Chitanga Kutaurwa: Nei Zvisarudzo Zvehurumende Zvichikosha Kwauri

MuAmerica ari wose anopfuura zera ramakore 65 anotsamira paMedicas nokuda kwezvoutano hunokosha. Mamirioni avadzidzi anotsamira paPel Grants kuti agone kubhadhara koreji. Migwagwa inotsvedzeka yaunotyaira pairi, kunzverwa kwekotsero paresitorendi yako yomunzvimbomo, uye betsero dzokushaya mabasa dzinobata vashandi mukati momugariro wemari, miuyo yakananga yamaune yemasangano ehurumende. Mapurogiramu aya haaratidziki namashiripi. Iwo ndiwo muuyo wokupedzisira wegadziriro yakarongwa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji yakakomba, yokuita chisarudzo icho chinobatanidza zvemari, matongerwe enyika, mirayiridzo, uye mashoko avose. Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende ipi inosarudza sei kutsigira mari uye kuti ishande masangano ehurumende kuti ushande masangano aya anobudirira zvikuru uye kutora rutivi mumashandiro makuru zvikuru.

Nhambo kubva pachinetso chezvirongwa kuenda kupurogiramu yehurumende inoshanda zvizere inozivikanwa se jira renyika. Iri denderedzwa rinogovera gadziriro yokunzwisisa nhano dzakaoma dzinobatanidzwa(kubva pakuwana chinyorwa pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokuongorora kana purogiramu inoshanda chaizvoizvo. Nyaya inoputsa denderedzwa iroro, inonzvera zvinhu zvinokosha zvinopesvedzera vagadziri vezvirongwa zvakagadzirirwa kubatsira vagari vemo.

Zvinhu Zvinoumba Zvisarudzo Zvemitemo

Purogiramu isati yatanga, vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuyera mativi akawanda emasimba anokwikwidzana.

Zvinhu Chaizvoizvo Zvemari Nemiitiro Yebhajeti

Chinodzorwa nokukurumidza zvikurusa pagadziriro ipi neipi yehurumende ibhajeti. Hurumende, dzingava dzehurumende, hurumende, kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo, hadzigoni kushandisa mari yadzisina (pasina kukwereta, uko kunoparira zviteshi zvakwo). Chikarakadzo chemitemo chiri chose chinofanira kupindura mubvunzo: "Ichi chicharipirwa sei?"Izvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinotungamirira kukuoma kwezvokutengeserana. Kushandisa nhano youtano itsva kungada kucheka mari kubva mugadziriro yesangano iripo inopa kana kuti kukwidza mitero.

Masangano akasununguka se Office yeBajeti (CBO) anoita basa rinokosha muno. Anogovera pamutemo "makumi" nokuda kwomutemo unokarakadzwa, achiratidzira mutengo wepurogiramu inopfuura makore gumi. Idzi mhiko dzinowanzoita kana kuti kuputsa mutengo. Vagadziri vemitemo vanoshandisa iyi mashoko okuronga mitanhiko inopa bhadharo yakakwirira zvikurusa pakubhadharwa kwemari yomubhadhari.

Mafungiro Evanhu uye Kunyengedzwa

Muhurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuda kwavanhu kune ukoshi hukuru. Kuchinja kukuru mumurangariro wavose − zvakadai setsigiro yakafara nokuda kwokugadziridzwa kweruramisiro youtsotsi kana kuti kuderedza ndyiko dzemirimo inotenderwa napamutemo — kungamanikidza nhau kumusoro kwegadziriro dzemitemo. Vagadziri vemiitiro vanowiriraniswa zvikuru nezvinodikanwa zvavamirimo vavo, zvikurukuru mukati menhambo dzesarudzo.

Kupfuura murangariro wavose wavanhu, mapoka ezvemasangano akarongwa (se AARP, Sierra Club, kana kuti Kambari yeCHENGETE) inoshandisa pesvedzero inorema. Mapoka aya anogovera unyanzvi, anoshandisa nhimbe dzokushambadzira, uye anounganidza vavhoti kuti vatsigire kana kuti vashore mapurogiramu akati. Kunyangira pakati pepfungwa dzavose nemhindu huru inhau idiviro idio renhau dzinorondedzera nharaunda itsika dzinoitwa.

Mazera Ezera Neutungamiriri Hwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika unouya nepfungwa dzakananga uye nhevedzano yezvokutanga kutafura. Voruzhinji vanochengeta nguva dzose vangaisa mitero nokudzikwa, nepo voruzhinji vaigona kumanikidza nokuda kwamambure echengeteko avanhu uye kuiswa kwemitengo yavose. Mutungamiriri kana kuti Gavhuna kazhinji kazhinji] anoisa mashoko, achishandisa chikuva chavo kutsigira mapurogiramu okusaina (g., Affordable Care Act, Inslate Reduction Act).

Utungamiriri hwomutemo (Mutauri weHouse, Majority Leaders) anodzora karenda ndokusarudza kuti zvikwereti zvipi zvinowana vhoti. Uku kuchengetwa kwemasuo ezvematongerwe enyika kunoreva kuti kunyange pfungwa dzakakurumbira dzinogona kufa pasina mhare ine simba iri munzvimbo yakarurama.

Ufakazi, Mashoko, uye Kunzvera Kweunyanzvi

Kudzora kwazvino uno kunosundwa nenzira inowedzera nemashoko. "Kugadzirwa kwemiitiro yakavakirwa panyuko" muitiro wokushandisa nzvero yakakomba, miedzo inodzorwa zvisina kurongwa, uye nzvero yezviverengero kuti uone kuti mapurogiramui anoshanda chaizvoizvo. Somuenzaniso, Institute of Education Sciences[ inonzvera kupindira kwedzidzo kuonesa kuti mitooi inodzidzisa inoita miuyo yakanakisisa yavadzidzi.

Funga (se Brookings Institution, The Heritage Foundation, uye RAND Corporation) inogovera miraudzo ine udzame. Masangano ehurumende akadai se Office yeHurumende (GAO) anotungamirira kuongorora nokuongorora, achigovera Congress kunzvera kwedonzo kana mapurogiramu achibudirira uye achibudirira. Vaiti vemitemo vanotsamira paaya mashoko kudzivisa kudzokorora zvikanganiso zvekare uye kururamisa kushandiswa kwemari yomutero.

Kunzwisisa Kutenderera Kwemitemo: Nhungamiro Nenzira

Kutangwa kwepurogiramu yavose hakuwanzoitiki kamwe kamwe chete, asi kunotoitikawo panguva dzakasiyana - siyana dzinozivikanwa sedzinotevedzerwa.

Chinoyera 1: Agenda-Avenda

Nei nyaya imwe chete ichidiwa asi imwe isingatarisirwi?

  • [[FT:0] Crisis kana kuti Njodzi: Njodzi yomusikirwo yakadai sePhurrine Katrina kana kuti njodzi youtano yavanhu sedenda reopioid inoparira kudikanwa kwokukurumidza kwechiito chehurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Media Attention: Kufukidzwa kwenhau kukuru kunogona kuchinja nhau yenzvimbo (sechikwereti chechikwereti chavadzidzi) kuva nzvimbo yokutanga yenyika.
  • [ Zvinoitika zvokushandisa: Chiitiko chimwe, chinokatyamadza chinogona kuchinja nzwisiso yavanhu muusiku humwe.
  • [[FOLT:0] Advocacy: A shingiro huru dzemabhii, runhare, uye kunyunyuta zvinogona kumanikidza vaiti vemitemo kuita chiito.

Pakuronga, chinetso chinorondedzerwa. Somuenzaniso, chinetso i "hurer" chokuwanikwa kwezvokudya, mari yezvokudya, kana kuti dzidzo pamusoro pezvokudya. Chinetso chinosarudzwa sei kuti imhinduroi dzinorangarirwa gare gare.

Chikamu 2: Kudzorwa Kwemiitiro

Kana nyaya yangova panhau, kutsvakwa kwezvigadzikiso kunotanga.

  • Hurumende:[[FT:1] Mahofisi mukati memadhipatimendi (mutoo, Utano Nebasa Ravanhu, Department of Education) ronyora mutauro nemirairo zvakavakirwa paunyanzvi hwavo.
  • Vatongi neMutezo wavo: Mitezo yeDare kana kuti matare ehurumende anoronga mabhiri okunyoresa, kazhinji kazhinji nemubatanidzwa kubva kuvarongi navanofunga matangi.
  • Masimba neMabasa: Hurumende ingatanga boka renyanzvi kuti ifunde chinyorwa chacho ndokurumbidza zviito chaizvo.

Pavanenge vachingosarudza zvokuita, pane nyaya yokuti purogiramu yacho inofanira kubvumira mari inopiwa vagari vemo here kana kuti kubhadharwa zvakananga?

Chivako 3: Kuita Chisarudzo Nokubvumira

Iyi i "rutivi rwakaoma" --ndingada chikarakadzo chakatenderwa. Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa weU.S., ikoku kunoda kufamba nemuchina wakaoma wemitemo wenjinjiso dzemitemo:

  1. [[FOLT:0] Committee Review: Mutemo unogoverwa kudare (muchib., Dare reMari reDare) umo rinokakavadzana, rinogadziridzwa, uye zvimwe "kushumwa" kuimba yakazara kana kuti zvimwe kuurawa.
  2. [ Nharo ne Vote: Imba yakazara kana kuti Dare rinokakavadzana pamusoro pomutemo. Vapiribuster muDare vanogona kuraira kupfuudza kwapamhindi 60 kuti vapedze mutemo wakawanda.
  3. Komiti yeConference: Kana Imba neDare zvikapfuudza shanduro dzakasiana - siana, dare rinoshanda pamwe chete rinopedza misiano.
  4. [[[FUT:0] Kutendera: Muganhu wokupedzisira unotumirwa kuMutungamiriri wehurumende (kana kuti Gavhuna) nokuda kwokusaina. Mubati anogona kusaina mumutemo kana kuti kuuisa munzeve. Aveto anogona kushaikwa namavhoti maviri namatatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri.

Izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti zvematongerwo enyika (magakava, maonero evanhu, kukurudzira) arwisane nemitemo yemitemo.

Chikamu 4: Kushandisa

Kupfuudza mutemo imavambo bedzi. Kushandiswa muitiro wokushandura donzo rewirirano mumabasa chaiwoiwo pavhu. Ikoku kunowanzoitwa namasangano ehurumende kupfurikidza nomuitiro unonzi kugadzira madzimambo[[FLT: 1].

Masangano anonyora mirayiridzo ine udzame inozivisa chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani akakodzera, nzira yokushandisa nayo, uye kuti purogiramu inoshanda sei. Vanhu vanogona kutsinhira kazhinji kazhinji pamusoro pemitemo inokarakadzwa kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzakadai se .gov. Kuenzanisira kunotarisana nedenho dzakadai se:

  • Ukuru hweBureaucate Capasactatic Capasatage: Ko sangano rine vashandi vakakwana noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvokugona kutungamirira purogiramu yacho here?
  • [ Kujeka kwezvinangwa: Mitemo yeVague inotungamirira kukuitwa kusingawirirani.
  • [[[FT:0] Mamiriro ezvinhu asingakarirwi: Purogiramu yakagadzirwa mukuderera kwemari ingashanda nenzira yakasiana muupfumi hunowedzera.

Kumamiriyoni evanhu, mamiriro ezvinhu anoitwa ndeokushanda nehurumende zvakananga — kuburikidza nemahombekombe epaIndaneti, mapepa, uye mahofisi ehurumende omunzvimbo iyoyo.

Chinoyera 5: Kunzvera uye Kudzosera Zvokudya

Hakuna kurongeka kwakarongwa pamatombo; machinda anofanira kubvunza nguva dzose, achiti, Ko iyi purogiramu inobata here? Kuyera kunobatanidza kuyera migumisiro nezvinotemwa. Vatambi vezvirunganwa zvinobatanidza:

  • Hofisi yeHurumende yokuzvidavirira (GAO): Mabasa soruoko runonzvera rweDare, kunzvera kushanda kwepurogiramu.
  • General inspecter (IGs): yakapinzwa mumasangano kubvisa unyengeri, tsvina, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira.
  • [ Vatsvakurudzi vakazvimirira: Uipi uye pfungwa dzinoita fundo patapuro yepurogiramu.

Migumisiro yokuyera inodzoserwa shure muchikamu chezvikamu zvakatorongwa. Kana purogiramu ikawanwa ichishanda zvakanaka, ingagadziriswa, kubviswa, kana kuti kumiswa. Ikoku kunoita kuti muitiro udzokere kutenderera kunopfuurira panzvimbo pomutsetse wakatwasuka.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvepurogiramu Dzavose

Hurumende dzinoshandisa mapurogiramu akasiyana - siyana anoitirwa kubatsira vagari vemo.

Kutarisira Utano Noutano Hwavose

Ungwaru ndiimwe yenzvimbo hurusa dzemari inopedzwa nehurumende. Zvirongwa zvakafanana ne Medicare (pavakura), Midhicaid[[ (pamunhu anowana mari shoma nemhuri), uye Vana] Inshuwarensior Program yezveutano (CHIP) inogovera kusvika kwokutarisira kwezvokurapa nokuda kwemamiriyoni eAmerica. Chisarudzo chinobatanidza pano kurukurirano namakambanichi, zvipatarati, uye makambani okurapa kudzora mutengo apo kunenge kuchitarisira utano.

Dzidzo Nokufambira Mberi Kwebasa

Kuvambira paK-12 dzidzo yavose kusvikira payamuro yemari yekoreji, dzidzo ibwe rekona retsigiro yehurumende. Purogiramu yePromo yeProg Grant inogovera zvipo zvinodikanwa zvokuwana mari yakaderera. Zvisarudzo pamusoro pomuitiro wedzidzo zvinowanzobatanidza nharo pamusoro pomubatanidzwa wokudzora kwomunzvimbomo, kunzvera kwakarongwa, uye mari nokuda kwerovedzo yebasa iri pakati penzira dzedzidzo dzamagamuchidzanwa.

Kuchengeteka Kwemari Neinishuwarenzi Yenzanga

Iyi purogiramu inoshanda semuseve wokudzivirira vanhu vanotarisana nenhamo. Sactial Security inogovera mari yokurega basa, nepo Inishuwarensi yemabasa [ inopa tsigiro yechinguvana yavashandi vanorasikirwa namabasa avo. SNAP [SNY] SOP [UDYUMERIT Programment yeMitemo yeUNIZ, inozivikanwa sezviteshi zvezvokudya, inobetsera kutengwa kwemhuri. Zvirongwa izvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinoratidzirwa nemiraudzo yorumano. .]

Dzimba Nekufambira Mberi Kwenzanga

Dzimba dzakakotsekana nedzisingatengeki idikanwi yakakomba. Gadziriro dzehurumende dzakafanana ne Chirongwa 8 Chosarudzo chedzimba Vouchers zvinobetsera mhuri dzinowana mari dzinorenda misha pamusika. Kubviswa kweHouse neUrban Development (HUD)[FLT] [FLT]] migove yemari yedzimba dzavose nezvirongwa zvekubudirira kwenzanga. Zvisarudzo pano zvinopesvedzerwa zvikuru nemisika chaiyoiyo yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo nemitemo inodzongedzeka.

Mupimo Wokusarudza Negadziriro

Sezvo kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodiwa uye zvisina kutsarukana, hurumende dzinosarudza sei magadzirirwo adzo?

Kutambisa Mutengo Nokudzokera Pakuchengetesa

Vagadziri vemiitiro vanotsvaka mapurogiramu anoparira betsero hurusa nokuda kwendyiko yakaderera zvikurusa.Ikoku kunobatanidza mitoo yakasiana kuchinetso chimwe chetecho. Somuenzaniso, kwakaderera here kuvaka majeri akawanda kana kuti kutsigira dzidzo yapakuvamba kuderedza utsotsi? Purogiramu ine mutengo wakakwirira zvikuru ingasarudzwa kana ichichengetedza mari yakawanda munguva refu (g., dziviriro youtano).

Kusasarura Nokururamisira

Hurumende dzinofanira kurangarira kana purogiramu ichiparadzira betsero dzayo zvakaenzana mumapoka avagari vemo akasiyana - siyana. Ko kupunzika kwomutero kunotendera vapfumi here? Ko koreji inopa purogiramu yokupa vadzidzi vomumaruwa inosvika nenzira inobudirira seyamataundi here? Kumirira kusaruramisira [ kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kuti zvinhu zvishandiswe kunzanga chaidzo dzakave dzakachengetwa munhau, idzo dzinogona kuva denho yakaoma neyakakomba.

Kusava Nesimba Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nekutungamirira

Purogiramu yakakwana papepa haibetseri kana isingagoni kupfuudzwa kana kuti kupiwa. Chirongwa chakaoma zvikuru kutsanangura kana kuti kuoma kushandisa zvingabvira kuva nemitezo yakaderera yokutora rutivi nemwero yezvikanganiso.

Uchapupu Hwokuti Zvinobudirira

Sezvambotaurwa, mashoko ndimambo. Zvirongwa zvakabvumikiswa kushanda muzvidzidzo zvakaoma zvingangova zvinotsigirwa nokukudzwa. Izvi zvinowanzonzi "kutsigira-kwakavakirwa" kana kuti "data-driven" muitiro. Kushandiswa kwe miedzo inodzorwa (RCT) mutsika dzenzanga yakura zvikuru, zvichibvumira hurumende kushandisa simba rimwe chetero resayenzi kugadziriro dzenzanga dzinoshandiswa nemakambani anogadzira mishonga.

Zvaungaita Kuti Uite

Muitiro wokuita chisarudzo ungaratidzika kuva uri kure, asi kune nzira dzinoverengeka vagari vemo vanogona kuupesvedzera. Kubatanidzwa nomuitiro wokuita mitemo [[FLT: 1]] ndiimwe yemitoo yakananga zvikurusa. Apo sangano rehurumende rinokarakadza mirau mitsva yepurogiramu, rinobudisa chiziviso muFederal Register uye rinokoka tsinhiro dzavose. Iyi tsinhiro dzinogona kuchinja uye dzinochinja mitemo yokupedzisira.

Kunzwisisa uko vanoda kubhapatidzwa vanomira papurogiramu dzakananga (soSocial Security kana kuti Medicare) kunokubvumira kuita chisarudzo chokuziva. Mukuwedzera, kuonana navamiriri vako vakasarudzwa kuti vagoverane nhau yako yomunhu oga pamusoro penzira iyo purogiramu yakabetsera nayo (kana kuti yakakundikana) unogovera rudzi rwamashoko avanhu ayo nhamba dzisingagoni kubata.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yenzira iyo hurumende dzinosarudza kukubatsira nayo ikokubatanidza zviverengero zvemari, simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, dzvinyiriro yavose, uye mashoko akaoma. Kunzwisisa nhevedzano yetsika (kuvambira pakuronga kuyera) . Zviono zvokuti zvisarudzo izvi hazvisati zviri zvemhesano. Zvibereko ndezvomugumisiro wedanho yakarongeka, kunyange zvazvo yakashata, gadziriro yedemokrati. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza vagadziri vemitemo vanoshandisa kusarudza uye kuronga mapurogiramu, unowana matururo okutsigira nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvenzanga zvako. Kana uri kushandira betsero kana kuti kungovhotera musarudzo inotevera, iyi zivo inhano yokutanga kukushandura donzo rehurumende kuva renyika chaiyoiyo.