenzana, zvichimanikidza nyika kuti dzisasarurane uye kuti dziwedzere kudzivirira mapoka anoderedza.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – United States

Muchisarudzo chakabatana, Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakazivisa kuti paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose yakanga isina kuenzana nenzira yomuzvarirwo, ichiparadza dzidziso ye “yakapesana asi yakaenzana” yakatangwa mu Pnecy v. Ferguson [1896]. Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti“ nzvimbo dzedzidzo hadzina kuenzana pamutemo nemhaka yokuti kusarura kwakaparira kunzwa kwokuva muduku muAfricangrade Melika vana. Kunyange zvazvo kushandura kwakanangana nechirambidzo chinotyisa, Brown akava chisakiso chapamutemo nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo nechiratidzo chenyika yose chesimba rokuenzeka.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – United States

Iyi nhau inokosha yaidavira kuti maruramiro makuru okuroora anovimbiswa kuvaroorani vamwe chetevo muChiteshi cheChibvumirano neMutengo waManei neFomati Clauses of the 14neth Amendment. Murangariro woruzhinji wakasimbisa kuti roorano i “chinhu chinokosha chetsika yedu yenzanga” uye kuti kurasha vakwanyina voutere vamwe chetevo kodzero yokuroora kuderedza chiremera chavo nekodzero yokuzvitonga. Chisarudzo chakanyoreswa chinobvumirwa nomutemo cheroorano imwe cheteyo yezvene zera ramarudzi ose, chichivakira pakutonga kwapakuvamba kwakadai se United States v. Windssor[[FLD:1] (2013]) chakarova muganhu weHurumende yeChikwaratiko.

Minisiona weMitambo yeKumba v. Fourie (2006 – South Africa

Dare reSouth African Constitution rakasarudza kuti rondedzero yavose yeroorano semubatanidzwa pakati pomurume nomukadzi isina kururama inosarura vakwanyina vane mitezo yakafanana mukupesana nechikamu chimwe chetecho cheSangano reMitemo. Dare rakapa Paramende gore rimwe kuti igadzirise mutemo; apo yakakundikana kuita chiito, Dare rimene rakawedzera rondedzero. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuzvipira kwepanzvimbo yeSouth Africa kuchiremera chohunhu nokuenzana nokuda kwavose, richiuita kuti nyika yokutanga yeAfrica izive roorano yakafanana.

Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) – United States

Muchisarudzo 6763, Dare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. rakaturikira musoro VII weChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha 1964, unorambidza rusaruro rwebasa “nemhaka ye... vatano,” kudzivirirawo vashandi pakusarura pahwaro hwevatano kana kuti mugariro wevatano. Mutongi Neil Gorfoth akanyora kuti“ mushandirwi anopfura munhu nokuda kwoungochani kana kuti mwoto wesimba uyo munhu nokuda kwemavara kana kuti zviito zvaasati aizova asina kupanikira mumitezo yevatano yakasiana.” Chisarudzo chacho chakatambanudza dziviriro yomubatanidzwa wehurumende usiri weRGBTQ+.

P v. S naCornwall County Council (1996) – European Union

Dare reRuramisiro reEuropean Union (ipapo Dare reEurope reRugare reRugare) rakatonga kuti rusaruro mukurwisana nomukadzi anochinja mativi ose avanhu akanga adzingwa pabasa rake rwakaumba rusaruro rwakavakirwa pavatano pasi peEU’s Amedial Treatment Directive. Dare rakataura kuti “kana munhu achibatwa zvisina tsitsi nemhaka yokugadzwazve kwomurume nomukadzi nokuda kwechiito chomunhu iyeye, kodzero yomunhu wacho yokuenzana inoputswa.” Ichi chisarudzo chakava nzira yokuzivikanwa kwomurume nomukadzi gare gare gare sechinhu chinodzivirirwa pabasa uye mberi.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichinetsa Kukuenzana

Pasinei nemakumi emakore ezvemitemo iri kufambira mberi, kodzero yokuenzana inotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakaoma.

Kusiyana Kwokusarura Nekusarura Kuzhinji

Vanhu vanowanzosarurwa panguva imwe chete - somuenzaniso, mukadzi mutema angatambura zvose urudzi uye kurara pamwe chete, uye zvinenge zvabatanidzwa hazvingowedzeri. Gadziriro dzemitemo dzinobata unhu humwe nohumwe hwakadzivirirwa mukuparadzana dzinogona kukundikana kuratidzira kuvadziko yechienzi yorusaruro rwemhatsa. Dare nedzimba dzomutemo zviri kungovamba bedzi kutanga gadziriro dzinokurukura uku kuoma kwendangariro.

Kusaenzana Kwegadziriro Negadziriro

Mitemo ingarambidza rusaruro chairwo nepo ichibvumira kusawirirana kwegadziriro yenzvimbo kupfuurira. Somuenzaniso, kusawirirana kwedzinza mupfuma, pokugara, dzidzo, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi kazhinji kazhinji muuyo wamakumi amakore orusaruro rwapamutemo ruchiteverwa nemitemo isingatsigiri kwezvakashata. Kusvika kwouori hweganda kwakafusha kana kuti kwedzinza kungava kunoparira kusaenzana kwemagariro. Chiito chokusimbisa uye mamwe matanho okugadzirisa zvinoramba zviri mheremhere.

Mikaha Yokumanikidza Nokuwana Ruramisiro

Kunyange apo mitemo yokusasarura yakasimba iripo, vanyajambwa kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana neganhuriro huru dzokuita kuti mutemo uteererwe: ndyiko dzakakwirira dzemitemo, yamuro yapamutemo yakaganhurirwa, kutya kutsiva, uye kushaiwa zivo pamusoro pekodzero dzavo.

Kupesana Nokuramba Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kufambira mberi kunoenderana kunowanzokonzera kupesana. Kuwedzera kweLGBTQ+ kodzero kwakasangana nemitemo inorwisana, kusanganisira mitemo mune dzimwe nyika inoganhurira kodzero dzokuchinja kana kuti inobvumira kuramba mabasa akavakirwa pazvitendero zvechitendero. Nenzira yakafanana, masangano eruramisiro edzinza akadai seBlack Lives Confect akashorwa zvinotyisa, uye purogiramu dzokuita chiito mudzidzo nebasa dzakashorwa zviri pamutemo uye mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakadzorwa.

Kuparadzana Kwemadhigirii Nezvimiro Zvinobatanidza Zvokusaenzana

Sezvo nzanga dzinova dzinoiswa mumibatanidzwa yakawanda, zvimiro zvitsva zvorusaruro zvinobuda murusaruro rwemitemo yokupinza basa nokuwedzera kukuwana kwakaenzana kwokusvika kudhaundi yakafara nokunyora nenhamba. Izvi zvinowanzova mepu pakusaenzana kuripo nemhaka yemari inowanwa, nzvimbo yapasi, dzinza, uye zera, zvichityisidzira kuparira nzanga mbiri dzakakura.

Dzidzo, Nzanga Yavagari Vemo, uye Nzira Iri Mberi

Kuchinja kwemitemo kunokosha asi hakukwanisi, saka kuenzana kusingaperi kunoda tsika inokoshesa kusiyana - siyana uye inoshora kusarurana.

Dzidzo Yekodzero Dzevanhu

Kupinza maruramiro avanhu muchikoro kunobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa nheyo dzokuenzana, chiremera, uye kusasarura. Gadziriro dzakadai se Amnesty International Rights Education [ inogovera zviwanikwa kuti vadzidzisi vagone kupfavisa kurukurirano pakuenzana neruramisiro. Apo vana vanodzidza kuziva nokudenha mavara apakuvamba, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanova vatsigiri vechinjo.

Kuronga uye Kuvaka Munzanga

Masangano emarasroot kazhinji kazhinji ndiwo anobudirira zvikurusa vatsigiri vechinjo. Mapoka akafanana ne American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) anoshandisa kurongedza, kukurudzira, uye dzidzo yavose kufambisira mberi wirirano. MuIndia, masangano akadai seHuman Rights Law Network anogovera yamuro yapamutemo kunzanga dzakaganhurirwa. MuSouth Africa, Resources Centre inopfuurira kudzimba, nyika, uye zviitiko zvokuchengetedzwa.

Simba Repamutemo uye Ziva Zvakafanira Zvaunoita 2016

Hurumende neNGOS vanogona kuita nhimbe dzokuziva dzinotsanangura kudzivirira kusarurana mumutauro wakajeka, dzinopa mashoko okuti kunyunyuta kungaitwa sei, uye dzinobatsira sei zviri pamutemo pasina mari.

Kuunganidzwa Kwemashoko uye Kuzvidavirira

Kuti irwise kusaenzana kwetsika, hurumende dzinofanira kuunganidza nokubudisa mashoko anopesana pamusoro pezvichaitika nedzinza, chirume, urema, uye mamwe mapoka. Mashoko aya anogona kuratidza kusiyana, chirongwa chekuzivisa, uye kuita kuti masangano azvidavirire. Zvisinei, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko kunofanira kuremekedza kuva voga uye kudzivisa kusimbisa pfungwa dzakafanana.

mhedziso

Kodzero yokuenzana yakarongedzwa mumutemo wamarudzi ose nowenyika yose kwamakore anopfuura makumi manomwe, bva musiyano pakati penheyo nomuitiro unoramba wakafara. Zvisarudzo zvedare repanyika yepasi pevhu zvakasimudzira kodzero dzemapoka mashoma edzinza, vakadzi, LGBTQ+ vanhu, vanhu vakaremara, uye mamwe mapoka, asi rukundo rumwe norumwe runowanzoteverwa nedenho itsva. Kutsigira nokuwedzera uenzani kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, kusimbisa kwakasimba, dzidzo inobatanidza, uye nzanga inoramba kugamuchira kuva mugari wemo weboka rechipiri romunhu upi noupi. Sezvo nzanga dzinova dzakasiana zvikuru uye dzinowirirana, dikanwa kuziva maruramiro ouenzani nokuda kwavose harungova bedzi musero wapamutemo asi unova musengwa wetsika wapamutemo, kupfuurira zvakasimba, dzidzo inobatanidza dzidzo inotendwa, uye nzanga yevagari vemo yehurumende inobvumirano rugare.