Mavambo Enhau aChangamire weHurumende

Dzidziso yokuzvidzora kwehurumende inotonga yakatanga kumutemo weEngland, umo mambo asingagoni kupiwa mhaka pasi pebvumiro yake kuti "mambo haagoni kuita chakaipa." apo nyika dzeAmerica dzakaumba mubatanidzwa wehurumende, uyu murangariro wakapfuudzirwa sedziviriro huru nokuda kwehurumende itsva dzakasikwa. Vatangi vakaisa muchiono hurumende imwe neimwe seinochengeta uchangamire hwayo imene hwakaberekwa hwagara huripo, kureva kuti hakuna nyika inogona kugombedzerwa kuzvidzivirira imene mumatare omumwe mutongi pasina kubvumirana kwayo. Iyi nzwisiso yakanga isiriwo zvayo yechinhu chenhema; yakaumba chimiro chejudicariary yemu renyika yose neganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende.

Zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zveDare rapamberisoro, zvakadai se Chashilm v. Georgia [1793] umo Dare rakabvumidza mugari wemo akavanzika kukwidza Georgia mudare rehurumende, rakamutsa dziviriro yekare. Dare reEleenth merfect rakatenderwa muna 1795 kuputsa chisarudzo ichocho, richisimbisa zvakajeka kuti simba rehurumende redare harisati richitambanurira kuwirirana nehurumende yavagari veimwe nyika kana kuti marudzi. Nhambo yapfuura, Dare rakawedzera dziviriro yeFingth Amendment kuti isunge mumisheni inorwisana nehurumende yaronge magariro avagari varo varo varo, zvichisimbisa muteshina pamutemo wazvino uno unotonga.

Kutemwa Kwechigumi Nechiviri uye Kushandiswa Kwazvino Uno

Dare reMitemo rechi11 rinopa: "Simba roRuramisiro reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kutambanudzira kusumo ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti kusaruramisira, rakatanga kana kuti rakatongwa mukurwisana nerimwe reUnited States naVagaricas veimwe Hurumende, kana kuti naVagari vomunyika kana kuti Zvigaro zveNyika ipi neipi. Kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwacho ruchiratidzika kuva rwakaganhurirwa kuudzori hwemiitiro, Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richidavira kuti kugadziridzwa kwacho kunobatanidza nheyo yakafara yekodzero yehurumende inotonga inobatira munenge mumabasa ose edare rehurumende, kubatanidza ayo akaitwa navagari vehurumende. Ukuwo kudzivirirwa kunoitwa namasangano enyika ipi neipi.

Nenzira inodenha, dziviriro inotonga yapamutemo inzvimbo ine simba: inonyima matare ehurumende chiremera chehurumende pamusoro pezvisakafanira nehurumende dzisingabvumirwi. Somuuyo, kunyange kana kutaura kwomupurisa kumuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende, dare rinofanira kubvisa sutu yacho kutoti kusino musimboti unoshanda. Iyi nheyo ine revo huru nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, gakava rebvumirano, uye kutaura kwehurumende.

Kuparadzana Kunoitwa naChangamire weHurumende

Pasinei zvapo noupamhi hwayo huzere, dziviriro yakakwana yehurumende haisati iri yakakwana. Kusiya kwakasiana kunoverengeka kwakasanoumbwa kunobvumira masangano avanhu voga kukwidza kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende mudare rehurumende. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha nokuda kwavaradziridzi vanotsvaka marectres mukurwisana nehurumende dzehurumende.

Waiver Kana Kuti Kutendera

Chisiviso chakananga zvikurusa ndechipo apo hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira kwayo nokuzvidira. Hurumende ingabvuma nenzira yakajeka kuwirirana nomutauro wedare kana kuti nebvumirano, kana kuti nenzira inorehwa kupfurikidza nokupinda mumufambiro unoratidzira vavariro yakajeka yokuzviisa pasi pehurumende. Dare rinoda ufakazi hwevavariro yehurumende yokudzivisa dziviriro; kusanzwisisa kupi nokupi kunosarudzwa mukutsigira kuzvidzivirira. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita zviito zvinoparira kuti marudzi akati eregeredzo azviregeredzo asi kazhinji kazhinji anoisa zvinodikanwa zvechikwaratiso, zvakadai sezvirongwa. Nenzira yakafanana, apo zvibvumirano zvehurumende neboka ravanhu vogaro uye zvinobvumirana kubatira mudariro yakananga, kuti zviitwe sechibvumirano.

Kana hurumende ikabvisa nokuzvidira mhaka kubva kudare rehurumende kuenda kudare rehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji inokanganisa depression yePrefection yechi11th Againment nokuda kwechiito ichocho. Kuwedzera, hurumende yokuti kukwidza matare pachawo kana kuti kutora rutivi mukuita kuti kudzivirira utachiona kuve kusingabvumirwi.

Kuzvitutumadza kweCongress

Dare repamusorosoro rakaziva kuti Congress inogona kukurira kudzivirira kukuvadziko yehurumende parinorwisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende parinoita kuti pave nechipo chinobvumira mutemo webumbiro remitemo uye rinonyatsoratidza chinangwa chayo chokuita kudaro.

Zvisinei, Congress haigoni kudzivirira hurumende pasi peChikamu chayo I (zvakadai seChommerce Claus) pasina kutaura kwakajeka. Mu SAMINOLE RUMWE rweFlorida v. Florida (1996), Dare rakati Congress haina chiremera muhurumende yeIndian Commerce Claus kudziviriro yehurumende yehurumende, uye nhau dzinotevera dzakawedzera kurangarira ikoko kuChikamu chikurusaririra I. Ikoku kunoparira muganhu mukuru: mitemo yomubatanidzwa inorevesa mabhii anobvumira kurwisana namaruwa inofanira kuzivisa manyuko chaiwo emitemo inobvumira kudzora.

Adhiropu Dzinorwisana Nevakuru Vakuru Vehurumende: Explomee Young Doctrine

Chimwe chisiviso chakakomba idzidziso Ex Young, inobvumira sututi kurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende mumikana yavo yapamutemo nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa kumisa kuputsa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende. Muiyi nhetembo, mukuru mukuru anorangarirwa kuva mutambi wehurumende, asi hurumende imene haisati iri mukwirirwi; panzvimbo pezvo, mufambiro usiri wapamutemo womukuru mukuru mukuru unobviswa pahunhu hwake. Iyi dzidziso inogonesa vatendi vezvokudenha mitemo yehurumende inopfuurira nemitemo yehurumende pasina kutungamirira dziviriro yapamutemo.

Ex - Ex - Young kusiiwa kunokarirwa neyamuro inokarirwa inoenzana; hakubvumidzi sututi nokuda kwekuvadziko yemari inobva mupfuma yehurumende. Kana muparadzi achitsvaka kuvadziko dzinoshanda, mukuru mukuru angangova achiri kupiwa musimba rake kana kuti simba rake panzvimbo ya 42 U.S.C., asi jira rapamutemo haridziviriri nyika imene. Musiyano mukuru ndewo kana kuyamura kuchigona kushanda muhurumende (masumo angava anobvira) kana kuti mukurwisana nomutungamiriri mumwe nomumwe (mubatanidzwa ungawanika kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kwakakodzera, asi kuzvidzivirira kwapamutemo hakuirwi).

Asuti Mumitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu Vose

Apo mutungamiriri mukuru mukuru wehurumende anosundira mhaka nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzehurumende kana kuti dzemitemo, kuvapo kwemushonga kunotsamira parudzi rwezvinotaurwa. Nokuda kwekuvadziko dzemari, mukuru mukuru angapomerwa musimba rake, asi hurumende imene inoramba isingatapurwi. Nokuti rusununguko rwapamhene pakuputswa kwomunguva yemberi, Kurevo Yomwana inogovera nzira. Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti Pessionthmendice haisiisi mumiganhuro pamiganhuro yavo yomunzvimbomo nemhaka yokuti havarangari zvombo zvehurumende nokuda kwamadonzo okudzivisa. Uku kunowanzotungamirira majeko kumazita ehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vamwe navamwe vanotsvaka kudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende.

Dzidziso Yokubvumirana

Dzidziso yokubvuma iwirirano nedziviriro yokuzvitonga: chibvumirano chehurumende chinofanira kupiwa mhaka. Nemhaka yokuti kudzivirirwa pahosha iropafadzo inogona kuraswa, kunzwisisa kuti kubvumira kunopiwa sei uye apo kunopiwa kunokosha sei nokuda kwavatongi. Kubvuma kungatora zvimiro zvinoverengeka, chimwe nechimwe chine revo yacho chapamutemo.

Taura Kutendera

Chimiro chakajeka zvikurusa chetendero chinoratidzira chibvumikiso chemitemo. Mitemo mizhinji yakapfuudza “zviito zvinoda kugadziriswa.” kana kuti “kudzivisa kudzivirirwa kwesimba rehurumende kunoitwa ne“ dare. Izvozvi zvinowanzoda kuti mutengi anyore mashoko mukati mehwindo pfupi. Zvikamu zvitanhatu uye zvingapa kubvumira chose. Kubvumira kunogona kuonekawo muzvibvumirano, apo hurumende inobvumirana kudzivirira kana kuti kukwidzwa mudare rakakurumbira. Dare Rapamusoro rinoda kuti raiti ripi neripi rakadaro riitwe nenzira pfupi." Kutaura kukuru mubvumirano iyo vanhu vanozviisa ku “chiremera chematare” kazhinji kazhinji kusingabvumirwi kuhurumende; kunofanira kubvumira kutendwa zvakananga mudare.

Kubvuma

Kubvuma kupiwa kunobva mumufambiro wehurumende unoratidzira zvakajeka vavariro yokupinda mudare. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikurusa ndowokuti apo hurumende inobvisa mhaka kudare rehurumende. Removal chiito chokuzvidira icho chinodzora hurumende kuhurumende, nokudaro kudzivirira nokuda kwechiito ichocho. Mumwe muenzaniso ndewokuti apo hurumende imene inoisa dare redare rehurumende mudare rehurumende, iro rinozarura suo rokudzivisa kubuda kwechibvumirano chimwe chetecho. Darewo rinowana kubvumirana kunorehwa apo hurumende inotora rutivi mupurogiramu yehurumende inodzivisa kudzivirirwa, kugovera mugariro wacho uri pachena uye uchiziva kuti inogamuchira mari yomubatanidzwa.

Zvisinei, kuonekawo zvako kwehurumende kuti ikwikwidze kana kuti kuronga chiito chokudzinga pazvikonzero zvokudzivisa zvirwere hakufaniri kukanganisa kuzvidzivirira. Hurumende inofanira kuita nhano dzokubvuma dzinoratidza chisarudzo chakajeka chokusarudza pamipimo mudare rehurumende.

Kubvumirwa Nokukundikana Kusimudzira Dziviriro

Changamire asterotic dziviriro ichokwadi iyo inogona kudziviswa kana isati yataurwa. Kana hurumende ikatora rutivi mukudzivirira pasina kusimudzira dziviriro yedziviriro (somuenzaniso), kupfurikidza nokupindura kunyunyuta pasina kubatanidzwa nedziviriro() dare ringarangarira kudzivirirwa. Kunyanguvezvo, nemhaka yokuti dziviriro inodzivisa vanhu, mamwe matare anoirangarira senhau inogona kumutswa panguva ipi neipi, kunyange pakukwirira. Naizvozvo varwi vanofanira kungwarira ndokusimbisa dziviriro yacho nokukurumidza.

Matambudziko Anoshanda Okupa Mashoko Okunyepera Kwehurumende

Nokuda kwamagweta anomirira magweta anorwisana nehurumende dzehurumende, nhano yokutanga nguva dzose ndeyokusarudza kana kusiiwa kwedziviriro yehurumende kunoshanda. Kana hurumende yakabvumira kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti nebvumirano, sututi ingapfuurira muforumu inodudzwa. Kana kutaura kwacho kumuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende, mupurisa anofanira kuyera kana Congress yakaganhurirwa nenzira yapamutemo neChikamu 5 cheGavhuramisiti kana kuti kana disty Young dzidziso inobvumira rusununguko runokarirwa. Mumienzaniso yehurumende kuputsa mutemo, mutemo ungagovera chisakiso chebasa negadziriro yayo imene inodzorwa.

Zano redziviriro nokuda kwehurumende richakurumidza kubviswa panzvimbo dzinozvidzora dzinodzivisa dziviriro pakuvamba mudanho. Mutoro unomira pamurwi kuti utange kusiiwa kunoshanda. Munhau zhinji dzekodzero dzavagari vemo, mazita ose ari maviri sangano rehurumende navakuru vakuru vamwe navamwe mumano avo ehurumende uye munhu oga okuchengetedza mativi ose anobvira eyamuro. Kutaura kwehurumende kunowanzorambwa pasi pedziviriro yesimba, kuchisiya bedzi zvikumbiro zvomunhu oga mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwekuvadziko, izvo ipapo zvingava mucherekedzo inokwaniswa yokudzivirira.

Kunokoshawo kusiyanisa pakati pechisadziro chehurumende mudare rehurumende nedzidziso yehurumende yokudzivirirwa kwehurumende mudare rehurumende. Mitemo ingava nemirau yayo imene yokuzvidzivirira panzvimbo yakafara kana kuti yakatetepa kupfuura dziviriro yeAndeminth Amendment yehurumende. Apo mhaka inounzwa mudare rehurumende mukurwisana nehurumende inopomerwa mhaka yomutemo wehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unodzivirira dziviriro yapamutemo unodzora, kwete Pendement yePrefection. Iyi tsika inota paviri inoda magweta kutuka pamutemo zvose zviri zviviri womubatanidzwa nehurumende nokungwarira.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura

Dare rapamusoro rinopfuurira kunatsa miganhu yehurumende inodzivisa uchangamire. Mumashoko achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare rakakurukura kana mitemo yehurumende yakagona kudzivirira utachiona muI49th Amendment uye kana masangano ehurumende achikwaniriswa sezvombo zvehurumende nokuda kwamadonzo okusazvidzora. Somuenzaniso, mu Allen v. Cooper [20], Dare rakaramba kuti Kombishinaridhei yeClarificiation Act haina kukwanisa kuva mutengi mukuru wehurumende nemhaka yokuti Congress Comment akanga asina kuzivisa mutoo wokutyration regist paChikamu 5. chisarudzo ichi chinotsigira chinodikanwa icho chibvumirano chorungwe chinofanira kutsigirwa nechiremera chapamutemo nechibvumirano chakabatana.

Imwe kombamiro inokosha inobatanidza kushandiswa kwokudzivisa dziviriro yapamutemo kumarudzi nenzvimbo. Nepo ndudzi kazhinji kazhinji dzichidzivisa kukuvadzwa nehurumende, Dare rakavamba kuganhurira dziviriro iyoyo mumigariro yakati, zvakadai seapo masangano edzinza anopinda mumibato yezvokutengeserana. izvi zvinoitika zvinoyeuchidza vadzivisi vedziviriro yesimba roumambo kuti haisi yakaremara; inochinja kupfurikidza nomutemo uye kududzira rutongeso.

mhedziso

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pahurumende inoramba iri imwe yemhinganidzo dzinokurira zvikuru kukwidziridza hurumende. Mavambo ayo mumutemo weChirungu naPendementment yechi115 zvakagadzira dziviriro yakasimba iyo inoisa sututi nokuda kwekuvadziko dzakawanda dzemari mudare rehurumende kutoti kana kuti kubvumirwa kunozivikanwa kunoshanda. Dzidziso yebvumirano, kana ichitaura kana kuti kurehwa, ndiyo musimbo unokosha wesuo redare redare ravose nokuda kwevapuruki vazhinji. Kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa pakati pemitengo yedare, rutivi rwechikamu chehurumende , uye mitemo inodzorwa nemitemo inodikanwa nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri varwi vanotsvaka zororo navanodzivirira vapfumi vehurumende. Sezvo Suprement Court kujekesa miganhuro iyi, miganhuro inofanira kuchengeteswa nomutemo unoziviswa pamusoro pekudzo inodzoro inoshanda zvakanaka pamusoro penhau inodzo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera kupeta-pfuurwa kwe kudzivirira kutyiswa nehana , nzvera rugwaro rwakazara rwe Eventermendment[, uye hwirudzura chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu [[FLT:]] SAMINOLE VTH v. Florida.]