Mitemo yeElectoral imitemo inoshandura mavhota muzvigaro, ichiumba mutsipa wehurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Kusarudzwa kwenzira yokuvhota kunoumba makwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika, kunokanganisa kumira kwemapoka evoruzhinji, kunotochinja kugadzikana kwehurumende, uye kunotosarudza maitiro ezvirongwa zvematongerwe enyika. Marudzi munyika yose akatora nzira dzakasiyana- siyana, imwe neimwe ine mafungire ayo enhau uye migumisiro yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa masangano aya anokosha kuvagari vemo vanoda kuongorora kuti vaone zvakanyatsoita sei uye nenzira inobudirira sei kuda kunoita hurumende yavo. Nyaya ino inoita kuti vadzidze zvakada kuvhotera kwakapararira, kuongorora mashandiro avo, simba ravo, kusava nesimba ravo, uye kukanganisa kwavo mune zvematongerw enyika.

Kutanga-Past-The Post (FPTP)

Kutanga-Past-The Post igadziriro yakapfava zvikurusa: mutsigiri ane vhoti zhinjisa muruwa rumwe. Inoshandiswa muUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, uye yaichimbova nyika dzeBritain. Nepo yakakurumbira nokuda kwokupfava kwayo, FPPPP kazhinji kazhinji inoparira miuyo inonyudza zvikuru kubva muvhoti yakakurumbira.

Mashandiro Aunoita

Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anoisa chivhoti chimwe chete nokuda kwomutsigiri mumwe mubvumirano yavo yomunzvimbomo. Mutsigiri anogamuchira mavhoti akawanda kupfuura mamwe ose anoziviswa kuva anokunda, kunyange kana akakundikana kukunda voruzhinji zvikurusa. Boka rinowina mavhoti makurusa kazhinji kazhinji rinoumba hurumende, kunyange zvazvo ringave risina kuwina voruzhinji vevhoti yomunyika yose.

Betsero

  • Kumhanya nokumhanya: shoo dzinoratidzira mudariro mumwe, uye muuyo unozivikanwa nokukurumidza. Muitiro uri nyore kutungamirira nokutsanangura.
  • mirira kuwirirana kwemitemo: ruwa rumwe norumwe rune MP imwe, kuchitanga mutsetse wakajeka wokuzvidavirira pakati pomuiti wemitemo navanoumba.
  • Migumisiro yokuita hurumende dzakatsiga: Nemhaka yokuti FPP inokatutsira goverano yechigaro yebato gurusa, inowanzogovera voruzhinji vane chikamu chimwe, ichideredza kudikanwa kwekurukurirano dzakabatana.
  • Vatsigiri vamasangano enyanyisa: Mapati matsva kana kuti anonyanyisa anokuwana kwakaoma kuwina zvigaro kutoti tsigiro yavo yanangidzirwa muruwa.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • Kutora: Mapati anogona kuwina ruzhinji rwezvigaro nezvisingawaniki ruzhinji rwevoti. Somuenzaniso, muvhoti yeUK, Conservative Party yakahwina 36.9% yevhoti asi akawana 50.8% yezvigaro. Nenzira inopesana, Liberal Democrates yakahwina 7.9% yevhoti asi 1.2% bedzi yezvigaro.
  • Kuvhota: Vatambi vanowanzosiya vatsvaki vavo vokutanga nokuda kwomutsigiri asingafarirwi zvikuru asi anoshanda zvikuru, vachishatisa zvido zvapachokwadi.
  • Mavhoti akavhota: Mavoki evanoda kuuya vechitatu kana kuti wechina anoraswa nenzira inobudirira. Muzvigaro zvakakotsekana, vavhoti vanganzwa kuti chivhoti chavo hachine simba.
  • Kunyora miganhu yoruwa kunogona kushandiswa kubetsera vanhu kana kuti rimwe boka.
  • Pasi pokuratidzirwa kwezvishomanene: mapoka maduku edzinza, kana kuti pfungwa akapararira mumaruwa angasatongowina chigaro.

Mienzaniso Inocherechedzeka

United States Congress inosarudzwa chose chose neFPTP, ichipa mubatanidzwa wegadziriro yezvikamu zviviri iyo vatsoropodzi vazhinji vanosiya mamirioni avavhoti pasina imwe nzira inoshanda. MuCanada, FPTP pane dzimwe nguva yakabudisa “vawiridziridziridziri verumwe rumwe rumwe ruvara rwechiNgezi (hwunonge nguva pfupi yapfuura) muna 2019 na2021, apo Liberal Party yakaumba hurumende pasinei zvapo nokuwina vhota shomanene kupfuura vatsigiri. Vatsigiri vegadziriro yacho vanotaura kuti kujeka nokuzvidavirira kwayo kwakananga kunopfuura kuderera kwayo, asi masangano okuvandudza ari kupfuurira muCanada neUK achikarakadza kusagutsikana kukura.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Proportonationial ivavariro dzokugovera zvigaro zviri pakati pezvigaro zvinowirirana nezvigaro zvebato zvinowirirana zvishoma nezvishoma nechikamu charo chevhoti yakakurumbira. PR inouya muzvimiro zvinoverengeka, kubatanidza ndaza PR, yakavhengana (MMP), uye vhoti imwe inotamiswa (STV). Nyika dzakadai seSweden, South Africa, uye Israel dzakashandisa PR kwamakumi amakore.

Mashandiro Aanoita (Darame PR)

Muchimiro chakakurumbira zvikurusa, PR, vavhoti vanosarudza mubato panzvimbo pomutsinhano. MaSett anogoverwa kubato rimwe nerimwe mukuwirirana negoverano yorudzi rwaro kana kuti nharaunda, achishandisa mutoo wakadai sed’Hondt kana kuti Sainte-Laguë. Candidates anosarudzwa munhete dzebato. Voters angava nechisarudzo chokuratidzira zvido zvevadai voga voga mukati mendaza.

Betsero

  • Chiratidzo: Chibvumirano chomutemo chinoratidzira zvikuru zvisarudzo zvezvisarudzo. Mapoka maduku namapoka maduku anogona kuwina mufananidzo kana vakadarika chikumbaridzo chine mwero.
  • Recucas dzakapambadza mavhoti: Anenge mavhoti ari ose anobetsera kuuwandu hwenzvimbo yebato, achiita kuti vavhoti vanzwe nhau dzavo dzakasarudzwa.
  • inovaka chivako chakabatana: Hurumende dzinowanzoda mibatanidzwa, uko kunogona kutungamirira kumitemo yakawanda inowirirana nomufananidzo wakafara.
  • Nzvero dzakakwirira zvikuru:[[FLT: 1] dzakaratidza kuti gadziriro dzePR dzinokombamira kuva nemwero yakakwirira yokutora rutivi, murutivi nemhaka yokuti vavhoti havawanzooni vhoti dzavo sedzinopambadzwa.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • Kusagadzikana kweMasangano: Paramende dzakadimburirwa dzinogona kutungamirira kukuputsika kwehurumende kwapanhambo nenhambo. Israel neItaly dzakawana hurumende dzinogara kwenguva pfupi nemhaka yokudikanwa kwemapoka akawanda kuumba mubatanidzwa.
  • Kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo: Voters dzingasaziva kuti ipedzisirei yenharaunda yadzo. Maruwa makuru ane mitezo mizhinji anonetesa batano pakati pemaaditions navamiriri.
  • Kuparira: Mitoo yokuverenga (mutoo, d’Hondt, hurusa yasara) inogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti, uye mapurogiramu epamubato anopa simba rakakura kuutungamiriri hwebato mukusarudza mutevedzero yakarongwa.
  • Risipo ramasangano anonyanyisa: Nenzira inotevedzerwa, kunyange mapoka maduku anonyanyisa anogona kuwana zvigaro zveparamende, anobvira kupinza pfungwa dzoudzori.

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

MMP, inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, uye mativi eScotland, inobatanidza FPTP macontituence ane zvigaro zvapamusoro kuti ive newirirano. Voters vanokanda mabhora maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomubhadharo womunzvimbomo uye mumwe nokuda kwepati. Vhoti inosarudza mwero wose wezvigaro, uye zvigaro zvakarongwa kururamisa kusadzikama kwemiuyo inopesana. MMP inochengeta mimigumisiro yomunzvimbomo apo inovimbisa mugumisiro wokupedzisira uri mukuru. New Zealand inogamuchirwa MMP pashure pem inonongedzera muna 1993 uye paramendimendiro yayo zvino inobatanidza nhevedzano yemapati, kubva kuGreenland kusvikira kuNew Zealand Kutanga.

Chisarudzo Chinosimudzwa (RCV) / Runoff Voting yapakarepo (IRV)

Rinkind Chount Voling, inozivikanwawo seProtooff Voing mumakwikwi maviri, inobvumira vavhoti kuisa vadavi munhevedzano yedanho. Kana pasina mutsigiri achiwana vhoti zhinji dzokutanga dzechoka, muvhoti wokupedzisira anobviswa uye vvuti hwavo vanodzokororwa maererano nezvinodiwa pabhorati rimwe nerimwe. Muitiro uyu unodzokororwa kusvikira mubero mukuru. RCV inoshandiswa nokuda kwamavhotaro makuru omubatanidzwa muAustralia, nokuda kwehurumende nezvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo muMaine neAlaska, uye nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvizhinji zveparamende muUnited States.

Betsero

  • [[FLT: 0] Kushatisa kwapachokwadi kuvhota:[[FLT: 1] Majeri anogona kuronga chinodikanwa chawo chechokwadi kutanga pasina kutya “kushambadzira” sarudzo nokuda kwomubetseri.
  • inojekesa muuyo unoshatisa:[[FLT: 1] Vadairwi vechitatu kana kuti vakazvimirira vanogona kumhanya pasina kuparadzanisa vhoti yebato guru rakafanana, vachiita sarudzo dzinobatanidza zvikuru.
  • Kuderedza nhimbe yakaipa: Vatsigiri vanofanira kufadza kupfuura pamavambo avo kuva chisarudzo chechipiri chavatsigiri vanobvisa vashori, icho kazhinji kazhinji chinokurudzira nhimbe dzehondo dzehondo shoma.
  • VaAborse: Muwani wokupedzisira anotsigirwa nevoruzhinji vavhoti apo zvinoda zvinorangarirwa, kusafanana neFPTP uko muwani angava muzhinji angamirira bedzi vashomanene vavavhoti.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • Kutsiva nechikanganiso chomuvhoti: Mavoter anogona kuvhiringidzwa nomuitiro wapamusoro, kuchitungamirira kumabhora asina simba. Mamwe mativi anoona mwero yakakwirira yamabhora akashatiswa kutozosvikira vavhoti vava vakajaira.
  • Kuverenga nguva: Kana pasina mutezo akawana voruzhinji pakuverenga kwokutanga, zvidimbu zvakawanda zverapis zvinodikanwa, izvo zvinogona kunonotsa migumisiro, kunyanya apo mabhora anofanira kutakurwa mumuviri ndokurongwa.
  • Nhevedzo nokuda kwezvisati zviri pamutemo: Muzvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi, mudaviri angarasikirwa nokuwana mavhoti akawanda zvikuru okutanga (chisimboti chinozivikanwa se “kukundikana kwekodzero nemhesano” kana kuti gare gare . Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa ikoku kusarurama kwetsika.
  • Hakungatongonatsiridza kumirira kwapaduku-duku: Nemhaka yokuti IRV ichiri mutoo mumwe we‘winner, haivimbisi kuwirirana kwamapoka akasiyana- siyana muruvara. Inogona kungobudisa mukundi uyo ari chisarudzo chechipiri chavavhoti vazhinji asi chisarudzo chokutanga chavashomanene zvikuru.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

Vote inopfuudzwa yoga yoga igadziriro inoshandiswa mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Voters vadards mumwe nomumwe (kwete mapati), uye chiverengero chakatemwa (musiyano weDroop : (nhamba yose yamavhoti ezvigaro + 1). Vanopfuura chikamu chemitemo vanotsaurwa, uye vavhoti vavo vanochinjirwa kune zvinodatendwa. Kana pasina mubatanidzwa ushoma zvikurusa unobviswa uye mavhoti avo anotamiswa. Ikoku kunopfuurira kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazadzwa. STV inoshandiswa muIreland nokuda kweDá sarudzo, muMaltal, uye nokuda kwezvimwe zvisarudzo muruwa muScotland neAustralia.

Betsero

  • Miuyo inowirirana zvikuru: STV inobudisa mubatanidzwa wapedyo pakati pevhoti nezvigaro, nepo ichibvumirawo vavhoti kusarudza pakati pavadaviri panzvimbo pepati chete.
  • Mavhoti akapambadzwa: Mavoti anochinjwa kutozosvikira agona kubetsera kusarudza mudaviri, kureva chinenge chinenge chitsama chiri chose chinogovera kukuwina kwomumwe munhu.
  • Itrapatraparty makwikwi: anobva paboka rimwe chetero anofanira kukwikwidzana nokuda kwokutamiswa, achivakurudzira kuzvitsauranisa vamene uye kukwirira kudindiro yakafara yemuchinjikwa yavavhoti.
  • Chisarudzo chenhau: Majeni anogona kuisa vanoda kupinda mumitsetse yepati, achitsigira muvhenganiswa wamapati kana kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe mukuwirirana nezvido zvavo.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • [ Kuwanda kwokuverenga: Kuverenga matrakti ane midungwe mizhinji yokupfuudzwa kunoshanda uye kunogona kunonotsa miuyo namazuva. Mavoter anofanirawo kunzwisisa kuti zvido zvawo zvichashandiswa sei.
  • [[FLT: 0] Marobhu akareba: Muruwa rune vadaviri vazhinji, ose anogona kuva anofinha, uye vavhoti vangaguma vachirumbidza vashomanene bedzi.
  • Ukuru hweruwa hunodikanwa: Kuti STV isvike muwirirano yakazara, maruwa anofanira kusarudza inenge 3-5 mitezo. Maruwa maduku zvikuru (g., 228seat) anogona kuparira miuyo yakafanana neFPTP.
  • Zvibvumirano zvenzvimbo yamazano: Zviziviso zvingaviga vanoda kubhapatidzwa vakakurumbira vakabva kumamwe mapoka mutariro yokuwedzera kwavo vamene, chimiro chomufambiro wokuronga muwirirano nokuvhota kwounyanzvi kune imwe nzvimbo.

Dzimwe Nzira Dzinocherechedzeka Dzokufambisa

Kurumbidzwa

Mukutendera kuvhota, vavhota vanogona “kusimbisa” savanoda. Mugadziri ane vhoti dzetendero zvikurusa anohwina. Iyi tsika inoshandiswa musarudzo dzakati dzehurumende muUnited States nomumapati ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kwakapfava, kunoderedza muuyo wokuparadza, uye kunokurudzira vavhoti kuratidzira tsigiro kuvadavi vakawanda. Zvisinei, hakusati kuchiwana simba rapachivande, uye kunogona kutungamirira kukusarudzwa kwomubati wehurumende akachengeteka, akaderera uyo ari chisarudzo chechipiri asi pasina munhu ari musengwari wokutanga.

Kubudisa Mazaya / Ruvara Rwomudenga

Voters dzinowana mubatanidzwa mumwe nomumwe pamwero wenhamba (muremo 0 kusvikira ku 5). Mubhadhari ane hwerengedzo yakakwirira zvikurusa (kana kuti avhareji) anowana. Kuvhota kunobvumira vavhoti kuratidzira mwero yetsigiro uye hakuna ngozi kumiuyo inoshatisa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunogona kuisa vavhoti munhamba dzinotevedzerwa pamwero mukuru nokuda kwavada kupera simba, uye kuverenga kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura uwandu hwakapfava.

Maoresa EBorda

Borda itsika inoiswa panzvimbo apo vadaviri vanogamuchira mapfundo maererano nenzvimbo yavo pabhorati imwe neimwe: nokuda n vavhoti, vhoti yokutanga inopa [ n[[FLT] N [FLT] yechipiri, nzvimbo inopa n [1] 1] [1], uye zvichingodaro. Inoshandiswa muzvimwe zvisarudzo zvedzidzo uye mumakwikwikwi maduku. Inokombarira kuvhotera vatambi vanogamuchirika panzvimbo dzinodiwa, asi inova inova inotaputirwa zvikuru (g., mudhingi wokupedzisira).

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Mabhizimisi Nendima

Hapana gadziriro yokuvhota yakakwana; imwe neimwe inobatanidza gadziriro yakasiana yemipimo. FPTP inoisa kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo nehurumende imwe yakatsiga pamutengo wewindi. Gadziriro dzinopa kuratidzirwa kwakarurama asi kazhinji kazhinji pakushata kwebatano dzomunzvimbomo nedzikamo dzakabatana. Gadziro dzerankedjice dzinovandudzika paFPP mumaruwa maviri asi hadzitauri kubatana kwose kwose muyakati. STV ne MMP dzinoedza kubatanidza kumirira kwomunzvimbomo newinty, asi kuoma kwadzora kwadzo kunogona kuva mhinganidzo kunzwisiso yokuvhota nokushanda.

Kushanda kwegadziriro yakapiwa kunotsamirawo patsika yezvamatongerwe enyika nechimiro chenzanga yenyika. Chaunga chakakamuraniswa zvikuru nemapoka edzinza kana kuti orudzidziso chingabetserwa negadziriro yePR inopa mapoka ose inzwi, nepo nyika ine wirirano huru ingada gadziriro yakakomba iyo inoparira hurumende dzinotonga. Chisarudzo chegadziriro yevhota ndicho chisarudzo chemitemo chinofanira kuitwa pashure pokurangarira nokungwarira, ichiziviswa noufakazi hwakatarisana nechinhu chimwe uye zvinokosha zvevavhotera.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzamakore achangobva kupfuura ayave dzichinanga kumiitiro inobatanidza zvinhu; dzinoumba zvikurukuru utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunzwisisa mativi ayo nedzokanidzo zvinopa vagari vemo simba rokuyera gadziriro yavo vamene uye kutsigira chinjo apo kunenge kuri madikanwa. Chimiro chemipimo mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura chave chiri kumitoo yokuwedzera neyakaenzana, nyika dzakadai seNew Zealand inochinjikira kuMMP neU. maguta akawanda anogamuchira RC. Zvisinei, kuchinja kuri kwose kunotakura kutengeswa kweRC. uye hapana gadziriro inogona kugutsa mipimo yose yedemocracy. Chinokosha ndechokuwirirana nenzanga chainoshanda nguva dzose, nguva dzose kurangarira kuti nharidzano yokupedzisira inoratidzira zvakarurama kuda kwavanhu apo inoita kuti vadzorere. Vagari vemoneridzi vatsi vatsirwe nenhau dzinobetsera kuti vagova vagova kusangana nezvinetso zvehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga munguva yemberi.