Kupa kodzero kunoumba mavambo echikamu chezvikamu zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bva kushandiswa kunoshanda kwekodzero idzodzo kunoumbwa zvikuru nemitemo inoitwa nehurumende imwe neimwe. Kubvira panguva ino mugari wemo anonyoresa kuti avhote kuzviisa pasi kwokupedzisira kwomusarudzo, mirau yehurumende inosarudza kusununguka, chengeteko, uye kusazivikanwa kwegadziriro. Kunzwisisa iyi mitemo kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwokuvhota asiwo nokuda kwavadzidzisi kuti vapinde muzvisarudzo zvine revo. Sezvo rudzi runorwisana negakavaro pamusoro pekuperera nokupinda, kunzvera kwakajeka kunoitwa nemitemo yehurumende kutsigira kunyoresa, zvinodikanwa zvokuvhotera, nzira dzokuvhotera, uye nzira dzokuvhotera, uye nzvimbo dzose dzinoshandiswa dzinozivisa nzvimbo dzakaoma uye nzvimbo. Nyaya inonzvera nzvimbo huru umo mutemo unosangana nezviwiriranwa nejekerwa muAmerica.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yokupa Mitemo yeHurumende

Hurumende yeU.S. inopa chiremera chakafara pamusoro pe "nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo" weSarudzo dzehurumende, zviri pasi pomubatanidzwa bedzi nokugadziridzwa kwemitemo inorambidza rusaruro. Iyi gadziriro yakapfaviswa inoreva kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzinogona kusiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakuti munhu anogara kupi. Kodzero dzekodzero dzehurumende kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu adzo kana kuti zvimwe apo anodzoka kana kuti anodzorwa. Bren Center yeRumbiso yakaita kuti kuchinja kwapamutemo uku kuitwe munzanga, kuite kufunda mitemo yehurumende inodzorwa, asi inoreva kuti ichengetedzei mipimo yetsika yetsika yapasi, semugumisiro. Somugumisiro, mugari mumwe cheteyo angatarisana zvikuru nemhingano kana kuti kudzora muganhu womutemo. [FFF] Kubva kutongedzerwa kwomutemo wakawanda. [5]

Mitemo Inodzora Ropauro Yamajeri

Kunyoresa kwezvisingabvumirwi kazhinji kazhinji imhinganidzo yokutanga mugari wemo akasangana, uye mitemo yehurumende inodzora anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwemuitiro wacho. Kureruka uko munhu anogona kupinda nako murobhoti kunodzora kana achizombokanda muchina wokunyoresa. Mumakore gumi apfuura, masangano akatama mumipimo miviri yakasiana: vamwe vakagamuchira chinjo idzo dzakadzika, nepo vamwe vakaisa ganhuriro dzinodziridza.

Kunyoresa Voter kunoitwa kwoga (AVR)

Kunyoresa kwokuzvidira, zvino munzvimbo munyika dzinopfuura makumi maviri ne District yeColumbia, kunochinja muenzaniso wegamuchidzanwa: panzvimbo pokuda vagari vemo kunyoresa nokushingaira, hurumende inonyoresa vanhu vakakodzera nenzira yokuzvidira apo vanobatana namasangano akadai seDhipatimendi reMuchar Vehicles. Manyika akafanana neAVR, iyo yakapayona AVR muna 2016, akaona mwero yokunyoresa nokuwedzera pakati pemapoka anovhotera munhau neakaderera. Mukuwirirana ne Mukuwirirana nesangano reNational Conferectal of State Legactals (NCSL)[FL:1], AVH [hange anowedzera bedzi mamirioni avavhotasi kumarobhorasi asi anovandudzawo kururama kupfurikidza nokubvisa mapepa anobviswa. Zvisinei, mutevengedzero anopesana navanopesana namashoko anonyoresanwa.

Kushanda Kunoita AVR Mukushanda Kwayo

Apo mugari wemo anoshandisa kana kuti kuvandudza rezinesi rokutyaira, mashoko ebhizimisi anopfuudzwa pafoni kuvakuru vakuru vesarudzo kutoti munhu asarudza. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa "kudzokera shure" gadziriro yokusarudza umo muvhoti anogamuchira positikadhi ine mirayiridzo yokuramba kunyoresa; vamwe vanoda kubvumirana kwokushingaira mukati mhene. Kusarudza kwomuenzaniso kunogona kutapura zvikuru nhamba yavavhoti yakawedzerwa. Zvidzidzo zvinobva ku Pew Research Center[

Kunyoresa kweZuva rimwe chete (SDR)

Vatsigiri veGadhiki vanobvumira vagari vemo vakakodzera kunyoresa nokuvhota pazuva rimwe chetero, mukati mekuvhota kwapakuvamba kana kuti paZuva roKuvhota. Pari zvino, dzinenge nyika dzine makumi maviri neimwe neruwa rweColumbia vanobvumidza rudzi rweSDR. Vanobvumirana kuti runobvisa ganhuriro dzinoda kunyoresa dzinogona kubvisa vavhoti vanopotsa kuvhotera kwehurumende. Sante naGeorgia vakadzivisa kuvhotera. Dare reEcostation rinoratidza kuti neSDR nguva dzose dzinoshuma mwero yakakwirira kupfuura iyo isina, newedzero ye5 kusvika ku 10 percentes. Zvisinei, vanotaura saTexas naGeorgia vakadzivisa SDR, kutaura pamusoro petsotsidzo nemitoro pamusoro pemitoro.

Kunyoresa Pakombiyuta

Zvibvumirano zvinenge makumi mana zvinopa kunyoresa paIndaneti, kuchinja kunoderedza mapepa okunyoresa uye zvikanganiso. Gadziriro inobvumira vagari vemo kupedza mafomu okunyoresa, kero dzokuchinja, uye kubatana kwebato nokushandisa purofiti dzakavamba kunyoresa paIndaneti. Hurumende dzakatanga kunyoresa paIndaneti dzakawana mari yaichengeterwa mari inokwana $1,50 paavhareji kana kuti kunyoresa papepa, uye kunyoresa parusa rwakakwirira kwakava nyore kudzora. Asi mikana yacho inosara: nyika inoda rezinesi kana kuti idhi yehurumende kupedzisa fomu yekombiyuta, inogona kuisa vagari vemunyika pasina kunyorwa.

Zvinyorwa Zvakafa uye Zvakadzinga

Nguva yokunyoresa pamberi pezvisarudzo inovambira paZuva rorusarudzo rimene muSDR inovambira kumazuva 30 pamberi pezvigaro zvakadai seTexas neTennessee. Misi yeTY inogona kudzvinyirira kutora rutivi pakati pechiverengero chavagari vanofambirwa zvishoma kana kuti vanofamba. Mukuwedzera, anotaura kuti nhevedzano yenhambo nenhambo yokuchengeta kuti ibvise vavhoti vasingachinjiki — avo vakatama, vakafa, kana kuti vakawanirwa mhosva yefe. Nepo NVRA inoda miitiro yakarurama neyakarurama, mapoka echitsoro anonyevera kuti kubvisa nenzira yemhoshoo inodenha kunogona kubvisa nenzira isina kururama. Mushumo we 2019 kubva mu [FT.[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] ACU. [FLT] [FLT] yakanyorwa zviitiko muGeorgia uye Ohiooustics anenge zviuru zvezvipotoosaru, chita kukwira , itiro dzakafanana.

Kuziva Zvinodiwa: Kuparadzana Kwakadzama

Nharaunda shomanene dzomutemo wesarudzo dzinopokanidzwa zvikuru kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvomuvhoti (ID). Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira mutemo weID worumano weIndinaia mu Crawford v. Marion County County Board (2008), nhamba yehurumende dzine zvinodikanwa zvechitsamato zvikuru zveDVhegitari yakura kusvika kuinenge gumi, nepo dzimwe gumi dzine mitemo inoganhurira zvishoma isingashandisiwi. Masangano asara anoshandisa kusaina zvakafanana kana kuti kusashandisa zvinodikanwa zvose. Musiyano pakati pemitemo yorumano naanotera inogona kuva musiano pakati pokuvhotera uye kushandurwa.

Marudzi Enziyo Inogamuchirika

ID yemifananidzo yakakomba inogamuchira bedzi chiziviso chehurumende: marezenisi okutyaira, mapasipoti, uye pane dzimwe nguva. ID dzavadzidzi vekoleji dzinowanzorambwa kutoti dziwirirane nemipimo chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, Texas, rayisensi yepfuti inovigwa inogamuchirwa, asi iD yevadzidzi inobva kuyunivhesiti yehurumende haisati. Mitemo yakadaro inotapura zvikuru vechiduku, vanhu vemavara, uye vanowana vanhu vane bviro shomanene zvikuru yokuva namagwaro anodikanwa. A1717 yefundo inobva ku Government Actation Arectal Office yeHofisi yehurumende yakawana kuti mitemo inovhotera yakaderedzwa zvikuru ne3, namapfundo makuru pakati pevaduku.

Zvirongwa ZveID Zvakasununguka Nezvazvisingakwanisi

Hurumende dzakawanda dzinopa marefu eID apachena echivhoti kuvagari vemo vasina zvimwe zvimiro zvokuzivikanwa. Zvisinei, kuwana idzi hofisi kunogona kuraira nzendo dzakawanda kuDMV kana kuti hofisi yesarudzo, kupa magwaro akafanana nemagwaro okubereka kana kuti makhadi eSangano reSangano kuti vamwe vavhoti havana kukwanisa kuwanika nyore. Kunzvera kwapa [FLT: 0] SHINGton Post [[[FLT: 1]] yakawana kuti chikamu chiduku bedzi chemazita anodiwa anowana mahofisi apachena, kuchikarakadza kuti mapurogiramu anokundikana kuvhara mukamuri. Zvinetso zvemitemo mumitauro yakadai seNorth Carolina neConstantion zvakataura kuti mitemo inoputsa kurambidza mitero 24, kuvhotera, chibviro chemari inotengwa nemari yakawanda.

Kutapura Kukwira Mumvura

Meta-ano nyeverwa namasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshuma kuti tapuro yose yapamutemo yeID yakaderera asi yakanangidzirwa. Fundo 2019 mu Law Journal yeSarudzo yakagumisa kuti mitemo yeID inodzongonyedza pakati pavavhoti vakanyoreswa ne 1-2%, asi pakati pevavhoti vasina kunyoreswa kana kuti vasingabatanidzwa zvikuru ibasa guru. Mitemowo inoderedza kutora rutivi mumitsetse yePristates nesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo. Sezvo miraudzo yehurumende inopfuurira kusuma zvinodikanwa zvitsva, kurukurirano inodzidzwa, nezvinonyandura matare anonyandura kuyera mitoro inopesana mukurwisana nezvinonyengera zvokunyengera.

Mitoo yokubudisa uye Kureuka: MuPerson, pakuvamba, uye Matsamba-Mu

Mitemo yehurumende haingosarudzi bedzi kuti vavhoti vanonyoresa sei ndokubvumikisa kuzivikanwa kwavo asiwo nzira dzavanokanda nayo pepa rekuvhota. Mhatsa dzemitoo — muin-person pazuva reSarudzo, pakuvamba mukuvhota, uye kuvhota kusipo — imwe neimwe inodzorwa nemitemo yakananga inoumba nokutora rutivi.

MuPuroton Poling paZuva Rokusarudza

Zuva rekuvhota rinoramba riri mutoo unozivikanwa zvikurusa, asi mitemo yehurumende pamusoro pemaawa okuvhota, nzvimbo, uye kumirira nguva inosiana zvikuru. Nyika dzine nzvimbo shoma dzinovhota pamunhu, dzakadai seArizona neGeorgia, dzakawana mitsetse mirefu yakashata mukusarudzo yazvino uno, pane dzimwe maawa mashanu. 2020 [[FLT] MIT DATE , uye Sayenzi yeSayenzi yeSayenzi yeSangano, uye nzvimbo dzekuvhotera] zvakawana kuti nguva dzinomirira zvakasimba nenhamba yenzvimbo dzevhotera uye michina inovhotera padzi. Zvibvumirano zvinotema nzvimbo zvinotemwa — kazhinji zvinotemwa kana kuti kubatana — zvingavharwa zvisingadzorwi, zvikurukuru mumaguta nenharaunda duku. Kudzivisa madhisikirwo kwemitemo inodzivisa kuchinja kwapamhomwe, asi 2013. [Fotest Count]

Kushambadza Kunoita Kuti Vanhu Vawane

Pasi peAmerican neBucult Act, nzvimbo dzose dzokuvhota dzinofanira kuva dzinosvikwa kuvavhota vane urema. Zvisinei, kuwirirana. Nzvimbo zhinji dzokuvhota dzakare, dzakadai sechechi kana kuti nzvimbo dzenzanga, dzinoshaiwa zvigadziko kana kuti michina yokuvhotera inowanika. Mitemo yehurumende inoda kuwanikwa inowanzomanikidzirwa bedzi kupfurikidza nenyunyuto, uye vatsigiri vanoshuma kuti zviuru zvenzvimbo dzokuvhotera zvinoramba zvisingasaruki. Mukati mesarudzo, U.S.EFU COU Commission yaU.

Kutanga Mumhemberero

Kuvhota kwokukurumidza kunobvumira vagari vemo kukanda mavhota pamberi poMusi Wechisarudzo, kuderedza mitsetse nokugovera kuchinjika. Nhamba yamazuva okuvhota yapakuvamba inosiyana kubva pamazuva matatu mune dzimwe nyika kusvikira kuvanopfuura 45 mune dzimwe nyika. Nyika dzakadai seTexas neFlorida dzinopa nguva dzapakuvamba dzokuvhota, nepo Alabama neConnecticut vasina. Nzvero nguva dzose inoratidza kuti kuvhota kwokutanga kunowedzera kuderera nokuzvininipisa, asi miuyo yako inodudzwa zvikurusa nokuda kwamapoka ane zvirongwa zvakaoma, zvakadai savashandi vapangunositorendi navatarisiri. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzakaderedza nguva pfupi yapfuura maawa okuvhotera kana kuti chiverengero chenzvimbo dzokuvhotera, zviito zvakakwerekerwa zviri pamutemo mudariro yeSangano yeReko.

Matsamba Mubasa Rokutumira

DEVHIYO yeCovoraid yakachinja kuvhota kubva panzvimbo inochengeterwa posi kuenda kunzira huru, sezvo hurumende dzakawedzera nokukurumidza kusavapo kwokuvhota. Zvisinei, nguva yepampi yakapfuura yaona chirongwa chemitemo: nyika dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza Georgia ne Iowa, dzakasimbisa mitemo yokuvhotera nokuda kuti zvirongwa zvokuvhota zviitwe, kupfuudzira mahwindo anotera, uye kuganhurira mabhurokurosi anoiswa pasi. [FL:0] Awate NC data yeNCSL [[FL:1] inoratidza kuti 35 zvino haibvumiri zvino kuvhotera kushairwa, nepo 15 inoda pembedzo dzakafanira kuiswa pazvirwere kana kuti kufamba. Masangano anokamuranisa zvinhu anogona kutungamirira kurambwa kwemabhora akasainwa akasainwa nokuda kwetsaona yetsaona dzinongovapo.

Bharuti Inodonhedza Mabhokisi

Koroti yakakotsekana inopa bhokisi rakakodzera kupositi, asi kuva kwavo zvino kuri pasi pomutemo wenyika. Muna 2020, zvinenge zvakaita sePennsylvania neOhio zvakaona kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemabhokisi okudonhedza, asi mitemo yakatevera mumitemo yakadai seTexas neOhio yakaganhurira nhamba uye kuiswa kwemabhokisi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuderedza mabhokisi kubvisa mabhokisi mutsamba anovhotera vavhoti vavhoti vasina basa rakavimbika kana kuti vanotarisana nokunonoka kutumira tsamba. Zvidzidzo zvakaitwa na [[FLTF:0] Primpton Consocity Consocium zvinoratidza kuti kurosa bhokisi rinoisa mabhokisi kurovhara kunowirirana zvikuru nezvitengo zvakawedzerwa mutsamba, zvikurukuru munzanga dzomumaguta.

Kutapura Kwemitemo yeHurumende Pajecha: Kuziva Nemiitiro

Muuyo unowedzerwa wemitemo yokuvhota unonyorwa zvakanaka. 2021 meta-analysis inobudiswa mu American Politics Research[ yakanzvera zvidzidzo 200 ndokugumisa kuti mitemo inoganhurira inoderedza kuderera neavhareji ye 1.5 kusvika ku3 muzana, nepo mitemo mizhinji inowedzera ne 2 kusvika kumapfundo mana. Mitengo inochinja nokuchinjana kwemarusarudzo, kugadzira mitoo yokutora rutivi kana kuti kubvisa. Somuenzaniso, inotaura kuti yakadzika mipimo mizhinji — yakadai seTexas, Georgia, neFlorida — yakaona kuderera pakati pepwere nedzisiri dzvo, kunyange kudzose zvadzoro kungachinja kuva madzinza.

Fundo Yenhau: Kuchinja Kwechisarudzo kweGeorgia muna 2021

Georgia’s Georgia Brill 202, yakapfuudza zvinodikanwa zvechivhoti chakasimba nokuda kwezvikamu zvisipo, zvakaganhurirwa kupinza bhokisi, zvakapfupikisa hwindo revhoti, uye akapa chigadziko chehurumende udzori hwakawedzerwa pagadziriro yesarudzo. Mu 2022 minutes, Georgia yakachengeta kudzokororwa kwakakwirira, asi yakasanojekeswa ne Nhengedzero dzeAmerica yeMabasa [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] yakaratidza kuti vaVrackvony [varungu] vaiva sezvingabvira nekaviri sevovhotera vavo vairamba vasi vavo vakanga vasipo. Uyezve, kuderedzwa mumabhokisi anoputsa madhoro okumadhorokero makuru zvikuru. Chino cheGeorgia chinoratidzira kuti apo anenge atendere kukwira kukwira, mapoka akakwirira akakwirira.

Fundo Yenhau: Chinjo yePro-Voter yeCalifornia

Mukupesana, California yakaita nhevedzano yemitemo mirefu: kunyoresa kwokuvhota kwoga, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete, vhoti yavose neposi (yakaitwa murakata uye yakaita zvechigarire nokuda kwesarudzo dzehurumende muna 2021, uye kuvhota kwakasimba kwapakuvamba. Mushumo wakawana kuti muvhoti wehurumende wave wewedzero yakatsiga mukuvhota nokuvhota, zvikurukuru pakati peLatinx neAsia America inovhota. [FLT:] Public Policy Institute of California[FLT:] mushumo wakawana kuti vavhoti vehurumende vavhoti vanosvika 80% vevakura vakakodzera, kupfuura avhareji yenyika. Kunyange zvazvo mavhotera eCalifornia anositikidza anosimu mamwe mashoko, anotsigira kubvisa kubatanidzwa kwepamutemo.

Kupesana Kunoshamisa Senhau Yomutemo weHurumende

Mitemo yehurumende inotema kana vanhu vane zvitendero zvinotenderwa vanogona kuvhota. Mumaruwa maviri — Maine naVermont — vanhu vane zvitendero zvinotenderwa havatongorangwi namaruramiro avo okuvhota, kunyange zvazvo vachiiswa mutorongo. Kumwe kunyanyisa, inoisa mutongo weFlorida neIowa kubvisa nduramo yendurations, kunyange zvazvo chinjo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakadzorera maruramiro okuvhotera kuvakawanda. projectence 4, yakapfuudzwa muna 2018, inodzorera maruramiro okuvhotera kuva 1.4 miriyoni dzavanhu vane zvitendero zvepenion, asi mutemo wakatevera wakavaraira kubhadhara faindi yose nemitero isati yadzorwa, kuparira icho vatsoropotezo inodzorwa yezuva razvino uno. [[FLT: 0] Chibvumirano chamanyuko [FLD] [FF1] inofungidzira kuti mamiriyoni 4.6 avanhu veAmerica vanobvisa pamutemo panguva inotendwa nechitema, chitema chitema chenyika chenyika inopfupi. Chitema chinovarati chenyika inopfurati chenyika. Chitema chinova

Kupedzisa: Hondo Inopfuurira Yokuwana Nokuperera

Mitemo yehurumende haisati iri younyanzvi hwokuvhota kana kuti ganhuriro dzezvokuisa. Kuda kubatanidzwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Gadziriro iri yose — ingave inoraira rudzi rwakati rweid, inogadza musi wainonyoresa, kana kuti inorondedzera chiverengero cherockot donhwe rinodonha mabhokisi — inogona kuzarura suo kunzvimbo yokuvhotera kana kuti kusimbisa mhinganidzo. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi, vanonzwisisa iyi nzvimbo inodikanwa nevoruzhinji. Nokunzvera mashoko edare, kutevera nhau dzedare, uye kuenzanisa mamiriro ehurumende, vagari vemo vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa pamusoro pemitemo inoshanda zvechokwadi nokuda kwesarudzo rwakasununguka nerudzo. Makwi anobatira pamutemo anoitwa pakati pekuwana nokudzora kwomunzvimbomo, acharamba achirondedzera kutora rutivi rwenyika kwemakore anouya. Mugumisiro, utano hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa hahubvisi pamitemo bedzi pamitemo asi pakutarisira kudikangwa kwavose.