Chivako chehurumende yeIndia ndeimwe yegadziriro dzakaoma zvikurusa nedzakasimba dzekudzora munyika. Enshrine iri muBumbiro reMitemo, inokamuranisa masimba pakati pehurumende yepakati yeUnion nehurumende imwe neimwe, ichiumba gadziriro ine mativi anopesvedzera zvikuru kuumbwa kwemiganhu yehurumende, inotsigirwa, uye yakapfuudzwa. Kupesana kwemitemo, kutungamirira, uye chiremera chemari zvinoreva kuti chinangwa chimwe chenyika chenyika (hwupi kana kuti ipararire) chiri kuvandudza kusvika kwoutano hwezvoutano, dzidzo inochinja nyika yose, kana kuti mibato yemazuva ano inoumba , inoda kufambisa miganhuro yehurumende, uye mabasa enyika. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi inotapura sei muitiro wenyika pakugadzirwa kwehurumende, vabatiri vehurumende, uye vagari vemo, vose zvakafanana, nemhaka yokubudirira kana kuti kundikano kwezvinenge kufambira mberi kwedzidzo pakati pezvikamu zvikuru zvehurumende zvehurumende.

Kugadzirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo reIndian Federalism

India inowanzorondedzerwa se “chikamu cheIndaneti” kana kuti“ chisakiso chegadziriro yemagariro”. Bumbiro remitemo rinosimbisa kuparadzirwa kwemasimba kupfurikidza neSenth Semily, ine Sunday , Sunday......... Sunday..., uye Chikamu chapanguva ino [. . Hurumende ine Hurumende ine kodzero dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yerudzi, yeIndaneti, yeimwe nyika ine zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvenyika, yematokisi, yenyukireya, yejena, yezvematokisi, yeMitengo, yeMitengo yeSangano yeMiteomssss. Hurumende yehurumende yeSangano renyika yeSangano renyika dzamato (R.4)

Mukuwedzera, masimba anodzorwa kupfuvura nokudzorwa kwehurumende kusingadudzwi murusando rupi norupi (inowira kuUnion pasi peChikamu 248. Uku kusarura kwenzvimbo pakati kunosimbiswa negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakadai sesimba raPrezidhendi rokudzinga hurumende (Aticle 356) nechinodikanwa chokuti vatongi voruwa vagadzwe naPrezidhendi (zvikurukurukuru hurumende yeUnia). Nyika dzine gadziriro chaidzo dzechienzi (51 neyakasiyana - siyana yadzoro yeChikamu 371 uye gadziriro dzayo dzebumbiro remitemo, dzakadai seNagaland, Mizoram, uye Asmam (Zve nezvinofarirwa zvokuwedzera mutsika nezve zvoupfumi. Chikamu cheChikamu cheChikamu cheChikamu cheNyika chaMakorero chaMakore 201919 muzvikamu chaManyika maviri, zvinobatanidzazve kudzora nzvimbo iyi yebumbiro remitemo, asi zvinongova zvinotodzatevedzatevedza mamiriroo oupenyu hwakawanda.

Kutapura Kushandiswa Kwegadziriro Yokupesana

Chivako chehurumende chine tapuro mbiri pakuitwa kwemiitiro. Kune rumwe rutivi, chinobvumira mapurogiramu enyika kuwirirana nezvinowanika zvawo zvoga, zvemari, uye zvetsika. Kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kuparira kunonoka, shatiso, uye kusawirirana apo hurumende neUnion zvinodzikira kana kuti apo simba riri mukati mehurumende rinenge risina simba. Kuitwa kwacho kunobatanidza mitemo yepakati kana kuti gadziriro yegadziriro, kuteverwa nokuchinjirwa kwemari, kutsaurwa kwemari kupfurikidza namadhipatimendi enyika, uye kudzorwa nemwe mwero yose iri miviri. Nhano imwe neimwe inounza miuyo yebhodhoro.

Kubvumirana Nokutsiva Kunodarika

Nemhaka yokuti zvirongwa zvakawanda zvehurumende zvinobatanidza mativi enhau eIndaneti akadai soutano, dzidzo, uye garikano yenzanga nezvinozviti izvo zvounizvi. Sangano reNational Health Mission, somuenzaniso, rinotsigirwa zvikuru asi rinotsamira zvikuru pamadhipatimendi ezvoutano ehurumende pakupiwa. Kana hurumende ikasarudza kuchinja chirongwa chacho chezvokuronga (9.g., kutanga utano hwaamai pamusoro pezvirwere zvokuongorora /iwirira zviripo, migumisiro ingabva panzvimbo yenyika. Nenzira yakafanana, Right of Children to Free and Cotictictial Et Act Act (RT), 2009, mutemo mukuru, asi kugadziriswa kwayo kunotsamira pamitemo yomudzidzisi, rovedzo, uye kushandiswa kwemitengoro yemo yemari inovaka.

Fiscal Federalism uye Revolution

Chibvumirano cheIndia chinoratidzirwa nemwero wakakwirira wemuunganidzwa wemari negadziriro inodzorwa zvakanaka yendyiko. Hurumende yeUnion inounganidza inenge 60% yemari yose yemitero asi inopedza bedzi 40% yendyiko yavose, nepo nyika dzose dzinopedza yasara. Uku kusadzikama kwakakwirira kunotaurwa kupfurikidza ne Commission [[[FL]][FLT] [[1]] [ino] (inorumbidza kuti kugoveranisa mitero mikuru) uye kuti Dare rokuronga (zvino rinotsiviwa na NITIAyognog), iro rinopa zvirongwa zvekubudirira. [[5] Sam]

Kukwereta kwehurumende kunomanikidzirwawo nejenare rehurumende, asi nyika dzinofanira kuwana tendero huru yokukwereta kana kukwereta kwavo kunopfuura muganhu wakatarwa. Ikoku kunoparira mugariro umo masangano epfuma yemitengo yemitengo yemitengo (mutoo, Gujarat, Maharashtra) inogona kuita mapurogiramu ane chiremera zvikuru, nepo nyika dzepfuma (mge, Bahar, Uttar Pradesh) dzinotamburira kuwirira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemari, kuchitungamirira kumiuyo isina kufanira. Zvisarirano muhurumende GDP parejita naFLTS:0] zvinoshandurira kuva zvisingakwani [[FLT:]]

Chibvumirano Chezvamatongerwe enyika: Kutonga Kweboka Kwakasiana

Kurongeka kwezvamatongerwe enyika pakati peUnion nehurumende dzehurumende kunogona kukurumidzisa zvikuru kana kuti kuisa kushata kwemiitiro. Kana pakava nebato rimwe chetero rezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mubatanidzwa zvichiva nesimba pamwero yose iri miviri, zvinonzi “ubati ushe hwehurumende” zvinoshanda zvakanaka, mabhii anodzikamiswa, uye hurumende dzingasadenha zvikuru nhungamiro. Zvisinei, apo masangano akasiana anogona kumuka. Hurumende dzinganonoka kushandisa mitemo yakaisirwa, kukwikwidza mashoko, kana kuti kunyange matare muDare Rapamusoro. [[FLT:] Akanaka neBatiro-nterssss (GLT) inoparira bhizimisi rimwe nerimwe kuderera. [FLT)] muenzaniso mukuru pashure pokutanga kwayo, inotungamirirwa namapoka anomutswa nezvinodzorwa nezvinodzorwa zvikuru pamusoro pezvirongwa zveGST, kunyange kupesana kwemitero yedare rimwe nerimwe.

Fundo Dzenhau: Pesvedzero YeFederal Yakatarisana Nemapoka Anokosha

Kurapwa

Kutarisira utano zvikurukuru inhau yehurumende, asi Union inogadza mipimo yenyika, inoita zvirongwa zvikuru zvakafanana ne Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Mantraya Yhomania (PM-JAY), uye mari inokosha gadziriro dzoutano dzakakwirira (imomo, National AIDS, National TBEDIVATION Program). Mitemo inoshandisa iyi purogiramu kupfurikidza nedzoutano hwavo, asi ivo vane kuchenjera pamusoro peinongedzero dzinoshandiswa, iposvedzero dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshandiswa, uye kuti dzinoisa sei gadziriro dzoutano dzapamusha mumitezo. Somuenzaniso, [FOct: 2,2] , inoshatisimu inoburira zviripo nokuda kwechito. Nyu yechipomugoveri yehurumende inopfuutsa. [Nkato yeP]

Dzidzo

Dzidzo iri paNhevedzano, asi kuitwa kweRTE Act kwave kusina kuenzana. Hurumende yepakati payo inoraira mipimo miduku([papul- mudzidzisi, zvinodikanwa zvemafashoni(ss) zvinosarudza nguva dzechikoro, mirayiridzo, zvitsauko zvemakirasi, zvirongwa zvemakirasi 9-12, uye vadzidzisi. [[FLT:]] [[5] [FLT] , [FT] na[FT] [FFFLAN]

Dzidzo uye Mabasa Avose

[[FLT: 0] Pradran Gram Sadak Yoyana (PMGSY) nokuda kwemigwagwa yomumaruwa uye [[FLT:]] maguta Mission[[[FLT:]] ose ari maviri anobatanidza mari inotsigirwa nenzvimbo inoiswa mari nenzvimbo. Manyika ane mutoro wokuziva misha yokutanga, kuronga migwagwa, kuisa miganhu, uye kuchengeta zvinhu. Kunonoka kunoitika kazhinji kazhinji nemhaka yokuwana nhau dzenzvimbo (nyika inhau yehurumende), kurukurirano dzemvura dzechikamu chemvura (affecting project), kana kuti basa panzvimbo yeMibato yehurumende yavose. Nokuda kwemabasa makuru akafanana neMbaiterniornity kana kuti nharaunda yePrometers, Hurumende inoparira Hurumende kudzorwa kupfurikidza nehurumende.[5]

Matambudziko Mubasa Rokushandisa Zvinhu Zvikuru

Kusiyana Muukuru Hwehurumende

Hadzisi hurumende dzose dzine simba rimwe chetero rokushandisa zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nepakati. United States dzine mugove mukuru wemari inogoverwa pakati pemari inowirirana nemari yadzo dzimene (g., nyika dzeNorthern East, Uttankankhand, Bihar) kazhinji kazhinji dzinovimba zvikuru neNew Delhi nokuda kwendyiko dzadzo. Ikoku kunoparira kutsamira kunogona kudzvinyirira mavambo omunzvimbomo. Panguva ino, chinzvimbo chapachoseicho chemari [ (zvino yamiswa neProfekitari ye 155) akapa nyika dzakati dzinoda kubatwa nadzo mukubhadharwa uye kuputsika kwemitero, kuchitungamirira kudzimwe nyika dzinoraira rwisano. Kushatambira kwakaenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoreva kuti muitiro wenyika yorudzi rumwe chete.[F.Geneticsting programmes) inokan mukamuka muKahakina.

Misiyano Yekupindirana

Mitemo yakawanda inoda kubatira pamwe mumibatanidzwa yakawanda inoti: Kugoverana mvura murwizi (muchib., Cauvery mvura paKarnataka neTamil Nadu), kudzora kushatisa (NCR-Gangetic bain), uye kutarisirwa kwengwavaira. Dare reInter-Fold, rakatangwa pasi peChikamu 263, riripo kuti rivandudze kurukurirano, asi misangano yaro yaro haibatani uye kurumbidza kwayo hakubatani. Dare reGST itsigiringi inobudirira: rinoshanda seboka reFizi-fenderal apo Union inokurukura mitero nemiitiro yayo, kunyange zvazvo zvisarudzo zvayo zvichida kuti zvina zvina zvina, uye zviito zvakabatana zvakasimba.

Pakati Pekunyanyodzora uye “Sick” Unit Chinetso

Nyanzvi dzehurumende dzakawanda dzinotaura kuti hurumende yeIndia yakawedzera kushandisa Rusando rweConnuctive kuumba gadziriro. Somuenzaniso, National Education Policy 2020 yakaumbwa nepakati uye yakurudzirwa kuti nyika dzitange gadziriro itsva, pasinei zvapo nokuti dzidzo inowirirana. [[FLT:] Ayman Bharatat[ chirongwa chakadokuva chapakati chose chose chose chakagadzirwa. Kushandiswa kweChikamu 356 (Kutonga kwePresiti) kwakaderera kwakaderera muzana ramakore 21 (ne zvinoitika zvishomanene bedzi, zvikurukuru muMaharashtra uye Ultranranranchism inopa kuvapo kwayo. 2016, asi kunongovawo bedzi. Kushandiswa kweChikamu chapa nhevedzano kana kuti kushamatoorwa kwehurumende.[5]

Mikana: Kuchinja Kupfurikidza Nokuedza Kwemabharani

Mhatsa imene inononoka kuita inoitawo India [FLT: 0] basa rehurumende [. United States inoedza nomutemo (kubva ku DELHI] kupiwa kwemibato yavose [[[FFFF:]3]] ku [FLT]] [FLT:]] ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... uye [[FLT:] na[FLT][F][FFFFF]] .[10] .PNHNUP] i- yatomurome , kana kuti idirome , [matomurome , httkeromes :]

Kushandiswa Kwezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nezviziviso Zvinobatanidzwa

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogona kuderedza kuvhura nzvimbo dzinobatanidza zvinhu. [FFMS] System yeManicial Financial (PFMS)[FFLT]] inoita kuti pave nokufamba chaiko kwemari kubva kuNew Delhi kuenda kumaakaundi omusha, kuderedza kubuda. [[FLT:]] National Information Center [[FL][FLT][IC][F][FLT]][F][3] Kugovera kwakaenzana kwemipimo yemajekiseko [BMP] [[FFFLT:] NHAG] (IFLT] [i], , , , , kana zvichibvira kupfumba kupfumbira, kupfurikidza noruzivo rwemitengo.]

Mitemo Yokushandisa Mitemo Inovandudzwa

Kana tikafunga nezvezvinhu zvinoumba hurumende yeIndia, mazano anoverengeka anogona kusimbisa kugadzirwa kwezvinhu pasina kuderedza kuzvitonga kwehurumende.

1. Kusimbisa Zvitunha Zvemitumbi Yakaoma

Ita kuti dare reInqualition reChikamu cheMadokero rive nemisangano yegore nedhipatimendi rine simba rokugadzirisa kusawirirana. Zonal Councils[ (Nhamba, South, West, Central]) rinofanira kudzorerwa kunhau dzomunharaunda dzisati dzakura. [[FLT:] Finance Commission [ inofanira kurangarira kupa mubayiro unosimudzwa unotaura nezvemigumisiro, kwete miuyowo zvayo, nepo kurangarirawo nokuda kwemibato yakasiana.

2. Kubviswa Kwemitoro Mugadziriro Yazvino Uno

Nokuda kwegadziriro iri yose inotsigirwa nechepakati, hurumende dzepakati nehurumende dzinofanira kusaina Medium of Utending inoratidzira mabasa, mitsara yenguva, uye mipiro yemari. Ikoku kunoderedza kujeka uye kunodzivisa kuiswa mhaka. Compensation Mechanism (pamberi pokupera kwayo) ingagona kubatira somuenzaniso wemibayiro inojeka.

3. Chivako Chinokudzwa Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Masangano enyika akafanana ne Staff College of India kana kuti NITOG] Ayayog’S Development Office[ inofanira kuva nepurogiramu dzokurovedza chaidzo dzehurumende vakuru vakuru vakuru navaunganidzi veruwa pakutarisirwa kwebasa, kuronga mari, uye mashoko. Rubatsiro rwemitengo kupfurikidza ne [[FLT:] 4] zvikwata zvinotsigira zvakadzika midziro yehurumende inogona kuvabatsira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvegadziriro.

4. Muitiro Wakanakisisa Wokuparadzanisa Unatsi

Ita nzvimbo inoshandiswa [[FLT: 0] (www.states accuritings.gov.in) umo hurumende dzehurumende dzinogoverana mitoo inobudirira: somuenzaniso, Rajanhah Bhoyah[[FLT]] [[FLT]]] nokuda kwokusimudza mari, [[FLT:][FLT]] KERA] KUMESHREE [[FLT:]] nokuda kwavakadzi vanopa simba, kana kuti [FLT:] Maharashta’s Jakukt[FLT] [FLT] [FF]]

5 Mitemo Yakashata Neautonomy

Regai wirirano huru mumari inotsigirwa pakati pemiitiro (kureva kuti, kusvikira ku 25%) chero bedzi ichisvitsa zvinangwa zvepurogiramu yose. Deredza chiverengero chezvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nenzira inotsigirwa nokuda kwechinjo [ (pari zvino inopfuura 100) kupfurikidza nokuzvibatanidza kuva mapurogiramu mashoma, anochinjika. Feenth Monence Commissionss’s rumbidzo yokuwedzera kududza kubva ku 32% kusvikira ku 42% yemitero yapakati yainopiwa zvishoma, asi inosungirwa kudzorwa.

Mugumisiro: Kudzora Chibvumirano Chokushandira Pamwe

Chirongwa chehurumende cheIndia chiri zvose zviri zviviri chidzoreso chemibato yemiitiro. Chinotanga kuoma kusingadzivisiki kwekubatanidza kusingadzivisiki, kusadzikama kwemagakava, kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika (zvinogona kunonozeka ndokushatisa kunyange purogiramu dzakanakisisa dzenyika. Kunyange zvakadaro zvinogonesa kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzinobudirira, kugadzikisa kugadziridza kugadziridzwa kwenzvimbo, uye kugovera kugadziridza kugadziridzwa kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Chinokosha chokuvandudza kusabvisa kushandira hurumende kana kuti kupfupikisana, asi mukusimbisa masangano anobatira nzanga (Inter-State Commion, Mari Commission, NITI Ay, uye nzvimbo yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokusimudzira mudzimu wapachokwadi we [FL:] couditionism nemustionism [FFFFF1], India, inogona kusimbisa kubatira muteveridzo iri yose, yehurumende yehurumende yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvero: PRS Legistrative Researching on communist , NITI Ayayog yemishumo yesangano rebatira pamwe[, kana kuti [[FLT]] Fance Commission of India’s mishumo yazvino uno yeIndia [.