Kubudirira Kwekushatisa Mumajeri Anozvimirira

Nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinotsvaka nguva dzose nzira itsva dzokusvika nadzo vavhoti vasingabvumirwi. Pakati penzira dzinomutsa nharo zvikurusa ndiro nzvero inonyandura jekeso neparadziro. Kusafanana nenzvero dzapamutemo dzakagadzirirwa kuunganidza mashoko, kusunda nzvero kuumba donzo rokuumba, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemibvunzo inotsausa nokunyengera. Mushoo wokuvhota wenyika.

Kurondedzera Kushatisa: Kunopfuura Nzvero

Kutanga kutarira, kunzvera kwokumanikidzira kunoratidzika kuva kunzvera kunoitwa navanhu vose. Munhu anofonera anobvunza nhevedzano yemibvunzo pamusoro pavanoda kubhapatidzwa, nhau, uye zvinangwa zvokuvhota. Zvisinei, musiyano wakakomba uri muvavariro nezviri mukati. Kuvhota kunopa namaune mashoko akatakurwa kana kuti kusiyana kukuru kuti kunyandure mhinduro yemirangariro. Somuenzaniso, mubvunzo wakafanana nouyu, “Ungada kuva nomukana mukuru wokuvhota kuti X kana uchiziva kuti vanosimudzira mitero pamhuri dzomukanhi?” hauna kurongedzerwa kuyera murangariro wakaipa.

Nzvero dzapamutemo dzinotevera mitoo yakakomba: kuongorora kusina kurongwa, mashoko asina kubatana, uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kunosiya iyi mipimo. Inowanzonanga chiverengero chiduku chavagari vemo chakadai sechisina mirangariro kana kuti jovhera . uye shandisai mashoko anodzokororwa kusimbisa nhauro inodikanwa. Shoko rokuti “nzvero” imene inotorwa munharidzano yemanomano acho: ku “rusa". kunovhotera kuno mumwe muvhotera kana kuti kuno mumwe pasi pomuedzo wenzvero.

Mavambo Okushatisa Kwokumanikidza

Kunzverwa kwenzvero hakusati kuri chinhu chitsva. Mavambo acho aibatanidza kuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, asi akawana chinyorwa mu 1990. Rusaruro rweDare reUnited States ra1994 muMassachusetts rakaona mumwe wemienzaniso yakashata zvikurusa, umo kumanikidza kunzvera kwakakarakadza kuti panguva iyeyo Ted Kennedy akanga abatanidzwa mumhosho inobatanidza tsaona yemotokari uye rufu rwomukadzi muduku rwakanga rusina hwaro. Nhimbedzo inoshandiswa nefoni idzodzo gare gare gare yakakumbira ruregerero, asi kuvadziko kuzita raKennedy pakati pomupidhia yakanga iri inochereketesa. Mazano akafanana akabuda mumijaho, giberernarator, uye kunyange kusarudzo dzomunzvimbomo. Kukura kwemapurogiramu emotokari yemotokari nemiraunidzo yemanyoro kwakanyandura kukwidza nokukwirana kukuru, maruwa ayo anokwikwidzanwa.

Chikonzero Nei Vatambi Vemitambo Vanozvimirira Vachidiwa Zvikuru

Vavhoti vazvimiriri (8) avo vasingawirirani nebato guru rezvamatongerwe enyika (ndapano napaduku) igwero dzvene nokuda kwanyanzvi dzenhimbe. Vanoumba chinenge chikamu chimwe chezvitatu chevavhoti munyika dzakawanda, bva kuvimbika kwavo mvura. Nemhaka yokuti vazvimiriri havasuntswi zvikuru nechiziviso chebato, ivo vakasununguka zvikuru kunyengetedzo, asiwo vanotapurwa zvikuru kumashoko asina kunaka. Vagadziri vanonzvera vanoshandisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokunangidzira pa “nhau dzechisokodziro” kana kuti zvikanganiso zvohunhu zvinogona kubvisa murangariro wokuzvimirira.

Kune miitiro mikuru miviri yendangariro inoshandiswa. Chokutanga, pesvedzero yokuratidzirwa yechapa-pamhete : kudzokorora kutaura kwakaipa (nyange kana gare gare kwadzikiswa) kunowedzera zvokwadi yazvo inozivikanwa. Kunzvera kazhinji kazhinji kunotenderera mumubvunzo mumwe cheteyo kakawanda mudanidzo imwe, kusimbisa denho. [Kechipiri, [[FLT:]] shatiso dzendangariro [[[FLT]]: uropi hwavanhu hunopa ngwariro yakawanda kumashoko akaipa kupfuura akanaka. Nokuti vanhu vasina mirangariro yakasimba pamusoro pomutezo upi noupi, mubvunzo wakaipa unosanogona kuitawo kupanikira kudenha kwapamhika zvikurusa, ipapo matsamba iwayo anotumirwa.

Michina Yokupesvedzera: Kubvunza Mashoko uye Kufadza Mupfungwa

Hakusi kunzvera kwose kunomanikidzira kunoshanda zvakaenzana. Rubudiriro rwavo runotsamira zvikuru pamapinduriro emibvunzo. Kunzvera kwenguva dzose kungabatanidza “mubvunzo unovhura” uyo unopa mhinduro:“ Unofunga kuti kunokosha kuti mukwikwidzi ave akatendeseka pamusoro pemari yake here?” Kuteverwa nokutaura kwenhema pamusoro pekusazvibata kwemari kwomushori. Mubvunzo wokutanga unosimbisa mupimo wetsika; wechipiri unoreva kuti muvengi anokundikana. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa se rimabhinya uye kukwidza , inogona kuchinja kuti vadaviri vanonzvera vanozvimirira vanogona kurangarira sei kunyange apo vanoziva vavariro yemiitiro yetsika.

Kufadza kwemirangariro ndiimwe nzira. Mibvunzo inonyandura rutyo, hasha, kana kuti kusemburwa inoshanda zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, kuvhota kwokuvhota kwokuzvimirira munharaunda yomumaruwa kungabvunza, kuti, “Mungatsigira here Candidate Y kana maiziva kuti vavhotera kubvisa mari yokurima, kumanikidza mhuri dzomunzvimbomo kubva munyika yavo?” Mufananidzo wemirangariro unokurira kunzvera kwokurangarira, zvikurukuru pakati pavavhoti vane bvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yakaganhurirwa. Kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti kukumbira kwakadaro kunogona kuwedzera ukoshi hunorangarirwa hwenhau pa 10 /15% pakati pevazvimiririri voga vane mwero, mukuwirirana na20181818 kufunda mu [FLT:] yeProeting Marekting [FF:1]

Kuongorora Kubudirira: Zvinoratidzwa Nouchapupu

Mubvunzo mukuru unoramba uripo: kunzvera kunomanikidzira kuchinja zvomenemene mufambiro wavavhoti vakazvimirira here? Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akakamuraniswa. Kumwe kunzvera kwenhambo pfupi kunoratidzira tapuro yeminda inodzorwa. Kuedza kwa2016 mukati medamu gurusa kwakawana kuti vhoti vanozvimirira vakawana danidzo imwe yaimanikidzirwa yakanga iri 4 /6% zvikuru zvikuru zvikuru zvikuru kuratidzira murangariro wakaipa wavanoda kuvhoterwa vhiki rimwe gare gare gare. Zvisinei, muuyo wacho wakaora zvikuru pashure pamavhiki maviri, uye vavhotisi vazhinjisa vakadzosera kumirangariro yavo yapakuvamba. Ikoku kunosimbisa ganhuriro huru: kumanikidza kuparira machinjiro matsvapinduko kupfurikidza kuparira matsvapindudziko kutopeta panzvimbo pekutendero.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanda zvine mwero. Kuziva kwezvamatongerwe enyika [[FLT: 1] kwenhau dzechinonyanyoshaikwa. Vaonderi vanotevera nhau kazhinji kazhinji vane bviro huru zvikuru yokuziva nzira dzokunzvera nokudzidzivisa. 2020 nePew Research Center kwakaratidza kuti vavhooteri vakadzidza zvikuru vapanhau vaiva 70% bvasingatongopeswwi nemibvunzo yenzvero inodzorwa nendangariro kana ichienzaniswa naavo vane kurava nokunyora kwakaderera. Nenzira yakafanana, kukwidza kwapanikidzira kuvhotera kunokosha. Kuridza kwakaiswa pedyo nezuva revota. /avhoteration pari inopa ngwariro huru zvikuru kudarika mwedzi iyoyo yakaiswa pakuvamba. Asi mumazuva okupedzisira, njodzi dzinodzorwa kudzokera shure kudzoka shure.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Kushambadzira Kwakasiyana (kana kuti Kwakanga Kusina)

Kuongorora kwakaitika chaizvo kunoratidza migumisiro yakavhengana. Muna 2012 Republican, muSouth Carolina makabvunziswa kuti airwisana neNewt Gingrich, zvichiratidza kuti akanga asina tsika nemunhu aikweretesa imba. Vavhoti vekuvhota vakagamuchira foni dzakanzi dzinopanikira Gingrich, uye kutsigira kwavo pakati peboka iroro kwakadonha mukuongorora kwakatevera. Zvisinei, nhimbe yaGingrich yakapindura nokuramba kwakasimba uye vacheki vemaidi vakarega kutaura kwacho; kukuvara kwacho kwakachinjwa.

Kune rumwe rutivi, sarudzo ya2014 yehurumende yeAustralia yakaona nhimbe yenzvero yamasimba masimba inodenha vamiririri vari muchigaro chomucheto. Kudana kwacho kwainzi mutevedzeri akatsigira kutarisirwa kwoutano hwechimbichimbi (jeri rinotenderwa zvikuru). Kunyange zvakadaro muvhoti akakwanisa kubudisa marekodhi okuvhota anoratidza zvakapesana. Panzvimbo pokudzosa, kumanikidza kuvhota kwapa, kunzwirwa kwokusada kuitirwa zvigaro zvemunhu uye kutyaira munhu achizvimirira. Iyi inoratidzira ngozi huru: kumanikidza kuvhotera kugona kubudisa bhomomerang kana Revota akafunga kuti ashambadza kana kuti afukura unyengeri.

Mikaha Yemapoka Neyapamutemo

Nzvero dzemabhurokero dzine nzvimbo yakatoipa mumutemo wesarudzo. MuUnited States, Federal Ecommution Commission inowanzoregerera nzvero kubva pazvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa chero bedzi zvadzo zvaiswa panzvimbo pe “sekutsvaka” panzvimbo pe“ kuva mukurumbira.” Zvisinei, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakagadza mitemo inoda kumanikidza vanofona kuti vazvizivise vamene uye vazivise vari kubhadhara runhare. Somuenzaniso, Pulofesa Reformation Act yeCalifornia inorayira kuti foni ipi neipi inoshandiswa kupesvedzera kuvhota.

Nenzira yecherekedzo, kunzvera kunoshurikidzwa namasangano anonzvera akadai seAmerican Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), iyo inotaura kuti “nzvero dzechipameso rudzi rwenhimbe dzisina kunaka dzinonyepedzera kuva nzvero.” Chinetso ndechokuti musiyano pakati penzvero yapamutemo nenzvero inomanikidzirwa unogona kuva usina kujeka. Mimwe mibato inoramba kuti kubvunza pamusoro peutera hwomukwikwikwidzani rutivi rwebvunzo kutendeseka. Vatsoropote kuti vavariro yokunyengera inosiyanisa kunzvera kwapamutemo. Uku kushatambira kwetsika kazhinji kazhinji kunosiya vhinga nokusa chivimbo kwenzvero dzose dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchikanganisa mashoko anotsamira pakunzwisisa kuzvimirira.

Kuona Zviri Namashoko Nokunyora Nezvokubudisa Mashoko: Kurwisa Kuchinoparira Kuchinja

Nemhaka yebviro yokushandisa zvisipo, nhimbe dzokunyora nokunyora mashoko dzakabuda sechinodzivisa. Zvinotsiva seCheck.org neAnnenberg Public Policy Center zvinobudisa nhungamiro dzinobetsera vavhoti kuziva kukwidza mireza mitsvuku: kureba kwakanyanyisa, mibvunzo yokudenha kwomunhu oga, uye kuramba kugoverana mutsigiri. Apo vavhoti vanozvimirira vanenge vakashongedzerwa nezivo iyi, kubudirira kwokukuchidzira. Kudzidza kunodzorwa neYunivhesiti yeChicago kwakawanwa kuti pashure pokugamuchira mupfupi wevara mukuru pakuedza nzira dzokunzvera, nhau dzenzvera dzakanga dziri mbiri zvikuru dzinopesvedzerwa nedanidziro dzinotevera.

Nhimbe idzo dzimene pane dzimwe nguva dzinoshandisa kujeka sedziviriro. Apo nzvimbo dzenzvero dzinosundwa, vada kugona kubudisa shanduro dzakarekodwa dzefoni, uye kubvunza manyuko enhau kunzvera. Muzera ramagedhoni, kuratidzirwa kwakadaro kunofamba nokukurumidza. Masangano enzanga anowedzera kunyunyuta kwevokidzani, achichinja nhamburiko yokushandisa kwokunyengera kuva njodzi youkama hwavanhu vose. Somuuyo, nyanzvi dzenhimbe dzakawanda dzinorangarira zvino senzira yakakwirira yeristok mumigariro yakati asi kazhinji kazhinji anopfuura nokunangana kwechipoka chamanyuko pakati pevoki vakazvishandira vanokoshesa kuva vakavimbika.

Zvimwe Zvokuita Kuti Vashandure: Kukurukurirana Kunokurudzira Kunoshanda

Kana kunzvera kune ngozi uye kuchingoshanda bedzi pakati nepakati, chii chinoshanda zviri nani nokuda kwokusvika vavhoti vakazvimirira? Zvirongwa zvakatendeukira kumitoo yetsika neyoufakazi yakavakirwa. Per-peper-peper kutumira mashoko[ uye kuronga [[FLT]] kuronga [[FLT:]] kubvumira nhimbe kuti dziite magakava mukurukurirano dzechokwadi. Iyi mitoo inokurudzira vavhoti kubvunza mibvunzo nokuratidzira zvinonetsa, inotungamirira kurumano makuru. A 202020 Meta-ana - astings on awana kuti chiso che-ature kukwirano yakawedzerwa na2 /126] zvinozvizvibharoma, nepo kuvhotera pasina kuva necha zvakatanhamara pavhotera pavhotera ose.

Mitemo yakanangidzirwa nekanhu kaduku zvikuru inoiswa panzvimbo pako. Panzvimbo pokushandisa denho dzakaipa, nhimbe dzinozivisa nhau dzakananga dzine chokuita navavhoti vakawanda zvikurusa vanozvimirira muruwa. yakadai sokukudziridzwa kwezvemari kana kuti mamiriro outano() uye kupa miraudzo yakananga, ine udzame kupfurikidza nepositis, kushambadza kwemifungo, uye runhare dzavazvipiri. Uku kuviga ndokudzivisa nhoshoro dzetsika dzetsika dzokumanikidzira. Somuenzaniso, mukati memasarudzo dzapa mitauro inoverengeka dzakashandiswa kuratidzira nzvimbo dzavo pamusoro pokukwira nokubvisa mimba, nhau mbiri dzapamusoro nokuda kwezvimiriro. Kunzvera kwapa kurukurirano kwapamhiko kwakaratidza kuti uku, kukurukurirana kwetsika kwapanyuko kwakasimba uye kunogarira mberi pane kuvhotera kupi nokuvhotera kupi nokusa.

Kufurira Pakunodzorera Mwoto: Kuwedzera Kunoita Matanda

Kunokosha kurangarira kwete bedzi apo kuvhota kunomanikidzira. Asi apo kunokundikana nenzira inokatyamadza. boomerang muuyo apo shoko rokunzverwa rinorangarirwa serisina kururama kana kuti renhema, kuchiparira vavhoti kunzwira tsitsi navanokwikwidza. Ikoku kwakaitika nenzira yakatanhamara munhangemutange yeDare reU.U.S. muDelaware, umo nzvero inodenha Christine O’Dennell (mutevedzeri wetsika) yakadzoro yakasununguka) yakasakafanira ndokutsigira chitekiso chake. Muuyo wakanga uri chishamiso chikuru nokuda kweO’Dennell, pasinei kurambidzwa kukuru kwebato.

Mutevedzeri wendangariro yenzanga anotsanangura tapuro kupfurikidza ne [[FLT: 0] rondedzero yokuchinja [[FLT: 1]: apo vanhu vanonzwa rusununguko rwavo rwokusarudza vanotyisidzirwa, vanoita chiito kupfurikidza nokushandisa rusununguko rwavo. Nokuda kwavavhoti vakazvimirira, vanozvirumbidza vamene pakusaudzwa zvokufunga, kumanikidza kwokunyanyisa kumanikidza kushambadzira kunogona kunyandura iyi purofiti. Mukuwedzera, kana pomero inomanikidzirwa ikadzikiswa nyore nyore kubviswa / somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokuchekerwa kweidi redio paweb site (* nhimberi inorasikirwa nokuvimbwa. Kukuvadziko yenguva refu yemukurumbira inogona kukunda puro ipi neipi pfupi.

Kupedzisa: Chishandiso Chesimba Risina Kukwana

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunoramba kuri musimboti wenhimbe yazvino uno, zvikurukuru mumadzinza akasimba umo vavhoti vakazvimirira vanochengeta dzikamo. Kushanda kwavo, zvisinei, hakutongovimbiswi. Apo kunoshandiswa nokusanovhota, kuvhota, uye pedyo nezuva resarudzo, kumanikidza kugona kuparira chinjo duku asi chaidzoidzo mumifungo yakaipa. Bva idzi chinjo dzinowanzopfupikiswa, uye ngozi dzinodzivisa, zvinetso zvapamutemo, uye kuvadziko yemukurumbira (jereruwa) dzinooneka zvikuru.

Dziviriro yakanakisisa nokuda kwavavhoti vakazvimirira idzidzo nokufunga kwokutsoropodza. Kuziva nzvero inosunda nokuda kwechiri chakadai sechinonyengedzwa senzvero //propagandada inoinyepedzera sesimba rayo. Nokuda kwemibato, mashoko anokarakadza kuti kuisa mari mukurukurirano inopenya, yakavakirwa panhau kunopa tsigiro yakasimba zvikuru pakati pavanozvimirira kupfuura kuvimba nenzira yokusanyengera. Sezvo kurava nokunyora nokusarudza kunokura, mano okunzvera kupesvedzera kuvhotera vanhu vakazvimirira sezvingabvira achapfuurira kuderera. Mugadziriro yapamutemo yakasimba yehurumende inotonga vanhu, ikoko muitiro wakanaka.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro petapuro yeshambadziro dzakashata nokunzverwa kwokumanikidza, ona American Association for Public Opinion Research nokuda kwenhungamiro dzetsika, Pew Research Center [ nokuda kwemashoko pamusoro pezivo yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye ANNCENICENIC Public Policy Center[ yezviteshi zvekunyora mashoko.