Kutanga: Kusapindira kwoMutemo Weroorano Nokuchengeteka Kwemari

Munyika dzakawanda, kuva newawakaroorana nawo kunochinja zvikuru mukutarisirwa kwegadziriro dzemagariro evanhu uye midyandigere. Apo kodzero dzeroorano dzinowedzerwa kana kuti kuganhurirwa, migumisiro inovapo nokuwana mari, kuverengera, uye kuva nemari yakawanda kwemamiriyoni evanhu nemhuri. Kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzeroorano dzinobatsira sei vanhu ava kuronga mitemo, varongi vezvemari, uye munhu upi noupi anoitira hanya kuchengeteka uye mambure okuchengeteka.

Gadziriro dzechengeteko yenzanga, penjeni yavose, uye gadziriro dzokurega basa dzomunhu oga dzakagadzirwa kare pamusoro pomuenzaniso weroorano youpenyu hwose, inogamuchirwa pamutemo. Uyu muenzaniso unobatanidza kutsamirana kwemari uye unogovera mibato yemari inopfuuridzirwa apo mukwanyina anofa kana kuti anorega basa. Sezvo mitemo yeroorano inochinja kuvambanisa varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano nemamwe mapoka akaganhurirwa munhau, kusvika kuidziro dzemari dzinotambudza dzinowedzera, asi inomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pegadziriro inotsigirwa nenhevedzano.

Nyaya ino inoongorora ukama hune zvakawanda pakati pekodzero dzeroorano nechengeteko yenzanga nebetsero dzemudyandigere, kuongorora nheyo dzapamutemo, marudzi ebetsero dzakatapurwa, miuyo yezvemari neyenzanga, fundo dzenhau dzenyika chaiyoiyo, uye denho dzemitemo dzinoperekedza kusvika. Vavariro ndeyokugovera kunzvera kwakakwana, kune chiremera uko kuziva roorano kunojekesa kudzivirira kwemari zvakananga muvagari vemo.

Kunyoresa Kwapamutemo: Nei Kuroorana Kuchikosha?

Gadziriro dzenzanga negadziriro dzepenjeni hadzina kurongwa pasina chinhu; dzinoratidzira tsika dzenzanga pamusoro pechimiro chemhuri, kutsamira pamari, uye njodzi. Roorano yakabatira mugamuchidzanwa sechisarudzo nokuda kwesimba remari, kuchiiita mupimo wakakodzera wokutarisira nokuda kwebetsero dzinobatanidza. Betsero dzapamberi pedu, betsero dzakapukunyuka, uye kutsamira pakutsamira pamunhu zvose zvinosimbiswa papfungwa yokuti varoorani vanowana pfuma ndokugoverana njodzi dzemari.

MuUnited States, Social Security Act ya1935 yakatanga gadziriro yenyika yokurega basa, kuremara, uye betsero dzinopukunyuka. Kuda betsero dzomuchato nomupukunyuki kwakabatanidzwa zvakajeka nemugariro weroorano. Mavara akafanana aripo munyika dzakadai seCanada, United Kingdom, Australia, uye nyika zhinjisa dzeEurope. Kubatana kwavagari vemo uye kubatira pamwe kwemhuri pane dzimwe nguva kwakagovera kuzivikanwa kwapashoma, asi kodzero dzeroorano dzakazara zvikurukuru dzinogovera betsero hurusa.

Kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kweroorano yevatano mumativi akasiyana kwakamanikidzira aya masangano kuchinjika. Madare nedzimba dzapamutemo zvaifanira kusarudza kana betsero dzichifanira kuvapo kubva pamusi weroorano, musi wemubatanidzwa wehurumende usati wavapo, kana kuti kunyange kunyarara nokuda kwavaroorani vakanga vasingakwanisi kuroora. Nheyo huru ndeyokuti kuenzana kweroorano kunofanira kushandura kusvika kwakaenzana kudziviriro dzemari idzo roorano inoparira.

Murangariro mumwe wapamutemo unodenha ndiwo "mupimo unokudzwa weroorano". Vatarisiri vebetsero vanofanira kusarudza kana mubatanidzwa unosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zveroorano muhurumende kwawakaitwa. Nokuda kwavakwanyina vounzenza vamwe chetevo, ikoku kwakanga kwakaoma munhau nezivikanwo isiri yorusaruraganda munyika kana kuti nyika. Nhasi, nyika zhinjisa dzine wirirano dzeroorano dzinoziva roorano dzinoitwa kune imwe nzvimbo, asi mibvunzo inosara nokuda kwavaroorani avo vakatonga muhurumende umo mubatanidzwa wavo wakava usina kuparadzwa gare gare kana kuti kusatongozivikanwa.

Kupfuura kufadza, mugariro weroorano unogona kutapura zvitsama zvemiuyo. Somuenzaniso, mukwanyina angafanira betsero yakakwirira zvikurusa yemudyandigere wake kana kuti 50% yebetsero yezera rokurega basa rakazara romukwanyina wavo. Betsero dzokupukunyuka dzinobvumira chirikadzi kana kuti pfupa kubatira chirikadzi kupiwa 100% yebetsero yomukwanyina wavo akafa. Iyi mitemo inotora roorano yakazivikanwa pamutemo panguva yorufu kana kuti kumbiriswa kwokurega basa.

Kuwedzera Kunoita Kodzero Dzomuchato Kunoita Kuti Dzive Dzakasimba uye Dziwane

Apo kodzero dzeroorano dzinotambanudzirwa kuvagari vemo vakambobviswa, tapuro yokukurumidza iwedzero muboka ravanhu vanogona kutaura kuti vanobetserwa noupoteri. Uku hakusati kuchingovawo zvako kugadziridzwa kwefungidziro; kune miuyo chaiyo yemari nokuda kwezviuru kana kuti kunyange mamirioni avanhu.

Vakaroorana vasati vaenzana, vakaroorana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vaiwanzomanikidzwa kuvimba nemari yokurega basa, inishuwarenzi yomunhu oga, kana kuti gadziriro dzisina kurongwa. Vaisagona kuwana dziviriro dzeinishuwarenzi dzenzanga idzo vakaroorana vaisada. Kuvazhinji, izvi zvakareva kuderera kwechengeteka kwemari mukukwegura uye ngozi huru yeurombo pashure porufu rwomumwe wavo. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti vakwanyina voutevedzani, zvikurukuru vakuru, vakatarisana nenhamo dzemari dzinooneka zvikuru kana vachienzaniswa navakwanyina vavo vakaroorana.

Kukura kwamaruramiro eroorano kunobata zvakananga iyi mhatsa. Pashure pokunyoreswa kwapamutemo, varoorani vounzenza humwe chetevo vanogona kubetsera kutaura, betsero dzemhuri mukati mokurega basa, uye kugamuchira betsero dzinopukunyuka parufu rwomukwanyina. Ikoku hakusati kuri bedzi pamusoro pokuenzana kwokuzivikanwa; kuri pamusoro pekuenzana kwomuuyo wezvemari.

Zvisinei, kuchinja kwacho hakugari kuchingova kwakakwana. Vakaroorana vakaroorana gare gare pashure pemakumi emakore vasingakwanisi kuita kudaro, kuverenga kunobatsira kungabva pakutora nguva pfupi yokuroorana, kunogona kukanganisa kufadza kwemimwe mikana yokuchengeteka. Mimwe miitiro yenzanga inoda kuti varoorane vagare makore anenge anenge anenge anenge (kazhinji gore rimwe) kuti vabatsirwe, kunyange zvazvo vasingawanzofi netsaona. Uyewo, vanhu vakarambana vasati vaenzana vasati vazova vawanikwa vangazviwana vari munzvimbo yakaderera yepamutemo pamusoro peukama hwakapfuura.

Chimwe kurangarira kurangarirwa kunokosha pakati pekodzero dzeroorano nebetsero dzinoitwa. Varoorani vane zvisarudzo zvokubatanidza betsero yavo vanotaura kuti vawedzere mari yemhuri yavo munduramo yavo. Nokuda kwavakwanyina vevatano vachangobva kukwanisa kuroora kana kuti kuroorwa, kusvika kuidzi gadziriro kunogona kureva musiyano pakati pourombo nenyaradzo mukurega basa. Vagadziri vemari navarongi vaifanira kuvandudza nhungamiro yavo kuti varatidzire zvinhu zvitsva zvavanogona kuroora uye kuti zvinotapura sei kuchengeteka kwenzanga negadziriro yomudyandigere.

Kubatsira Kwaunoita Kana Waroorwa

Kodzero dzeroorano dzinopesvedzera mapoka anoverengeka akasiyana echengeteko yenzanga nebetsero dzemudyandigere.

Betsero Dzisingatauriki

Betsero dzinopfuudza dzinobvumira mukwanyina asingashandi kana kuti asingashandiri zvikuru kuwana betsero yakavakirwa pachinyorwa chemari yomukwanyina wavo. Mugadziriro yeSocial Security yeU.S., mukwanyina anogona kutora 50% yezera rokurega basa rakazara, chero bedzi mukwanyina ane makore 62 okukura uye mushandi ari kutowana betsero. Iwaya manyuko anokosha nokuda kwavaroorani vazhinji vakarega basa, zvikurukuru avo mukwanyina uyo akava nemari yakaderera zvikuru yenduramo yenduramo yenduramo nemhaka yemitoro yokutarisira kana kuti zvisarudzo zvebasa.

Nokuda kwavakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokubereka nayo, kusvika kubetsero dzomuchato kwakanyimwa nenzira inobudirira pamberi peroorano. Kunyange apo varoorani vakanga vakazvipira, upenyu hwose, kushaikwa kweroorano inozivikanwa pamutemo kwakareva kuti mukwanyina anofambidzana naye akaderera aisagona kuwana betsero yakaderera. Pashure pewedzero yeroorano, ava vanyakuroorana vanogona zvino kuwana iyi betsero, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuguma kwewedzero huru mumari yomudyandigere yemhuri.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti betsero dzomuchato hadzizi dzinozviitika; dzinofanira kutaurwa mukuwirirana nemirairo yakati nenguva. Varoorani vanofanira kusarudza kana vangakurumidza kutaura (nokuderedza kwechigarire) kana kuti kumirira kusvikira zera rakazara rokurega basa rakawanda. Kuziva roorano kunopa vakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano nzvimbo imwe cheteyo yavakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokubereka nayo, asi vanodawo kuti vashande nzvimbo imwe cheteyo yakaoma inoteverwa.

Betsero Dzinopukunyuka

Betsero dzinopukunyuka dziri pakati pedziviriro dzemari dzinopa roorano. Apo mushandi akaroora anofa, mukwanyina wavo akasara ane maruramiro okugamuchira betsero yakaenzana ne 100% yeizvo mushandi akafa akanga achigamuchira (kana kuti akanga ane maruramiro okugamuchira). Ikoku betsero inogona kuva inokosha mukudzivisa kuva chirikadzi kutungamirira kuurombo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavakadzi vakura avo vanowanzorarama kupfuura varume vavo.

Nokuda kwavakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokuberekana, kusakwanisa kuroora kwakareva kuti mukwanyina asara akanga asina maruramiro anozviitikira ebetsero yeSocial Security kana kuti yomudyandigere womufi wavo. Uku kwakanga kusati kuri kungoparadzana kwokufananidzira; kwakanga kune miuyo chaiyoiyo yemari. Vakwanyina vazhinji vevatano yakura imwe cheteyo vakarasikirwa nemisha yavo kana kuti vakawira murombo pashure porufu rwomukwanyina nemhaka yokuti mupukunyu aisagona kuwana betsero yomukwanyina akafa.

Pashure pokuenzana kweroorano, betsero dzakapukunyuka dzakava dzinowanika kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano, asi zvinetso zvakasara. Somuenzaniso, kana vaviri vakaroorana vakanga vari muukama hwenguva refu asi vakangoroorana chinguvana bedzi pamberi porufu rwomumwe, chinodikanwa cheroorano (inenge mwedzi mipfumbamwe kusvikira kugore rimwe) chingagona kusakwanirisa mupukunyuki. Zvisinei, Social Security Administration (SA) yakagovera kuchinjika kwakati muzvinoitika umo rufu rwakanga rwuri tsaona kana kuti rusingakarirwi.

Asi kana munhu akaroorazve ava nemakore 60, anogona kuramba achibatsirwa. Mitemo iyi inoshanda zvakafanana kune vose vakaroorana vose, asi inogona kukonzera matambudziko akasiyana - siyana kuvanhu vane ukama hwebonde nevamwe vakambova vasina kuroorana uye vakazoroorana nomumwe munhu.

Kubhadharwa Negadziriro Yokurega Basa

Zvirongwa zvemari yomudyandigere yavose uye yepanyika inosarudzwa nevanhu zvinowanzobatanidza vapukunyuki vanosarudza mari inopiwa mukwanyina anenge asara pashure pokunge atora zano racho afa. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoda kuti mutsigiri asarudze zvakaderedzwa kana achizoramba achibhadhara mukwanyina. Kuziva kuti kuroora kana kuroorwa ndoupi kunokodzera kuitirwa izvi.

Munyika dzakawanda, gadziriro dzemudyandigere dzinodikanwa nomutemo kupa betsero dzinopukunyuka kumukwanyina wepamutemo womutori wegadziriro. Pamberi pokuenzana kweroorano, vakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vakabviswa muiyi dziviriro, kunyange kana vakanga vave vari muukama hwakasimba kwamakumi amakore. Pashure pokukura kwekodzero dzeroorano, gadziriro dzepenjeni dzinofanira kuziva vakwanyina vouteve hwevatano humwe chetevo, uko kunoreva kuti vatori vemibato vanogona zvino kuratidzira mukwanyina mumwe cheteyo wevatano somupukunyuki mumwe cheteyo namaruramiro apamutemo somumwe mukwanyina upi noupi.

Ikoku kune revo huru nokuda kwokuronga mudyandigere. Varoorani vanogona zvino kushandisa midyandigere mitsara yavakapukunyuka kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mari inopfuuridzirwa pashure porufu, asi vanofanirawo kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo izvozvi zvinowirirana sei nemimwe miuyo yepenjeni yakaderera kuti vagogovera mukwanyina mari yake amene, asi kushambadza idziviriro yemari nokuda kwomupukunyuki.

Midyandigere yehurumende, mari yepenjeni yehondo, uye chitima zvinobetsera vose kuzorora zviri mugadziriro dzakafanana. Kuenzana kwevatungamiriri veroorano kwakamanikidzira rondedzero nemiitiro yaidzodzi kubatanidza vakwanyina vevatano. Muzvimwe zviitiko, ikoku kwakada gadziridzo dzinoshanda nokuda kwavaroorani avo vakanga vakaroorana mumakore apakuvamba asi vasingabvumiki.

Betsero Dzinotsamira Pamunhu Uye Dzemhuri

Kuwedzera pazvinobatsira kuroorana uye kupukunyuka, kuzivikanwa kwevakaroorana kunogona kubatsira vana uye vamwe vomumhuri. Somuenzaniso, Social Security inopa betsero kuvana vaduku vevashandi vakarega basa, vakaremara, kana kuti vakafa.

Nokuda kwavakwanyina vane vana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokuberekana, roorano inopa kujeka kwapamutemo pamusoro pokuva mubereki uye kuva nebetsero. Pamberi pokuenzana kweroorano, vana vari mumhuri dzine mitezo yakafanana yevatano vangave vakatarisana nedenho mukuratidzira batano yapamutemo kuvabereki vose vari vaviri nokuda kwezvinangwa zvinobetsera. roorano inoparira murangariro womubereki wapamutemo munzvimbo dzakawanda, idzo dzinogona kudira mberi betsero nokuda kwavana.

Saizvozvowo, mamwe masangano okuchengetedza vanhu anopa betsero kuvabereki kana kuti vakoma nevanun’una vanotsamira pavabereki vavo, asi kazhinji kazhinji aya anongova mamiriro ezvinhu okuroora kana kuroorwa.

Zvinetso Zvemari Nezvenzanga Zvokuva Akakwirira

Apo vanhu vakawanda vanokwanisa kuwana betsero dzouchato uye vanopukunyuka, chengeteko yezvemari inoparirwa yavagari vemo inovandudzika, nemiuyo inoderera nokuda kwemwero yourombo, kupambadza kwemari, uye gadziriro dzebetsero dzavose.

Kunzvera kunoratidzira kuti vakwanyina vakura vevatano imwe cheteyo vakava nemwero yeurombo yakakwirira kupfuura vakwanyina vane vatano yavanhu vane mitezo yakasiana vasati varoorana vachiva vakaenzana. Pashure pokunge mwero yourombo yaderera sezvo varoorani vanosvika pakudzivirirwa mune zvemari kweroorano. Nzvero 2021 yakaitwa neGands Institute of Law yakawana kuti varoorani vevatano imwe cheteyo vari muhurumende neuwanduru hweroorano yakashuma kuti kubudirira zvikuru kwezvemari uye kutsamira kwakaderera pamapurogiramu ebetsero dzavose.

Kana boka rikabviswa pakodzero dzewanano, zvinopa pfungwa yokuti ukama hwavo hahufaniri kudzivirirwa zviri pamutemo uye nemari. Kuwedzera kodzero dzewanano kunoita kuti mhuri dzose dzive neukama hwakanaka uye kutsigira kuremekedzwa kwakaenzana kwemhuri dzose. Izvi zvine zvazvinoita pautano hwepfungwa, kugadzikana kwenzanga, uye kuvimba nevamwe.

Zvisinei, kuwanda kwemari kwakaparirawo miuyo nokuda kwegadziriro dzechengeteko yenzanga. Vabetseri vakawanda vanoreva mari yakawandisa, iyo inogona kudzvinyirira mari yegadziriro yemari. Vagadziri vemitengo vanofanira kurangarira kana ndyiko dzokuwedzera dzichidzorwa nebetsero huru zvikuru dzemari, dzakadai semubato wezvokugadzirwa kwemari, kuderedza ndyiko dzourombo, uye mitero yakakwirira inobva kuvanhu vanogona kushanda kwenguva refu nemhaka yokuti vane chengeteko iri nani yomudyandigere.

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kufutunuka kwamaruramiro eroorano kungagona kutungamirira kukunyanyowandisa kwegadziriro dzechengeteko dzenzanga kana vanhu vazhinji zvikuru vakava vakakwaniriswa nokuda kwebetsero dzomuchato nedzinopukunyuka. Zvisinei, ufakazi hwezvokurangarira hunoratidza kuti kuva netapuro yavagari vemo ine mwero. Vakwanyina voutere vanomirira chiverengero chiduku chechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye vazhinji vavo vakanga vachitova muukama pamberi pekuenzana kweroorano. Wedzero ibetsero zvikurukuru inhau yokuziva ukama huripo panzvimbo pokuita hutsva.

Chimwe chinhu chinoitwa munzanga isimba remhuri. kuziva roorano kunobvuma kuti mhuri dzine zvimiro zvakasiyana uye kuti kutsamirana mune zvemari hakuna kuganhurirwa kuvakwanyina vane mitezo yakasiana yokubereka nayo. Ikoku kunogona kupesvedzera tsika dzenzanga pamusoro pokutarisira, kuronga kuzorora, uye tsigiro yechizvarwa. sezvo vanhu vakawanda vanorangarira roorano sesangano rinopa dziviriro huru dzemari, vangava sezvingabvira zvikuru kuronga ukama hwavo, netapuro dzinobvira pakusimba kwoukama uye kuumbwa kwomusha.

Fundo Dzezvinoitika: Tapuro Chaiyoiyo Yenyika Yokuenzana Kweroorano Pabetsero

United States – Obergefell v. Hodges

Chisarudzo chenhau cheDare guru reU.S. mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] yakasimbisa kuti varoorani vounzenza vamwe chetevo vane maruramiro emitemo okuroora mumaruwa ose 50. Muuyo wapakarepo wakanga uri kupa zviuru zvavaroorani vane zera rimwe chetero kukusvika kurubudiriro rwakazara rwehurumende nehurumende runotsamira pamugariro weroorano, kubatanidza betsero dzeSocial Security.

Obergefell, varoorani vounzenza vakatarisana nechikamu chakati chekuzivikanwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakabvumira roorano, nepo dzimwe dzichiirambidza zvakajeka. Gurukotan Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), iyo inorondedzera roorano soyomurume nomukadzi, yakanga yaparadzwa muna 2013 United States v. Windsor, asi chisarudzo ichocho bedzi chakatapurwa navaroorani vakanga vatoroorana pamutemo munyika yavo. Pashure peObergefell, kuenzana kweroorano kwakava kwapasi pose, uye SSA yaigona kuziva roorano dzakafanana nokuda kwezvinangwa zvose.

Zvakanga zvichibatsira vanhu pakuchengeteka kwenzanga zvakanga zvichikosha. SSA yakabudisa nhungamiro pamusoro penzira yokubata nayo zvikumbiro zvevakaroorana vezvevatano, kubatanidza betsero dzinodzokororwa mune zvimwe zvinoitika. Zviuru zvavanhu vakanga vanyimwa betsero dzomuchato kana kuti dzakapukunyuka nemhaka yechimiro chavo chevatano zvakava zvinoda kukwaniriswa. Sangano racho rakafungidzira kuti chisarudzo chacho chaizotapura makumi ezviuru ezvikamu zvebetsero mumakore mashomanene okutanga.

Muenzaniso mumwe unocherekedza unobatanidza varoorani umo mumwe akanga afa pamberi pechisarudzo cheObergefell. SSA yakashandisa muitiro unobvumira vakwanyina voutere vamwe chetevo kuti vataure betsero dzinopukunyuka kana vaigona kuratidza kuti vangadai vakaroora kana mutemo wakabvumidzwa. Nepo uyu muitiro wakagovera rusununguko rwakati, waida chibvumikiso chedonzo rokuroora, icho chingagona kuva chakaoma kunyora. Mapoka echiHindu anopfuurira kusunda nokuda kwemipimo inochinjika zvikuru.

Nyaya yeObergefell yakasimbisawo basa reSSA mukushandisa kuenzana kweroorano. Sangano racho raifanira kuvandudza gadziriro dzaro, kurovedza vashandi varo, uye kubudisa mitemo mitsva kuvimbisa kubatwa kwechibvumirano chimwe chetecho. Uyu muitiro wakanga usiri usina zvikapu, asi wakaratidzira kuti miitiro yebetsero huru inogona kuchinjira kuchinjo dzapamutemo dzinokosha nokuronga kwakafanira.

Canada – Murairo Weroorano Yavagari Vemo

Canada yanyoresa muchato mumwe chete murumwe rudzi kupfurikidza neCivil Marriage Act muna 2005, ichitevera nhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvedare reruwa. Purogiramu dzeCanada Pension Plan (CP) neOld Age Security (OAS) dzakakurumidza kugadziridzwa kuti dzizive vakwanyina vounzenza mumwe chete nokuda kwezvinenge zvichibatsira.

Canada inogovera fambiro mberi inobetsera kuUnited States nemhaka yokuti pamutemo wakanga wave uchiitwa pakutanga uye wainzwisisa zvikuru. Chinjo yacho yakanga yakapfava zvikuru, murutivi nemhaka yokuti mutemo weCanada wakatoziva ukama hwevatano nehumwe kupfurikidza namazita eroorano apamutemo mamwe mativi enyika. Chinjo kukuenzana kweroorano kwakazara yakatambanudzira maruramiro mamwe chetewo kuvakwanyina voutevedzani avane mativi mamwe.

Rumwe rutivi runofadza rwetsika yeCanada kubatwa kwevakwanyina vemitemo imwe chete. Kunyange pasina roorano, mutemo weCanada unobvuma zvikwata zvapamutemo zvinobetsera pashure penhambo yokugarisana (sezvinganzi gore rimwe). Ikoku kwakareva kuti vakwanyina vazhinji vevatano imwe cheteyo vakatogona kuwana betsero dzourombo kupfurikidza nokuzivikanwa kwomutemo mumwe chetewo, asi kuenzana kwakakwana kwakagovera dziviriro dzokuwedzera ndokupfavisa mutoo wokutaura nawo.

Zvisinei, zvinoratidzawo kuti kunyange kuziva kusarura kungaita kuti muchato uparare miganhu inogona kugutsa, zvakadai sokuzivikanwa kwehurumende uye kupukunyuka kunobatsira kunoda kuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo.

United Kingdom – Marriage (Same-sex Vakaroorana) Murayiro wa2013

Kuroorana kwevakomana nevakadzi kwaiitwa neUnited Kingdom muEngland neWales muna 2014, Scotland ichitevera muna 2014 uye Northern Ireland muna 2020.

Imwe yenhau huru muUK yakanga iri kubatwa kwa "vanhu vakadzivirirwa" avo vakanga vapinda muhumwe hwehurumende. Mutemo wakabvumira vakwanyina vehurumende kuchinja mubatanidzwa wavo kuva roorano, iyo ipapo yakavapa mvumo yakazara yebetsero dzehurumende mugadziriro yeHurumende. Zvisinei, misiyano yakaramba iripo pakati pokubatwa kwavaroorani navakwanyina vehurumende mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinobetsera, kuchitungamirira kukurondwa kunopfuurira.

Nzvero yenhau yeUK inoratidzira kuti kuenzana kweroorano kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza gadziriro dzakaoma. Varoorani vakanga vave vari muukama hwevatano hwenguva refu pamberi pokuitwa pamutemo vaida mitemo yakajeka pamusoro pokuti roorano yavo yaizozivikanwa nenzira inoshanda nokuda kwamadonzo anobetsera. Hurumende yeUK yakashandisa nhungamiro iyo yakarangarira roorano kazhinji kazhinji sedzakasimba kubva pamusi womutambo, asi yakabvumira miuyo inoshanda apo roorano dzavagari vemo dzakatangira kuvapo dzakavapo.

Australia – The Marriage Amendment (Kuda Kugamuchirwa uye Rusununguko Rworudzidziso) Act 2017

Australia yakanyoresa pamutemo muchato wezvepabonde muna December 2017 pashure pokunge paongororwa posvetal yaratidza kutsigirwa nevoruzhinji. Gadziriro yenzanga yeAustralia, yakaitwa neDerces Australia, yakakurumidza kugadziridzwa kuti izive michato yakafanana yezvevatano nokuda kwezvinangwa zvose zvinobatsira, kusanganisira Pension yeNhambo yeChipo, Disability Service Pension, uye Carer pensation.

Chinoitika cheAustralia chinosimbisa basa rokunzvera vanhu mukuchinja muitiro wokuchinja. Nzvero yepositi, apo yaimutsa nharo, yakagovera murairo wedemocracy wakajeka uyo wakabetsera kupfavisa gadziriro yokushandisa. Hurumende yakagoverawo zvishandiso zvokuvandudza gadziriro dzaIT uye vashandi kurovedza kubata nezvinodikanwa zvavanhu vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano.

Rumwe rutivi runokosha rwegadziriro yeAustralia kushandiswa kwokuedza mari nezvinhu nokuda kweNhambo yeChipo. Kuziva roorano kunoreva kuti varoorani vane mitezo yevatano yakafanana zvino vanorangarirwa savaviri nokuda kwamadonzo omugariro wokuzvifadza, anogona kutapura kuva kwavo nepenjeni. Vamwe varoorani vakawana kuti kuisa mari yavo sevaroorani kwakaderedza chaizvoizvo maruramiro avo omudyandigere kana kuti kurangarirwa savanhu vamwe navamwe. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti kuziva roorano hakubetseri kunobetsera nguva dzose mune zvemari murutivi rwuri rwose; kunochinja mitemo mumativi ose ari maviri.

Zvinetso Zvemitemo Negadziridzo Dzegadziriro

Kuwedzera kodzero dzevakaroorana dzokubatanidza vose vanoroorana kunopa mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda anonetsa kuti vanhu vagare zvakanaka uye kuti vasazowana penjeni.

Chinetso chimwe chikuru kutsiva. Apo kuenzana kweroorano kunotangwa, varoorani vave vari muukama hwenguva refu asi vasati vambokwanisa kuroora vangatsvaka betsero dzakavapo musati mava musi wokunyoreswa pamutemo. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kusarudza kuti betsero dzeshure dzinofanira kubhadharwa kusvika papi uye kana kukumbira ufakazi hwedonzo rokuroora. Kusvika kweSSA muUnited States kwokuda ufakazi hwedonzo kwakashorwa sohunorema, asi kunoratidzira chinetso chokusimbisa ukama husati hwazivikanwa pamutemo panguva yacho.

Rimwe denho iwirirano pakati peroorano nemubatanidzwa wehurumende wakare kana kuti ushamwari hwemhuri.Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, varoorani vaiwana betsero dzakaganhurirwa kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa kwehurumende vasati vaenzana. Pavanozoroorana, maruramiro avo anobetsera angachinja, uye vadzori vanofanira kusarudza kana nhambo yokubatanidzwa kwevagari vemo ichikosha kukubetserwa nokubetsera. Ikoku kunogona kuva kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwebetsero dzinopukunyuka, umo nguva yorufu ine chokuita neroorano nenhau dzehurumende.

Kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro yetsika iitiro hanyawo inoshanda. Kuchengeteka kwenzanga nemudyandigere zvinowanzovakirwa pamienzaniso miviri yeroorano iyo inofungidzirwa kuva yakasiyana nevatano bedzi. Kuvandudza iyi gadziriro kuti igova neroorano dzevatano dzakafanana kunoda kuiswa kwemitengo inokosha mugadziriro dzamakombiyuta negadziriro dzemakombiyuta. Masangano akawanda aifanira kunzverazve zvimiro zvawo, miitiro, uye rondedzero dzapamutemo kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuti akabatanidzwa.

Kurovedza uye dzidzo nokuda kwezvinobatsira ibasa rinoramba riripo. Vashandi vanofanira kunzwisisa pamutemo, kudzivisa miitiro yokusasarura, uye kushandisa mitemo nguva dzose kuvakwidzi vose. Ikoku kunokosha zvikurukuru mumitemo umo murangariro wavose pamusoro peroorano yevatano yevatano yavanhu vose unoramba wakakamuraniswa, sezvo fungira mano dzomunhu oga dzevatungamiriri dzingatapura nzira yavangabata nayo zvinotaura.

Pakupedzisira, pane mubvunzo wokuti kuenzana kweroorano kunobatana sei nedzimwe vavariro dzemiitiro, dzakadai sekuchengeteka kwemiitiro. Sezvo vanhu vakawanda vanova vakakodzera nokuda kwebetsero dzomuchato uye vanopukunyuka, ndyiko yepurogiramu dzechengeteko yenzanga ingawedzera. Vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kudzikamisa nharidzano yokurapa kwakaenzana nechinodikanwa kuchengeta masangano anonyungudutsa. Ikoku kungada gadziridzo kuti vabetserwe, mipimo inowirirana, kana kuti manyuko okushandisa mari munguva.

Kubatanidzwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzomutemo, kusanganisira mutero, kutama, uye nhaka. Kusvika kwakakwana kwokuenzana muroorano kunoda kubatana munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepamutemo kuti pave nechokwadi chokubatwa kwevakaroorana nenzira isingachinji pasinei zvapo nechimiro chevatano.

Mugumisiro: Kodzero Dzeroorano Sehwaro Hwechengeteko Yemari

Muuyo wekodzero dzeroorano pachengeteko yenzanga nebetsero dzemudyandigere zvose zviri zviviri miuyo mikuru neyakawanda. Mugariro weroorano unosarudza kuva ane mukana webetsero dzomuchato, betsero dzinopukunyuka, uye kutsamira pamasangano mazhinjisa einishuwarenzi dzenzanga kupota nyika. Apo kodzero dzeroorano dzinokudzwa kubatanidza varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano namamwe mapoka akabviswa, muuyo wapakarepo kuwedzerwa kusvika kuidzi dziviriro dzemari dzinotambudza.

Gadziriro yapamutemo iyo mibatanidzwa inobetsera kuroorano yakavakirwa mufungidziro dzenhau pamusoro pechimiro chemhuri nokutsamirana kwemari. Sezvo mitemo yeroorano inochinja kuti iratidzire kuenzana kukuru zvikuru, gadziriro dzechengeteko dzenzanga dzinofanira kuchinjira kuva nechokwadi chokuti varoorani vose vapamutemo vanogamuchira kurapwa kwakaenzana. Uku kugadziridzwa kunobatanidza kwete bedzi kuvandudza mitemo nemiraudzo asiwo kuvandudza gadziriro dzokutarisira dzazvino uno, vashandi vanorovedza, uye kupedza nhau dzechinjo dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Nzvero dzenhau chaidzoidzo dzenyika dzinobva kuUnited States, Canada, United Kingdom, uye Australia dzinoratidzira kuti kuenzana kweroorano kunogona kubatanidzwa nenzira inobudirira mugadziriro dzebetsero dziripo. Muitiro wacho hausati uchitongova wakapfava, uye zvinetso zvinopfuurira zvinosara, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokuvakwazve, kubatwa kwamasangano avagari vemo, uye gadziriro dzazvino uno. Zvisinei, nhevedzano yose iri kukuva pamwero mukuru zvikuru uye kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Kuwedzera kodzero dzeroorano kunewo migumisiro mikuru yezvemari nenzanga. Kuderedza urombo pakati pevakaroorana vakura vevatano imwe cheteyo, kunokurudzira kubatana munzanga, uye kutsigira chiremera choukama hwose. Nepo pane migumisiro yemitengo yenzanga, izvi zvinowanzova zvine mwero uye zvinodzorwa nebetsero huru dzezvemari. Chinoitika chetsika nenzanga nokuda kwokuenzana chinogovera hwaro hwakasimba hwokuita gadziridzo dziri madikanwa.

Vachitarira mberi, vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kupfuurira kuvandudza kusvika kwavo kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzeroorano dzinoshandura zvirokwazvo kuva betsero yakaenzana. Ikoku kunoreva kukurukura mikaha yasara mubetsero dzinoshanda, kuvandudzwa kwemiitiro yokutaura, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti varoorani vose vanonzwisisa maruramiro avo nezvisarudzo. Varongi vezvemari navagadziri vemibato vanewo basa rokuita mukubetsera varoorani kudzora ganhuriro yenzanga negadziriro dzependi dzinotaura mumugariro wokuenzana kweroorano.

Nokuziva michato yevakaroorana vose, nzanga dzinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuchengeteka munzanga uye midyandigere zvinozadzika chipikirwa chavo chokugovera nheyo yechiremera nokugadzikana mukurega basa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamhene dzemitemo yeroorano nebetsero dzenzanga, tsvaka zviwanikwa kubva ku Sacial Security Administration, Saciams Institute[[ paUCLA School of Law, uye [[FLT]] Hurumende paState Pension nebetsero dzokufirwa.