Nhoroondo Yokubatanidzwa Kwebhizimisi muJapan

Mitemo yezvokutengeserana yazvino uno yeJapan yakaitwa mukugadzirwazve kwepashure peHondo Yenyika II. Mupasi peAmerica neuchangamire gare gare, Tokyo yakaronda kukura kunopinzwa kunze kwenyika, ichikumbanira General Account on Tariffns and Trade (GATTTT) muna 1955. Uku kutama kwakanga kuri chinhu chikuru chokubatanidza kweJapan nepfuma yenyika yose, kuchibvumira chikamu chayo chokugadzira zvinhu nemagetsi kukura nokukurumidza. Muma 1960 na 1970, Japan yakachengeta dziviriro yezvokurima apo yaisimudzira nokutumira nokutengesa zvinhu kunze kwenyika. Chinjo kuNyika yeFramendizo cheNyika yeNyika yeTreal Tream (WTO) muna 1995 yakakudza musengwa wayo kumirayiro yezvokutengeserana yamarudzi akawanda, kunyange zvazvo kukakavadzana kwokurima kunopfuurira pamusoro pemitengono yezvokurimapfumba nedzino isingachinjiki zvakasara.

Pakasvika ma 2000, Japan yakatarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva: kumuka kweChina, kusimukira pamusha, uye kundikano yeDoha Round. Ikoku kwakasundira Tokyo kumibato yebhizimisi yebigatenal nereruwa. Zvezvamatongerwe enyika, zvakadzorwa neLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) nehurumende dzinoshandiswa panhambo nenhambo nenhambo kushora, zvakavamba kunyudza zvikuru pamwero nenzvimbo dzebhizimisi. Kunzwisisa izvi zvigaro zvebato kunokosha kunzwisisa kufambiswa kweJapan kwezvokutengeserana.

Mitambo Huru Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nemiitiro Yayo Yezvokutengeserana

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

LDP, boka rinotonga reJapan nokuda kweyakawanda yenguva yapashure pehondo, rakatsigira nguva dzose kutengeserana kwakasununguka somutyairi wekukura kwezvemari. Bapiro raro rebhizimisi, rinotsigirwa ne Keidan [[IJapan]] [Istanition]], rinorangarira zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvokutengesa sezvinokosha mukudziyisa misika nokukwezva mari yokumwe. LDP yakanga iri simba rinosunda shure kwokupinda kweJapan mu Comprehensitisss and Reformation for Trans-Pificial internign , , , , , mari yemari inodzorwa nenzvimbo yemari inoiswa basa muJapan.[FLP] pashure peUnited States yakabva kuTPPFFF

Zvisinei, LDP haisati iri iyo inopesana. Mitezo yayo yeDiety yomumaruwa, inotsamira pamitengo yezvokurima, kazhinji kazhinji yakadzivisa kuderedzwa kwezvigadzirwa zvinotapukira zvakadai somupunga, gorosi, uye mumukaka. Boka rinodzora uku kunyanduka kwomukati kupfurikidza nemipimo yecompatation(masterdatics), uye nhambo dzapanhambo-nzati. LDP yakatauriranawo ne Japan-EEconomicnation Activementation [, iyo inobvisa kudzosarusa pa 97% yebhizimisi, chinyorwa chinobata boka rinoita semubato semuenzanisiro wakasununguka newakanaka. Pajinga yePPP]

Constitution Democraticment Party yeJapan (CDP)

CDP, boka rinoshora gurusa reJapan, rinoita mutoo wokungwarira zvikuru. Inosimbisa [[FLT: 0] kutengeserana kwechinzvimbo chebhizimisi rapachena. CDP inoramba kuti zvibvumirano zvokushambadza zvinofanira kubatanidza dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwavashandi, vatengi, uye mhoteredzo. Mukurukurirano dzeparamende, mitezo yeCDP yakatsoropodza LDP nokuda kwokumhanya inoita kuti ibetsere masangano makuru nepo ichisiya varimi vaduku navagadziri vomunzvimbomo vachiratidzirwa kumitengo yakaderera. Vatsigiridzi veboka rezvokutengeserana “pakati pevanhu".

Mukati mekurukurirano dzeRCEP, CDP yakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pokushaikwa kwegadziriro dzechakavanzika chakavanzika chamakombiyuta nebviro yakawedzerwa yetsandanyama yezvipo zveChina. Boka racho rakasundirawo nokuda kwemiitiro yakasimba zvikuru yokudzivirira zvivako zvinochengetedzwa. Nepo CDP isingashori zvikurukuru kusununguka kwezvokutengeserana, inoomerera pamuitiro unononoka, wokunzvera zvikuru. Kukurudzira kwayo kumasangano ebasa, vanosimudzira mhoteredzo, uye mari yeruwa inotya kudzongonyedzwa nokubuda kwenzvimbo.

Komeito

Semubiyake weLDP muduku chifo cha 1999, Komeito (Reconstal Party) anowanzobatira sesimba rinodzosera kushatisa. Komeito iko kunobatanidza Soka Gakakakai, sangano rechiBuddha, rinosimbisa rugare, garikano yenzanga, uye tsinhirano. Kushambadza, Komeito kunokomba kutsigira zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza mipimo yakasimba nemitemo yemhoteredzo. Yave ichishandiswa kupfuudzira nokuda kwemipiro yavarimi inotapukusirwa nokutengeswa kwapachena uye nokuda kwegadziriro dzinodzivirira maindasitiri ezvo. Kometo inovimbisa kuti mubatanidzwa hausati uronda worupotere pakutsiridza rumano pamiteko rwemhuri.

Boka rechiKomonisiti reJapan (JCP) naReiwa Shinsengumi

JCP ndiyo inotsoropodza zvikuru mapepa anodzorwa nesangano. Inoramba zvibvumirano zvakadai seCPTP neRCEP, ichitaura kuti zvinoisa panzvimbo yenzvimbo ye mhindu yamarudzi ose pamusoro pouchangamire hworudzi. JCP inoda purogiramu yokutengesa inodzivirira chengeteko yezvokudya, inorambidza kuchinjwa kwamavara okugara nhaka, uye mativi enzanga omunzvimbomo. Reiwa Shinsengumi, mubato wepopu, unoratidzira misoro yakafanana asi nengwariro yakasimba zvikuru pakodzero dzomutengi nedziro. Nepo boka risingatengi simba ravo guru, pesvedzero yavose, zvikurukuru pakati penzanga duku dzinobatanidzwa pamusoro pomugariro wetsika.

Nippon Ishin no Kai (Boka Rokuchinja reJapan)

Yakavakirwa zvikurukuru muOsaka nemadokero eJapan, Japan Innovation Party inoda kugadziridza, kugadziridza. Inotsigira kubvumirwa kwebhizimisi sorutivi rwokubvisa pamutemo nokuchinja kwemitemo. Ishin inoramba kuti maindasitiri omumba eJapan anofanira kuva makwikwi munyika yose uye kudzivirira ikoko kunononotsa bedzi kugadziridzwa kuri madikanwa. Vatsigiri vanodzorwa purogiramu dzebhizimisi reLDP asi vanosunda nokuda kwechinjo huru zvikuru, dzakadai semitero yebhizimisi nokuchinjika kwemitero yebasa, kuti vakudziridze betsero dzemisika yebasa.

Zvibvumirano Zvokutengeserana Zvikuru Nezvinzvimbo Zveboka

Chibvumirano Chinopikisa uye Chinofambira Mberi Chokushandira Kushandirana Zvikuru (CPTP)

CPP, yakasainwa muna 2018, yakabatira muJapan muna December 2018. Yakabvisa zvikamu zvinopfuura 90% zvezvinhu pakati pamarudzi 11 ePacific Rim. LDP yakakurumbidza sorukundo nokuda kwokushambadzira kwomutemo, nepo CDP yakataura kuitira hanya pamusoro pedzvinyiriro ingabvira pabatira pamwe yokurima yeJapan nokushaikwa kwegadziriro dzebasa dzinomanikidzirwa munyika dzakati dziri mitezo. JCP yakavhota kurwisana neratiation, ichipa kuti kwaizozarura Japan kuva kwakachipa, mari yakaderera. Komeito yakabetsera kukurukura bhajeti yetsa kuti itsigire mukaka uye kuva varimi venyama, kubvumirana kwapamutemo.

Chibvumirano Chemari cheJapan - EU

Japan-EU EPA, yakabudirira February 2019, yakagadzira nzvimbo hurusa yebhizimisi yakasununguka yenyika panguva yacho. LDP yakasimbisa basa rebvumirano mukugadza mipimo yakakwirira nokuda kwee-commerce, zvinhu zvedzidzo, uye zviratidzo zvenzvimbo yezvigadzirwa zvinodzorwa zvakadai seJapanan whisky. CDP yakamutsa kuitira hanya pamusoro pegakava rezvokutengeserana renyika (ISDS), ichiitira kuti igone kubvumira makambani eEU kukwirira Japan nokuda kwemirairo youtano yavose. JCP yakaisa chishoro chakasimba chishoro chezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvokudya. Kunyange zvakadaro, chibvumirano chakapfuudzwa neLDP-KMONI yoruzhinji. CDP yakarega kuvhotera panzvimbo pokuvhotera, kuratidzira kupesana pakati pemapoka.

Mubatanidzwa Wezvemari Wenharaunda (RCEP)

RCEP, yakasainwa muna 2020 uye kupinda musimba muna 2022, ibasa rakabatanidzwa neJapan neChina, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, uye nyika dzeASIA. nokuda kweLDP, RCEP yakanga iri murairo mukuru wokuchengeta batano dzemari neChina pakati peChina pakati peChina neChina. Zvisinei, boka racho rakatarisana netsoropodzo nokuda kwokubvumirana kumitemo isina simba zvikuru yemavambo uye gadziriro dzebasa shomanene zvikuru dzinoenzaniswa neCPPP. CDP yakarwisa hurumende nokuda kwokukundikana kuchengetedza ganhuro pamibato yemichina uye kubvumira kuti chibvumirano cheChina chigadziro pamiitiro yehurumende. JCPCP yakashora, ichidana RCEP kuitirwa fariro dzechiChina. Kometo yakatsigira kudzokororongedzerwa kwezvibvumirano zvebhizimisi pamaringiriro dzemari yetsika nedzero (Magore matatu).

Chibvumirano Chezvokutengeserana cheUS-Japan (209)

Muna September 2019, Japan yakasaina basa rakaganhurirwa neUnited States, ichideredza zvikamu zvemari inokwana mabhiriyoni 7 emadhora eU.S. uye mabhiriyoni 14 emadhora ezvigadzirwa zveindasitiri zveJapan. Iyi bvumirano yakanga iri kubvisa chiso pashure peTPP. LDP yakairatidza senzira yokudzivisa nayo kunyange zvikamu zvemitengi zvejeni zveJapan. CDP yakapikisa kuti Japan yakanga yaita mikana yakawanda pakurima pasina kuisa musengwa kuWashington kuti ibvise bhizimisi. JCPS yakarondedzera basa racho se “rakaronge yakayaniswa neyamubatanidzwa neJapan kuUnited States. Chibvumirano chakasimbisa chinoramba chiteshinga chinopfuurira: kubatanidzwa kweUS nokuda kwokuvakisa nokutengesa.

Zvinetso Zvemhuri Nenharo

Mari Nemisha Yemaruwa

Varimi vaduku veJapan, vakawanda vakwegura uye vanoshanda pamicheto yakaderera, vanotarisana netapuro yakananga zvikuru kubva mukupinza munyika. Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika apindura nemirau inowirirana nemhoteredzo yakaoma. DAP neKomeito vakatsigira `Drectparect" mari inoshandiswa kukupa mari yemari [[ nokuda kwavarimi vanoisa kana kuti vanogamuchira miitiro inotsigirwa. CDP inoda kuti iyi itsigiro yakasungirirwa nemitemo yakaganhurirwa yakaganhurirwa. JCP inoda kuti Japan ichengetedze kuchengetedzwa kwezvokudya zvinovimbisa kuti kushanda kwomuviri kunopfuura 50%, ichitaura kuti kutsamira pakuiswa kworudzi. Kunetseka kukurusaririra nokuda kwomupunga, apo hurumende inochengeta dhaka inopfumba inopfumba kupfurikidza nokupinda nokupinda mugadziriro inopfumba, asi inoderera kuidzwa kuidzwa.

Kodzero Dzebasa Nedziviriro Dzavashandi

Zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvazova nzvimbo inomirira mabasa. CDP neJCP dzinotaura kuti kutengeserana kwepachena kwakagovera ku “ kutakura kwavashandi venguva imwe nekondirakiti, sezvo makambani anoendesa kudzimwe nyika. Zvinokumbira kuti zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvibatanidze misengwa inobatira pakuronga mari nemari shoma. LDP yakagovera kuti nzira yakanakisisa yokudzivirira nayo vashandi iri kupfurikidza nokukura kwemari, uko zvibvumirano zvokushambadzira zvinogonesa. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukati meLDP, mune ngwariro inokura ku “kugadzira kutengeserana ." kuti zvirongwa zvokubetsera vashandi vanodzingwa basa nokupinzazve munyika. RCEP yakava chitsauko chakava chinhu chakashorwa zvikuru chetsoro chebasa chinobva kumasangano echibharo nemapoka.

Mipimo Yemhoteredzo Nokuzvipira Mumipimo Yemamiriro Okunze

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, maLDP akanetsa masangano kuti avakire zvibvumirano zvezvokutengeserana hazviregi vavariro yecarbon yeJapan panosvika 2050. CDP neJCP vanotsigira kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvakadaro mumibato yokushambadzira, zvakadai sokurambidza kubhadharwa kwepeturu yepeturu uye kusimudzira ruzivo rwezvinogadzirwa zvegirini. Zvokungwarira zvikuru, kutya kuti mamiriro emhoteredzo akasimba enzvimbo yakapoteredza angashandiswa sezvishandiso kudzivirira nedzimwe nyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, CPPPPP inobatanidza zvirongwa zvemhoteredzo, uye kutora rutivi kweJapan mu WTO PUSCPS Commentagit Revectives Revect [[FLD:1]] inoratidza kuti tsigiro yezvokurobora. Chinoronze kuti chitambudzo kudzikanisa magetsi neJapan nemagetsi anowedzerwa mumvura.

Kuronga Kushandisa Michina Yemagetsi

Japan murevereri akasimba we [[FLT: 0] anofambiswa namazita akaronzeswa” muzvibvumirano zvebhizimisi, achitsigira pfungwa ye “Data Free Flow ne Trust” (DFT). Zvisinei, mapoka anosiana pamusoro penzira yokubata nayo zvinhu zvakavanzika nechengeteko. LDP inotsigira kupfuudzwa kwamashoko kwapamhene namajeri kwakaderera, kuzviona sokunokosha nokuda kwamaindasitiri emichina. CDP naJCP zvinoraira mitemo yakavanzika yakasimba zvikuru nemifungo yomunzvimbomo kudzivirira vagari vemuJapan kubva kumakambani okumwe nehurumende. Kukurukurirana kwe RCEP, apo dare reChina rinorwisana nemitemo yematomubatanidzwa nokuda kwokuvandika. CDP yakadana nokuda kwebvumirano chakaparadzana, kurukurirano yemibatanidzwa yemitengo yakakwirira namarudzi akafanana nePDS, apo mamiriro okunze eCPCP.

Zvinoitwa Nemafungiro Evanhu Nemapoka Anofarira

Murangariro wavose unoita basa risingangwariri asi rinokosha mukuumba chimiro chebato pakutengeserana. Mapoka anoratidza nguva dzose kuti vagari vemo veJapan vanotsigira kutengeserana kwapachena munheyo, asi chishoro chinomuka apo maindasitiri akati . akadai somupunga kana kuti mwero muduku wehove(anonzi zvinorangarirwa sengozi. Makamuri ezvokutengeserana nebatira yepurazi yomunzvimbomo zvinopinda zvikuru nomuchiva chemuruwa cheLDP. Munguva ino, mapoka akafanana ne Japan Agriculturation Cooperations (Quection) anoshandisa pesvedzero huru, kazhinji kazhinji inotsinhanhanhamisa vapa nokuda kwedziviriro.

Mapoka evatengi ava anoraira zvikuru kuoneka nokuisa mazita pazvokudya zvinotengwa, itiro hanya yeCDP neJCP Older. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mapoka emhoteredzo neanti nyukireya akashandisa kunzwa kwezvokutengeserana kusimbisa kupesana pakati pemisengwa yemamiriro okunze eJapan nokuwedzera kwayo gasi romusikirwo (LNG) nemarasha. Idzi dzvinyiriro dzakasundira kunyange PLP kutsigira ruzivo rwemichina yegirini uye kurangarira mitoo yecarbon derwo, kunyange zvazvo boka racho rinoramba richingwarira pamusoro pezviito zvokuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu omusikirwo izvo zvinogona kuparira kutsiva.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi

Gadziriro dzemiitiro yezvokutengeserana dzeJapan dzichapfuurira kuumbwa nokubatanidzwa kwemabato ezvamatongerwe enyika, chinodikanwa chemari, uye miitiro yenyika. LDP, sezvingabvira kuramba iripo munguva iri pedyo, icharonda nzira mbiri: kukudza CPTPP nokutsvaka kupinda nemitezo mitsva (seChina, Taiwan, kana kuti United Kingdom), nepo kuronga kwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemari (mgedzi, kutengeserana kwemitengo neThailand neVietnam). CDP ichadzivisa nokuda kwegadziriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzenzanga nemhoteredzo muizvi zvibvumirano, sezvinobvira kuwana nzvimbo kana kusaenzana kwavose uye kukwira. Kome achapfuurirawo kuvimbisa kuti masangano ape ngwariro kumapoka edzimba dzinovadziko.

Kumuka kwamakwikwi ezvemari (kunyanya pakati peUS neChina) kuchamanikidza Japan kuti ifambise nokungwarira. Zvibvumirano zvokushambadzira zvichataura kuti zvii zvinofanira kushandiswa sezvishandiso zvokuronga. Murangariro weLDP we Free neOpen Indo-Pacificial [[FLT]]] Kutobatanidza kufambiswa kwemajere enzvimbo nepasi, nepo CDP ne JCP zvichinyevera pamusoro pokushandura bhizimisi kuva chishandiso chenhando. Munguva ino, kuchinja kwemitengo neruvarapiki kuchaparira nhau itsva: tarbon, targist, taigtion, majecti, uye kugovera chiteko. Masangano eJapan achatongesarusaidzodzodzodzosa nyika yomugariro wemari asi basa rawo mune zvokutengesa munyika yose nokuda kwemiteveri.

nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [[[FLT: 1] Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs percentat [, Council on Foreign Relations [, uye [[FLT]WTO shooto yeJapan [].[FLT]]