Kutanga: Basa Renheyo Rokuvamba Mukutsiga kweBumbiro Romutemo

Kurenda kuve uzivi hwedare reAmerica hunorondedzera kwenguva refu uzivi hwemitemo, zvikurukuru mukati memashoko okududzira United States Constitution. Pamavambo ahwo, kuvamba kunodavira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yarakanga ranayo panguva yayakagamuchirwa (jerevo yapakuvamba yavose yakanzwisiswa nezvizvarwa zvinowirirana. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti uku kugovera nheyo yakatsiga, inoziviswa nokuda kwemitemo, inodzivisa chinyorwa chacho kuchinjwazve nemhepo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinochinja kana kuti zvido zvomunhu oga zvavatongi. Kuyera mumutemo wemitemo hakusi chinhu chakanakawo zvacho; kunoisa mutemo mumitemo, kunovimbisa kusachinja muchisarudzo, uye kusimbisa kuvimba navanhu vose mugadziriro yemitemo.

Nyaya ino inoongorora kuti kudavira mavambo kunobatsira sei kudzikamiswa kwebumbiro remitemo nokuongorora mitemo yaro, mashandiro aro, zvinhu zvaro, uye zvinetso zvarinotarisana nazvo.

Nheyo Dzokutanga

Kurerekera kumifungo kunotsamira panheyo dzapakuvamba dzinoverengeka dzinotungamirira kushanda kwadzo. Chokutanga, inosimbisa revo yavanhu yemavambo pa yerugwaro rwebumbiro-siseko(gnome) revo yokuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yokunatsa aizova akanzwisisa. Uku kunotsamira zvikuru pamanyuko enhau akadai sere Fédalist Papers[, zvinyorwa zveConvention yeBumbiro-Mberistical, retation, retation, uye renguva ino. Chechipiri, maduramidhikst akasiana pakati pedudziro nerokuvaka. Chinyorwa chinotsvaka kunzwisisa revo repakuvamba, nerevo zvinoshanda kumigariro yazvino uno uno unonayamura kana kuti rugwaro rwakanyorwa.

Idzi nheyo dzinoita rondedzero yakatsiga yemiitiro yokududzira nayo. Apo vatongi vanoshandisa nguva dzose nzvero imwe cheteyo yenhau, miuyo inova inocherekedzwa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, mu [FLT]] Dificiation of Columbia v. Heller (2008)[FLT], Dare rapamusoro rakashandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba kutsanangura Second Amendment, kunzvera nzwisiso ye 18-century yekodzero dzokutakura zvombo. Chisarudzo chakagovera mupimo wakajeka wakatungamirira maruramiro epfuti yakatevera, kusava nechokwadi nokuda kwemiganhuro uye vagari vemo vakafanana.

Mavambo Enhau Nenheyo Dzapakuvamba Dzine Ungwaru

Mavambo oungwaru edzidziso yapakuvamba anovambira shure kunguva yamavambo. James Madison, mu Federalist N. 37, akanyevera kuti revo yeBumbiro reMitemo inofanira kugadzirirwa kudzivisa “kupindira kwezvinhu zvikuru zvinodavirwa.". Gare gare, Mutongi Antonin Scalia, mutsigiri mukuru wazvino uno, akatsigira kuti manzwisisiro ndiwo mutoo bedzi wapamutemo wokududzira nawo nemhaka yokuti unoremekedza muitiro wedemocracy. Iye akataura zvakakurumbira kuti, “Bumbiro reMitesitation harisi chinyorwa chipenyu; rakafa, rakafa." Uyu murangariro unopesana ne“ sekete rinorarama”

Kudavira pakuvamba kwakawana utanhamari hwakamutsidzirwa muma 1980 nama1990, hwakabatanidzwa nenhamba dzakafanana naRobert Bork neFederalist Society. Nhasi, ruzivo rwemiitiro yapakuvamba runodzidziswa muzvikoro zvemitemo ndokushandiswa navatongi mumativi ose epfungwa, kunyange zvazvo kune misiano yakadai se “donzo repakuvamba” vs. Uku kukura kwoungwaru kunoparira dzikamo kupfurikidza nokugovera gadziriro yakakomba inogona kukurukurwa nokunatswa munguva.

Kusimudzira Kubatana Mumutemo Webumbiro Remitemo Kunoita Kuti Kutanga Kuve Nekutsigisa

Kutsiga mumutemo webumbiro remitemo kunovapo nokududzira kunofanotevedzerwa, kunoenderana.

Mitemo Yakajeka Neyagara ichinzwisiswa

Apo vatongi vanonamatira kurevo yapakuvamba, vanotsamira papfundo rakatsiga renongedzero: nzwisiso yenhau yorugwaro. Ikoku kunoderedza uchenjeri hungatungamirira kumitemo inopokanidza. Somuenzaniso, Commerce Claus [ (Idition, Chikamu 8, Clausce 3) yave iri nzvimbo yehondo yesimba renyika yose renyika. Vatongi vemavambo vanotarira kukuvambwa kwenguva ye “magariro ezvikamu zvizhinji zvezvikamu” (inoreva shambadzo, kwete kugadzira kana kuti kurima. [[FLT]]][FLT]]]] United States v[FLT]4] [5], Dare rekurangarira rapakuvamba rakashandisa uku kumhanya kwapa.]

Kuderedzwa Kwomutongo Wokutonga

Kuvamba kunodzivisa vatongi kupinda mukuvanza zvisarudzo zvemiitiro yomunhu oga mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nokuda kunzvera kwenhau, kunodzika dare kuufakazi hwenhau. Ikoku kunoderedza ngozi yezvisarudzo izvo zvinochinja muenzaniso kana kuti kuita maruramiro matsva pasina mvumo yedemokrase. Muenzaniso mukuru ndi [[FLT]][FLT]] [[[FLT]] [10] v] [7], izvo vatsva vazhinji vanotsoropodza nokuda kwokushaiwa revo yapakuvamba yeGavhura revo referamendero ye 14. Vatsoro. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti chisarudzo chakabviswa pamutemo, kuchitungamirira kumakumi amakore okubvisa mimba nokusarira rwisa. Mukupesana kwapakuvamba [FLT:][FF][5] [5], izvo zvinotsoropodza kudzokera kupfurikidza naMakurukota okuvamba okuvamba kuidzika.[5]

Kudeya Kutaurwa Kwevanhu Nemasangano

Mutemo webumbiro remitemo unobvumira vagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye hurumende kuronga zvinhu zvavo nechivimbo. Somuenzaniso, tsananguro dzapakuvamba dze dzinopa Clause (FFTP]]) revo yapakuvamba ye “zvinhu zvemhiko,” uye“ kushandiswa kwavose. [[FLT]][3] KLO v. Guta reNew London[[FLT:]] [2005], Dare rakachengeta kuti kukura kwemari kwaigona kukwanisira maruramiro apachena. [a chisarudzo chakabudisa mupandukiri wezvapakuvamba]. Thomas akataura kuti nguva inonzwisiswa kuva “kushandiswa kwapachena sehurumende chaiyo kana kuti kushandiswa nokusabetsera kubetsera kudzorwa kwemitemo yezvemari.

Kuchinja Kunokurudzira kweBumbiro Romutemo Pamusoro Pokunyorazve Kutonga

Kududzira pakuvamba kunoremekedza Chikamu V semutoo wakafanira wechinjo yebumbiro-mitemo. Apo nzanga inochinja, Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kugadziridzwa kupfurikidza nechiito chedemokratiki chokugadziridza, kwete kupfurikidza nokududzirazve kwedare. Ikoku kunochengeta basa reBumbiro remitemo senheyo yakafa. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT:] Fitentententh [185] [55] [55] [5], iyo yakanga yarangarira kuti vagari veAfrica vakanga vasiri vagari veAfrica. Chinjo yacho inoruramiswa apo chikanganiso chakaitwa nenzira yakafanana. [FLT:][5][5]

Betsero Dzokudavira pakuvamba Nokuda Kwokutsiga kweBumbiro reMitemo

Kubatsira kwokutanga kunopfuura kungofanoona chete, kunosimbisa kuva pamutemo kweBumbiro Romutemo nedhimoni.

  • Kudzosa ruremekedzo nokuda kweBumbiro reMitemo segwaro rehwaro. Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudzirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yapakuvamba, rinorangarirwa somutemo mukurusa (hhakusi sechishandiso chinochinjika. Ruremekedzo urwu runotsigira mutemo.
  • Zvisarudzo zvinofanotaurwa miuyo yapamutemo. Mabhizimisi navanhu vanogona kuyera kuva kwebumbiro remitemo rezviito zvavo pahwaro hwenhau. Ikoku kunoderedza kujekeswa nokusava nechokwadi.
  • Rinopa mifungo yokutonga uye ringabvira kunyengera. kupfurikidza nokunamira kududzira kuufakazi hwenhau, kuvamba kunodzivisa vatongi kurava mipimo yavo vamene murugwaro. Ikoku kunochengeta kuparadzana kwamasimba.
  • inowirirana nemiitiro yedemocracy. Chinjo huru dzinoda bvumirano huru kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa, kwete kuda ruramisiro shanu. Ikoku kunowirirana nechiono chamanyuko eRepublic yakasimbiswa muuchangamire hwakakurumbira.
  • Kukurukurirana pakati pemabhuruku. Dare parinoshandisa pfungwa dzepakutanga, masangano emitemo nevakuru vakuru vanoziva miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Izvi zvinokurudzira kuyanana uye kunatsiridzwa mukati memiganhu iyoyo.

Kutsiga Kupfurikidza Nemavambo: Kunyengera Kwechiito uye Kwenyeredzi

Chiratidzo chinozivikanwa navose ndechekuti mavambo anozvidza muenzaniso chose chose. Mutsika, vafundisi vazhinjisa vanogamuchira dzidziso ya stares decisis sesimba rinodzikamisa, kunyange zvazvo vangadzokororazve mienzaniso inorwisana zvakajeka nerevo yapakuvamba. Chiratidzo cheScialia kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chakaratidzira kudikanwa kwedzikamo mumutemo webhizimisi, umo tarisiro dzakagadzirirwa zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]] [FT]] [FLT]] Parengleas v.[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [4]] [FLT] [FLT] [5], Court [FLT] inobvumira zvose zviri pachena kuti chaita chiyero chakarurama.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Dzokuvamba

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, kuvamba hakuna zvinetso.Vatsoropodzi vanomutsa pfungwa dzinoverengeka dzakafanirwa nokusanorangarirwa.

Zvinetso Mukuziva Revo Yapakuvamba

Nzvero dzenhau hadzina kutongova dzakajeka nguva dzose. Nguva yokuvamba yakanga yakasiana, uye “revo yavanhu yapakuvamba” ingapokanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, SAUD [SFLD Amend Amend] [[ kurukurirano pamusoro pokuti “masangano anodzorwa zvakanaka" anoganhurira kodzero yokutakura zvombo inopfuurira. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti dzidziso yapakuvamba inogona kuva chifukidzo chenhau yakasarudzwa, uko vatongi vanosarudza manyuko anotsigira muuyo wavo wakasarudzwa. Zvisinei, vatangiri vanopindura vanorangarira mutoo iwoyo wakaoma wokunzvera mitauro yenhau yakakurumbira uye kuhwirudzura rugwaro rwokutanga. Kutsiridza kwacho kunotsamira pakubetsera kutendeseka, kunzvera kuoneka.

Ngozi Yokufuratira Zvinodikanwa Zvenzanga

Chitsoropodzo chakakurumbira ndechokuti uzivi hwapakuvamba hunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo inonzwa isina kururama kana kuti isingabatanidzi nemipimo yazvino uno. Somuenzaniso, rondedzero dzemavambo dze Dziviriro yeClaus dzakashandiswa kudenha chiito, sezvinoonekwa mu [FLT:] [FLT]] [[3]] . Kuparira nokuda kwaFair Adgicts v. Harvard [2002] . Dare raivimba nerevoruzhinji revokuvamba rePregimendition (iyo yakanga yakavhara piri) kurova pasi nokupinda mudzinza. Vatsoropoteki vanodzivisa kuwirirana nomutemo kupfurikidza nokusadzika kwedzinza.

Kutanga Nechinetso Chokuchinja Kwenhau

Vamwe vatangi vanobvuma kuti revo yeBumbiro reMitemo inogona kuchinja nokufamba kwenguva kupfurikidza ne “kuvaka kwemitemo” kunze kwematare (komuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunogona kuparira kusagadzikana. Predentint isimba rokubvisa [[] inzvimbo apo revo yapakuvamba ingarwisana nokushanda kwenguva refu. Murangari weProfesidhendi angataura kuti Purezidhendi ane chiremera chakazara pavakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, asi atangira misi ye [[FLT:]]HFFF]][5]][FFFFF]].[5]

“ Chinetso Chokufa”

Vatsoropodzi vanomutsawo “chinetso chakafa”: Neiko chizvarwa chaifanira kusunga chipenyu namazana amakore? Vazivi vemavambo vanopindura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakarongedzerwa kuva rakaoma kubvumikisa kuterama. Kugadziridza kunobvumira zvizvarwa zvazvino uno kutaura, asi bedzi nepfuudzo huru. Ikoku kunodzivirira maruramiro mashoma nenhambo refu yokudzora kubva kupfupi. Sezvinoita James Madison aita kuti pave ne mubatanidzwa Nhamba Nhamba. 62, “Mukudzora hurumende inofanira kudzorwa navanhu, chinetso chikuru chiri muiyi: unofanira kutanga kugonesa hurumende kudzora; uye munzvimbo inotevera kuidzorwa. Chidzodzodzo chinodzora chinodzora kupfurikidza nerevo.

Makakatanwa Enguva Yemberi Nenhungamiro Dzenguva Yemberi

Chiratidzo chinoramba chiri dzidziso yakaisvonaka, inochinja. Kumuka kwe “dzidziso yapakuvamba yapakuvamba” kunosimbisa revo yapakuvamba yavose panzvimbo pedonzo rapakuvamba, uye kunobatanidza maturusi akafanana necorpus Languages. Gadziriro dzinopfuurira pamusoro pebasa retsika, uremu hwenhau yapashure pekubatanidza, uye nzira yokushandisa nayo umwari hwapakuvamba ku Fiurtenth Amendment [[[FLT: 1]] Firtenth kana kuti rugwaro rwokudzivirira. Dare gurusa renhau razvino uno, navazivi vapakuvamba vanoverengeka, vakaunza nayo chiito chapakuvamba nokuda kwezvinoitika zvokubvisa mimba, maruramiro epfuti, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso.

Kuti pave nokuterama, chinokosha ndechokuti urongwa hwokutanga hunopa mutoo unogona kushandiswa nguva dzose munhau dzakasiyana - siyana. Kana munhu achibvumirana nemigumisiro iri yose, kuoneka kwepfungwa dzepakutanga kunobvumira kuita kweruzhinji nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Kupedzisa: Kutanga sechisimbiso Chokutsiga kweBumbiro reMitemo

Chitendero chapakuvamba chinobetsera kudzikamiswa kwomutemo webumbiro-siseko kupfurikidza nokugovera chitsigiso chakatsiga, chenhau nokuda kwokududzira. Chinoderedza chisarudzo chokutonga, chinosimudzira kufanoziva, chinosimudzira kufambiswa kwegadziriro dzedemocracy, uye chinokurudzira kurangarira kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa kwemifungo yedare panzvimbo pekutonga. Nepo zvinetso zviripo(kupesana mukuziva revo yapakuvamba, kuoma kwetsika, uye ngozi yenhau inosarudzwa nechinhu, uye mavambo anopa gadziriro yakasimba nokuda kwegadziriro yemitemo yapamutemo inogara kwenguva refu. Sezvinopfuurira kurwisana nedzikwakamuraniswa kwapamutemo, chisariranopesana nomuedzo wokubata Bumbiro remitemo sechionowo zvacho chezvakadaro zvapakuvamba. Kureva kuti gamuchidzanwa rive nechokwadi chokuti Bumbiro remitemo rinoramba riripo nokuda kwokudzora kweAmerica, kutungamirira zviremera zvavagari vehurumende vose vagari vemo kuti vauye.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona[[FLT: 1]: [[FOLT:2] Maphepha aMakurukota (National Constitution Center); Digatority of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S 570 (2008);